Religion:Zubayrids

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Short description: Islamic community descended from Zubayr

Template:Infobox tribeThe Zubayrids (Arabic: بنو زبير) are an Islamic community, descended from the Arab Muslim military commander Zubayr ibn al-Awwam. The community is found predominantly in the Greater Middle East as well as some areas of Africa.

Zubayr's son Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr founded the Zubayrid caliphate after he opposed Yazid I's succession in 680. After Yazid's death, the Zubayrid Caliphate gained several parts of Arabia, Caucasus Egypt and Iran, with Zubayrids settling in all these regions.

History

Second Fitna

The Zubayrids were an important group in the Second Fitna, the second early Islamic civil war. After Mu'awiya declared his son Yazid to be his successor, Zubayr's son Abd Allah refused to acknowledge Yazid as the caliph in 676.[1] In 683, Abd Allah gained control of Mecca and established a polity. After Yazid's death, Abdullah declared himself the Amir al-Mu'minin (Commander of the Believers) and founded the Zubayrid Caliphate. Soon after, Abd Allah gained control of half of Persia as well as half of Egypt. Both the Alids (family and descendants of Ali, fourth Rashidun caliph) and the Zubayrids were two of the Companions of the Prophet dynasties which held the most numerous lands and estates within caliphate realm.[2]

The Zubayrids regime were fond to appoint peoples with Yemeni Azd background as governors in al-Sham subunits.[3] This included southern clans of Kinda and Kalb.[3]

The Zubayrids army under Ibn Zubayr heavily depended on Mamluks or slave soldiers during the second civil war.[4] Ibn Zubayr also employing Ethiopian allies that are skilled in spears.[5]

Islamic studies

Zubayr ibn al-Awwam's lineage also achieved a high position in the early Islamic scholarship and genealogical study, as there are such of his grandsons, Amir ibn Abdullah ibn Zubayr, son of Abdullah,[6] and Hisham ibn Urwah, son of Urwah,[7][8] both are known Tabi' al-Tabi'in(third Generation Muslims), and hadith teachers of Malik ibn Anas, founder of Maliki Madhhab.[6][9][8] Another his notable grandson were Abbad ibn Abd Allah az-Zubair, who narrated many hadith that attributed to many companions, including az-Zubair, Aisha, and caliph Umar.[10] One of another descendant of az-Zubayr, Al-Zubayr ibn Bakkar(788-870 CE / 172-256 AH)

Map of territories in c. 684, during the Second Muslim Civil War.

Zubayr ibn Bakkar, was a prominent Arab Muslim historian and genealogist[11] who tutored son of caliph al-Mutawakkil[12] Zubayr ibn Bakkar ancestry are well documented by Al-Tabarani as being a grandson of Abdullah ibn Mus'ab al-Zubayr, a great grandson of Abdullah ibn Zubayr ibn al-Awwam.[13] Al-Tabarani also regarded Zubayr ibn Bakkar as reliable narrator on his commentary on Fatima bint Asad hadith narration.[13] Furthermore, Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani also regarded him as the most reliable authority for Quraysh genealogical matters.[14] The Zubayrids in general have remarkable tradition as one of the most detailing recording even on trivial things on significant redundancy,[15] particularly the male line.[16] Thus, their tradition making them one of the most notable primary sources found in the records of influential chroniclers such as Tabari.[17] The Zubayrids appeared to inherit largely complete version of the genealogy of the Quraysh which they adapted with regard to their own family, while also quite possible to keep other clan's genealogy records.[18] Another prominent Zubayrid scholar were Mus'ab ibn Abdullah al-Baghdadi, descendant of Abdullah ibn Zubayr who lived in Baghdad in 8 AD century and authored the genealogy record book, Tarikh Mus'ab ibn Abdullah al-Zubairi just as his families, while also narrating hadiths.[19]

This tradition from Zubayrids of Quraishite genealogy record keeping were continued up to 1953, Mus'ab ibn 'Abdallah ibn Mus'ab al-Zubairi released his genealogy book record, Kitab Nasab Quraysh, which published in Cairo. the record can trace the lineage of the Quraysh descendants such as descendants of Caliph Umar[20]

