Biology:Slow virus
A slow virus is a virus, or a viruslike agent, etiologically associated with a slow virus disease. A slow virus disease is a disease that, after an extended period of latency, follows a slow, progressive course spanning months to years, frequently involves the central nervous system, and in most cases progresses to death. Examples of slow virus diseases include HIV/AIDS, caused by the HIV virus,[1] subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, the rare result of a measles virus infection,[2] and Paget's disease of bone (osteitis deformans), which may be associated with paramyxoviruses, especially the measles virus and the human respiratory syncytial virus.[3]
Characteristics
Every infectious agent is different, but in general, slow viruses:[4]
- Cause an asymptomatic primary infection
- Have a long incubation period ranging from months to years
- Follow a slow but relentless progressive course leading to death
- Tend to have a genetic predisposition
- Often re-emerge from latency if the host becomes immuno-compromised
Additionally, the immune system seems to plays a limited role, or no role, in protection from many of these slow viruses. This may be due to the slow replication rates some of these agents exhibit,[5] preexisting immunosuppression (as in the cases of JC virus and BK virus),[6] or, in the case of prions, the identity of the agent involved.[7]
Scope
Slow viruses cause a variety of diseases, including cancer.
| Virus | Virus family | Disease | Typical latency | Transmitted by |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JC virus (Human polyomavirus 2) | Polyomavirus | Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy | Years to Life§ | Unknown; possibly contaminated water[6] |
| Measles virus | Paramyxovirus | Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis | 1–10 years | Respiratory droplets[8] |
| Rubella virus | Togaviridae | Progressive rubella panencephalitis | 10–20 years | Respiratory droplets[9] |
| Rabies virus | Rhabdoviridae | Rabies | 3–12 weeks | Bite of an infected animal[10] |
| Human papillomavirus infection | Papillomaviridae | Cancers of the cervix, oropharynx, vulva, anal, penis, vagina, rectum. | Years | Sexual activity[11] |
- §JC virus & BK virus only cause disease in immunocompromised patients
Kuru- A form of Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
Was once thought to be due to a slow virus but is now known to be the result of Prion disease.[citation needed]
See also
- Clinical latency
- Virus latency
References
- ↑ "About HIV/AIDS | HIV Basics | HIV/AIDS" (in en-us). U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2019-02-28. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html.
- ↑ "Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis". PubMed Health. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002392.
- ↑ "Paget disease of bone". The Journal of Clinical Investigation 115 (2): 200–208. February 2005. doi:10.1172/JCI24281. PMID 15690073.
- ↑ "Slow Viruses & Prions.". Medical Microbiology & Immunology: A Guide to Clinical Infectious Diseases (16th ed.). McGraw Hill. 2020. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2867§ionid=242761049.
- ↑ "Underwhelming the immune response: effect of slow virus growth on CD8+-T-lymphocyte responses". Journal of Virology 78 (5): 2247–2254. March 2004. doi:10.1128/jvi.78.5.2247-2254.2004. PMID 14963121.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "BK and JC virus: a review". The Journal of Infection 68 (Suppl 1): S2–S8. January 2014. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2013.09.009. PMID 24119828.
- ↑ "Prion disease and the innate immune system". Viruses 4 (12): 3389–3419. December 2012. doi:10.3390/v4123389. PMID 23342365.
- ↑ "Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis". Postgraduate Medical Journal 78 (916): 63–70. February 2002. doi:10.1136/pmj.78.916.63. PMID 11807185.
- ↑ "[Progressive rubella panencephalitis]" (in Japanese). Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine 55 (4): 922–925. April 1997. PMID 9103895.
- ↑ "Human rabies: neuropathogenesis, diagnosis, and management". The Lancet. Neurology 12 (5): 498–513. May 2013. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70038-3. PMID 23602163.
- ↑ "Human Papillomavirus Infection". Diagnostic Pathology: Infectious Diseases. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2015. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-323-40037-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=YJ_uCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA40.
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