Place:Umm al-Amad, Lebanon
ام العمد | |
| File:David Roberts - Ruins Called Om El Hamed near Tyre - 1927.129 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif Ruins in 1839, published in The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia | |
  Shown within Lebanon | |
| Location | Near Naqoura, Tyre District, South Lebanon |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | [ ⚑ ] : 33°07′41″N 35°09′13″E / 33.128°N 35.1535°E |
| History | |
| Founded | 287–222 BCE |
Umm Al Amad (Arabic: ام العمد), or Umm el 'Amed or al Auamid or el-Awamid, is an Hellenistic period archaeological site near the town of Naqoura in Lebanon. It was discovered by Europeans in the 1770s,[1] and was excavated in 1861.[2] It is one of the most excavated archaeological sites in the Phoenician heartland.[3]
Description
The Umm Al Amad site measures more than six hectares.[2] Numerous artefacts from the site are held at the National Museum of Beirut and the Louvre. The site contains two temples, the Temple of Milk‘ashtart and the Eastern Temple with Throne Chapel,[4] which are estimated to have been built between 287 and 222 BCE.[2]
23 Phoenician Adoration steles have been found at the site depicting upright people in an "adoration gesture", all dating from 100 to 400 BCE.[5]
History
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Umm Al Amad was apparently built in the Persian or Hellenistic period, although some scholars have argued for earlier. No buildings from the Roman era were discovered, but there is evidence for Byzantine reoccupation.[6][1] The original name of the site is uncertain, but may have been Hammon (Joshua 19:28) or Alexandrouskene.[1]
Umm Al Amad was first depicted in modern times in the 1780s by Louis-François Cassas.[1] Melchior de Vogüé explored the site in 1853.[7] The site was first excavated in 1861 by Ernest Renan in his Mission de Phénicie. He stopped when he found the remains were no older than the Hellenistic age.[8]
In 1881, the British PEF Survey of Palestine described the site as "extensive ruins" and noted "traces of aqueducts origin water to birkets".[9]
Eustache de Lorey excavated the site in 1921, but published only photographs of his work.[10] Maurice Dunand led excavations at the site between 1943 and 1945.[11]
Ali Badawi, the long-time chief archaeologist for Southern Lebanon of the Directorate-General of Antiquities at the Ministry of Culture, said:
There are the remains of the city known as Oum Al-Amed, dating back to the 2nd century B.C., if not earlier. The city was a religious center for a Phoenician cult, especially that of the Phoenician god Baal Hamon, whose memory lives on in a nearby valley known as Wadi Hamol (the Valley of Hamol). The site still contains the remnants of two important temples, as well as other buildings, dating back to the 2nd and 3rd century B.C., and represents the last of Phoenician culture under the rule of the Greeks. Several steles bearing Phoenician inscriptions were discovered on the site, and an important sundial stone.[12]
Gallery
Throne of Astarte in the Louvre
Reconstruction of the Throne of Astarte
Funerary stele with a Phoenician inscription in the National Museum of Beirut: "To Baalshamar, son of 'Abdosir... chief of the porters"[13]
A statue with a Phoenician inscription in the National Museum of Beirut
A close-up of the inscription
Various artefacts discovered by Ernest Renan
The Louvre; the ionic capital on the left is from Umm al-Amad
Reconstruction of a sphinx found in Umm al-Amad
Sphinx head from a Throne of Astarte
Phoenician sun dial
Funerary stele of "Baalyaton" from the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek.
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Citations
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Mellink, Machteld J. (September 1965). "Oumm el-'Amed, une ville de l'époque hellénistique aux échelles de Tyr by Maurice Dunand, Raymond Duru". Journal of Biblical Literature 84 (3): 326–328. doi:10.2307/3265046.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 The Phoenician's Route, LAU-Louis Cardahi Foundation
- ↑ Vella, 2000, pp. 34–35: "The monumental report dedicated to Oumm el-‘Amed is by far one of the most detailed accounts of an excavation in the Phoenician heartland. The site is well known in the general literature, with entries in all the recently published research aids on Phoenician history, and the reconstructions of the temples have served as benchmarks for the study of other sites."
- ↑ Vella, 2000, p. 32
- ↑ Michelau, 2014, pp. 77–95.
- ↑ Vella, 2000, p.32
- ↑ Vella, 2000, p. 31
- ↑ Vella, 2000, p. 31: "Ernest Renan was there in 1861 but abandoned the excavations he undertook when he noted that the site was of Hellenistic date."
- ↑ PEF Survey of Palestine, Volume 1, Galilee, Kh. Umm el Amud, pp. 181–184
- ↑ Vella, 2000, p.31
- ↑ Eric M. Meyers; American Schools of Oriental Research (1997). "Maurice Dunand". The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-511216-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=kSgZAQAAIAAJ.
- ↑ Badawi, Ali Khalil (2018). Tyre (4th ed.). Beirut: Al-Athar Magazine. pp. 138–140.
- ↑ Maximillien De Lafayette (2011). Phoenicia, Ur, and Carthage: Artifacts, Inscriptions, Slabs, Sites. Lulu.com. pp. 41. ISBN 978-1-257-83653-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=FA49AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41.
General sources
- Clermont-Ganneau, C. S., "La stele phenicienne d'umm el-'Aouamid", Recueil d'archéologie orientale, volume V, 1902, pp. 1–8
- Conder, C. R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. pp. 181–184. https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp01conduoft.
- Dunand, M.; Duru, Raymond (1962). Oumm el-ʾAmed: une ville de l'époque hellénistique aux échelles de Tyr. Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient. https://books.google.com/books?id=iDfsAAAAMAAJ.
- Guérin, V. (1880) (in fr). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine. 3: Galilee, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale. p. 173. https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr00gugoog.
- Michelau, H., 2014: "Hellenistische Stelen mit Kultakteuren aus Umm el-'Amed", ZDPV 130: 77–95, Taf. 3–11
- Palmer, E. H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E. H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. p. 50 ("the ruin with the columns"). https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft.
- Vella, Nicholas, "Defining Phoenician Religious Space: Oumm el-'Amed Reconsidered", Ancient Near Eastern Studies, volume 37, 2000, pp. 27–55, doi:10.2143/ANES.37.0.1081.
External links
- Survey of Western Palestine, Map 3: IAA, Wikimedia commons
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