The prominent 8 AD century Hadith scholar and author of Musnad Abi Dawud Al Tayalisi, Abu Dawood Al-Tayalisi, were recorded as a Mawla, or ex-slave of descendants of Zubayr, thus Abu Dawood also known as "Mawla Zubayr ibn al-Awwam" in additional to his blood line Nisba.[21] Ahmad ibn Hanbal, scholar hadith and founder of Hanbali Madhhab, using the narrations from ex-slaves of Zubayr family such as Abu Bahar Mawla Zubayr while hunting Hadiths.[22]

Socio-political

Palestine & Hejaz

Historian Juan Cole mentioned the rock inscriptions which depicted al-Zubayr and his children and descendants in Hejaz.[23] This foundings lead Cole to theorized as archeological proofs regarding the strong influence of Zubayrids revolution during the rule of Umayyad, in Hejaz as their power seat.[23] While the literary proof were laid on the records of Tabari and other medieval chroniclers which reported the ability of arguably most influential Zubayr son, Abdullah Ibn al-Zubayr, to rally opposition to the Umayyads in the Hejaz through, in the words of Gerard Hawting, through his rare prestige as elite generation of Sahaba who directly meet Muhammad during his life.[24] just like his father, Zubayr, who were also Sahaba.

The Zubairi clan, descendant of az-Zubayr, had representation in the region of Palestine and Ayla(now Aqaba), Jordan, as it is reported by his grandson, Thabit ibn Abdullah ibn Al-Zubayr was residing in the city during the Umayyad reign.[25]

Mu'tazilite theologian and chronicler Al-Jahiz has once theorized that the Zubayrids possessed anti-dynastic views, and resented dynastic rule of Umayyad Caliphate, Abbasid Caliphate, and even the imamate of Alids faction in Shiite.[26] However, Majied Robinson recorded that the Zubayrids, particularly their genealogy scholars, have longwithstanding loyalty towards the Abbasd caliphate, as they have tendency to omit the names of their clansmen into anonymity those who involved in rebellion towards the caliphate from their records.[27]

Iraq

The meeting of Sayyids (clan notables) in Zubayr city
Saud's army 18-19 AD
Zubayrids influences in Iraq & Iran (blue)

The influence of Zubayrid were apparent in Iraq, as Juan Cole theorized that Abdullah ibn Zubayr heritage as son of al-Zubayr were the reason people of Kufa in Iraq supported him during the second civil war.[28] While another report has recorded, On the wake of Muslim conquest of Iraq, al-Zubayr reportedly build some estates across the subdued lands such as in Basra and Kufa.[29] One of Al-Zubayr descendant, Hamza ibn Abdallah was recorded has owned a large garden of 20,000 irrigated palm trees in Rabad and Najaf.[30] Bernard Lewis reported the estate al-Zubayr possessed in Basra still survived up until Lewis's day.[29] Hamza al-Basri az-Zubayr, and his father, Abdullah ibn Zubayr, the Zubayrid caliph, once built a mosque in Basra, which pillar were made from the carving of Qa'yaq'an mountain (ar) in Ahvaz, Khuzestan area of Iran.[31][32]

Az Zubayr city which located within Basra in Al-Zubair District were named in memory of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam after his death.[33] al-Zubair district were one of the oldest settlement in Basra which grew to become an important commercial centre.[33] This caused many Arab settlers to stay near Zubayr ibn al-Awwam shrine,[34] as the shrine were believed to be the place where Zubayr ibn al-Awwam buried which, according to al-Bassam,[35] and other researchers, are the reason the city was named by his name[33] In this city, the remains of the mosque dedicated to the memory of al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam still can be seen.[33] Sami Abdul Aziz believed the religious factor represented in the shrine of Al Zubair bin Awam as key element in the emergence of the city of Al Zubair.[35] During the Ottoman Iraq era, the Zubayr city were became transit mercantile caravan trade came from southern Arabia, before reaching Basra.[36] The caravan size during this era were varied between fifteen hundred camels to large scale of four thousands camels.[36] Economically, Zubayr city was a boomtown from 1780s until 1900s, as the trade in of the region and its linkage towards expanding world economy intensified.[37]

