Engineering:Annualized failure rate
Annualized failure rate (AFR) gives the estimated probability that a device or component will fail during a full year of use. It is a relation between the mean time between failure (MTBF) and the hours that a number of devices are run per year. AFR is estimated from a sample of like components—AFR and MTBF as given by vendors are population statistics that can not predict the behaviour of an individual unit.[1]
Hard disk drives
For example, AFR is used to characterize the reliability of hard disk drives.
The relationship between AFR and MTBF (in hours) is:[1]
- [math]\displaystyle{ AFR = 1-exp(-8766/MTBF) }[/math]
This equation assumes that the device or component is powered on for the full 8766 hours of a year, and gives the estimated fraction of an original sample of devices or components that will fail in one year, or, equivalently, 1 − AFR is the fraction of devices or components that will show no failures over a year. It is based on an exponential failure distribution (see failure rate for a full derivation). Note: Some manufacturers count a year as 8760 hours.[2]
This ratio can be approximated by, assuming a small AFR,
- [math]\displaystyle{ AFR = {8766 \over MTBF} }[/math]
For example, a common specification for PATA and SATA drives may be an MTBF of 300,000 hours, giving an approximate theoretical 2.92% annualized failure rate i.e. a 2.92% chance that a given drive will fail during a year of use.
The AFR for a drive is derived from time-to-fail data from a reliability-demonstration test (RDT).[3]
AFR will increase towards and beyond the end of the service life of a device or component. Google's 2007 study found, based on a large field sample of drives, that actual AFRs for individual drives ranged from 1.7% for first year drives to over 8.6% for three-year-old drives.[4] A CMU 2007 study showed an estimated 3% mean AFR over 1–5 years based on replacement logs for a large sample of drives.[5]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Diving into "MTBF" and "AFR": Storage Reliability Specs Explained". Inside IT Storage. Seagate. Apr 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-05-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20100501151901/http://enterprise.media.seagate.com/2010/04/inside-it-storage/diving-into-mtbf-and-afr-storage-reliability-specs-explained/.
- ↑ Hard disk drive reliability and MTBF / AFR, http://knowledge.seagate.com/articles/en_US/FAQ/174791en?language=en_US
- ↑ Cole, Gerry, Estimating Drive Reliability in Desktop Computers and Consumer Electronics Systems, Virginia, http://kc.ors-pc.com/bbs/img/8.pdf.
- ↑ "AFR broken down by age groups", Failure Trends in Large Disk Drive Population, p. 4, figure 2ff, http://research.google.com/archive/disk_failures.pdf.
- ↑ Schroeder, Bianca; Gibson, Garth A, Disk Failures in the Real World: What Does an MTTF of 1,000,000 Hours Mean to You?, http://www.usenix.org/events/fast07/tech/schroeder.html.
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