Az-Zubayr were known as huge Sunni population pocket in Iraq for long time.[38] In the 18th AD century, az Zubair city gained some notice during the rise of the Wahhabi movement As it once visited by Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab.[39] Nevertheless, one of most notable development of the city of al-Zubair during modern era were during the entrenchment of the emerging third Saudi regime in 1806 in the city,[40] when the city of al-Zubayr was turned into stronghold and safehaven for many powerful Najdi clans of the House of Saud During their interregnum period, after the decline of moment of Saudi second kingdom,[38] which they besiege for about twelve days, before subduing the city,[41] as after a period of control struggling between Ottoman and the Zuhairi clan who traditionally controlled the city in the past, the Najd clan managed to wrest control of the city and imposing their own independent regulation.[37] The city of Zubair became temporary citadel of Saudi kingdom before they reestablish themselves to Arabian Peninsula.[40] In fact, the old ‘Zubair-like’ style was inspired by the designs in the cities of Najd, original home of the population of the city of Al Zubair.[35] in complement with some Zubairi housing units that also has distinctive architectural elements which expressed the structural identity of housing during the 1571–1882 of Ottoman era.[35] Until 1970s, the influence of Najd and Kuwaiti rulers immigrations to Zubayr city were still apparent.[42] For the Saudis, Zubayr, along with Kuwait, became a freeport where tribal merchants brought goods from India, while also serving as fort that protecting the trade route to Basrah from the tribes of the desert.[37]

On the border of Iraq and Kuwait, There are Zubairi dialect, a notable Arabic dialect south-east of Basra area.[43]

During the 20th century, oil field has been developed at Al-Zubayr since 1949.[44] The population reached 180,900 around 2004.,[44] while In 2005, another source estimate population of az Zubayr city were around 300,000 peoples.[45] While in 2018, the updated population estimation were 511,224 residents.[46]

Iran

Meanwhile, in Iran, during medieval era during the Umayyad era, The Zubayrids (a term which coined by most western scholars) under leadership of Abdullah ibn Zubayr has found legitimacy of their rule during that moment, as it was attested by the appearance of Zubayrid coins minted by their governor in Bishapur, Fars, which has Shahada inscription in it.[Notes 1] The Zubayrid caliphate were even finding nominal supports from one of the dangerous military element in middle east, the Kharijite horsemen who were feared for their zealotry and strength in battle.[48] The sympathy of the Kharijites towards them were attested when the Kharijites faction under Abu Bilal Mirdas,[49] a relatively tame Kharijite faction who according to Akbar Shah Khan Najibabadi living peacefully in the soils of Iran, has some extend of sympathy towards Zubayrid caliphate cause during the Second Fitna.[48] This faction only came into action after the decline of Abdullah ibn Zubayr power and the provocation of the Umayyad propagandists in Iran against Abdullah ibn Zubayr.[48] prominent leader of this faction were Abu Bilal Mirdas from Tamim tribe decimated the 2,000 Umayyad force from Basra under Aslam ibn Zur'a al-Kilabi, in the encounter at the village of Asak near Ramhurmuz, Despite being far fewer in numbers.[49][50]

Upper Egypt

the African regions which subdued by Rashidun army under Amr ibn al-Aas and al-Zubayr also influenced by al-Zubayr legacy.[51][52][53] H.A Macmichaels remarked that during the medieval period, the cities of Egypt were dominated by Qurayshite descendants, which Macmichaels implied including Zubayr descendants, as military commanders during Muslim conquest of Egypt, such as Amr ibn al-Aas and Zubayr, were usually followed by respective clansmen.[54]

After Rashidun conquest of Bahnasa(Middle Egypt Oxyrhynchus), descendants of al-Zubayr from Banu(tribe) Muslih and Banu Ramadhan settled in Upper Egypt,[55] while al-Qalqashandi recorded, Banu Zubayr of upper Egypt claiming themselves as descendants of Khalid ibn al-Walid al Makhzumi instead.[56] This coincided with al-Zubayr spread his of his estates and properties which he built in Alexandria and Fustat[29] In Egypt, The prestige of Zubayrid genealogy claims even affected the Egypt political development, as during parliamentary election in 1995, one of the candidates hired a local self taught historian to prove his genealogical connection to Zubayrid, in an attempt to support his candidacy.[57] Furthermore, the Seyf el-Nasr family, one of the oldest family residing in Mallawi, Minya Governorate of Egypt, are claimed as descendants of al-Zubayr.[58] In the different area, the tribe of Banu Muhammad ibn al-Warraq who inhabiting city of Girga, Sohag of upper Egypt, similarly claimed their relationship to az-Zubayr lineage.[59]

According to medieval geographer Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani, the lists of tribes in upper Egypt that traced their lineage to Zubayrids which relate their historical ancestry through to the conquest of Bahnasa by their ancestor were:[60]

  • Banu Abdullah bin Al-Zubayr
  • Banu Muslih, Al-Qalqashandi adding notes to Hamdani record that the Muslih were Zubayrid branch who migrated from Oman and Yemen.[61]
  • Banu Badr
  • Banu Ramadan, Similar with Muslih, al-Qalqashandi mentioned as migrants from Oman and Yemen.[61]
  • Banu Mus'ab ibn Zubayr
  • Fakhr ibn Ra'awwuq
  • Banu Urwah ibn Zubayr
  • Banu Ghani

Some researchers also found the indication of al-Zubairiyyah old town in the region of Gharbia Governorate, as it indicated that it once were the place of supporters of Zubayrids dynasty from Fustat meeting point during the second civil war of caliphate.[62]

South Egypt, Sudan, Chad & Libya

Zubayr descendant claimants
Zubayr Rahma Mansur, powerful figure of Ja'alin tribe and Ottoman general
Ja'alin tribe Warrior

Meanwhile, in south of Egypt, starting from Aswan to further south into Sudan area that covering the coast of Red sea to the south, there are unanimous claims that came from multitude local traditions which attributed this genealogical origin due to az-Zubayr participation of the conquest of southern Egypt and al-Bahnasa (Oxyrhynchus).[63][64][65] In particular, Ababda tribes in eastern Egypt and Sudan claimed they were Arabic origin and Zubayr ibn al-Awwam were their eponym ancestor.[66][52][67][68]

Despite western researchers classifying the Ababda as a subdivision of greater Beja community, the Ababda vehemently defending their claims that they are not originally Sudanese Beja origin and they are instead traced their Arabic heritage from al-Zubayr, and always speak Arabic as their main language.[57] In 1940, a local Ababda ethnologist named Hassan Hussayn Ahmad Khalifa al-Abadi released a book In the eastern desert and eastern Sudan:The Ababda and Other tribes, which self proclaimedly, an attempt to correct the mistake of western orientalist about their classification of Ababda as Bedja.[57] Khalifa stems from the complex tribal structures proofs as his evidences to proof Ababda genealogy to Arab, which al-Zubayr belong.[57] Hassan has claimed in his book that according to the data he compiled from his fellow historians of Egypt and Sudan, local traditions, and even excerpts from Ibn Battuta, has supported the authenticity of Ababda lineage, since according to him, the multitude proudness from the Sudanese kinsmen, both scholars and commoners alike, for their ancestor, and accused "the western orientalists attempts to undermine their pride of their ancestry from the great Sahabah (Zubayr ibn al-Awwam).".[69]

According to traditional sources, Ababda peoples claims their lineage came from common ancestor from Abbad ibn Abd Allah az-Zubair, grandson of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam.[66] Abad bore four children who would form the subdivisions of the Ababda tribe,[66] while according to modern day researchers from Egypt, The Zubayrid Ababda were supposedly descended from the line of Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr[70] The local genealogical traditions further explained, that for centuries, the Zubayrids settled in Aswan further moved to Ed Dueim and some area in Dongola and settled there.[71] With the exception of Ashbab, who stayed in Eastern Desert starting from the border of Qena and Al-Qaseer until the last border with Sudan,[72] Almost all of their tribe branches spread along the Nile river from the governate Ras Gharib and Halaib to the south, where they worked in petroleum, mining, fishing, and grazing industry.[70] Researchers from United States Joint Publications Research Service has their interview with locals from al-Ababidah and the al-Bishariyin, which both claimed Abbad al-Zubayr as their ancestor, in al-Bahr al-Ahmar Red Sea Governorate.[73] The local tradition has informed the researcher, that Abbad were buried in Wadi Abbad (valley of Abbad) near the town of Edfu.[73] One of the alleged Ababda descendants were Banu Ghanm, which claimed to be descended from Ali ibn Ghanm, a local chieftain from southern Egypt who resisted Muhammad Ali of Egypt for five years.[74] However, there is controversy among scholars whether the Ghanm tribe belong to the Ababda Zubairids or the Abbasid dynasty of Hashemite through caliph Al-Mustansir (Baghdad), which was highlighted in the scholars forum involved Quraish lineage historian Muhammad Khair, and Egyptian professor of history, Uthman Mahjub Ja'far. both historians rejected the notion from Abbas Hussein Basri al-Ghanimi, author of the book of Nasab al'ashraf al-Ghanimiyya (lineage of al-Ghanm nobles), that the Ghanm tribe were belonged to Abbasid and defended the Zubayrid lineage.[74]

Aside from Ababda Zubayrid,[75] The Arabic Kawahla people inhabiting Eastern region of Sudan similarly claimed their ancestral right as descendant of Zubayr.[76] MacMichaels stated there two tradition claims of Arabic pedigree of Ababda.[77] The first were from Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr while the others they claimed through Khalid ibn al-Walid[78] The pedigree which allegedly from Abdullah were came from the Nisba (onomastics) manuscript possessed by Sheykh Abdullah Gadula Balilu, prominent lord of Kawahla.[79] According to the manuscript, their tribe were descendent from thirteen sons of Muhammad Kahil, grandson of Abdullah ibn Zubayr through a son named Musa.[79] while Muhammad Kahil, who bore four sons, were claimed by Kawahla traditional genealogist as their and Ababda peoples common ancestor.[80] Abdullah Gadula Manuscript were closed with appraisal toward the five notable sons of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, Abdullah, Bakhit, Ubayd, Urwah, and Muhammad.[79] The second source came from the narration from a 15 AD century Sheikh in Baghdad named Ali Fati al-Awwam, which recorded by modern researcher from Omdurman Islamic University.[81] According to the Baghdad Sheikh, the Kawahla tribe descended from Muhammad Kahil, great-grandson of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, who married four wives.[81] From these wives, Muhammad Kahil bore many sons that spreads their descendants, including the Kawahla themselves who spread to Sudan, among Beja peoples.[81] Ali Fati himself claim to be one of the descendant of Muhammad Kahil, which he report that he is a son of Muhammad ibn Kinah, a great-great-great-great grandson of Ahmar ibn Hilal az-Zubayr, great-great grandson of Muhammad Kahil az-Zubayr himself.[81] Majority of Kawahla were subject to Kababish tribe, until Mahdist War.[75]

Meanwhile, Ja'alin tribe community in Sudan also claimed as descendants of Zubayr,[82] this Zubayrid claimant tribe has several notable warlords and conquerors in early modern history of Africa, such as Rabih az-Zubayr, who conquered Borno Emirate,[83] and Al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur, who conquered Sultanate of Darfur.[84] During his tenure as governor of Bahr al-Ghazal in Egypt, Al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur annexed the Sultanate of Darfur for the Khedivate of Egypt, which happened on the eve of Mahdist war rebellion by Mahdist State.[85]

One of the branch of Awlad Sulayman, local tribe resides in the modern day of Chad and Libya,[86][87] were also claiming themselves as descendant of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam.[88] This claim were came from the sheykh of the clan branch named al-'Adwani.[88] The Awlad Sulayman were one of important player and prominent tribe in Fezzan region during the First Libyan Civil War which followed the Fall of Muammar Gaddafi regime.[89]

Pakistan & India

Zubairi family, or also known as Zuberi clan is one of large tribal group whose lineage are completely traceable to their to the time of Muhammad,[90] as they claim themselves to be descendant of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam.[91] After almost 50 years of the conquest of Sindh by Muhammad ibn Qasim, Zubairis started migrating from Makkah and Madina towards Sindh.[90] Afterwards, the Zuberi clan recorded to dwell in Lahore, Panipat, Delhi and Sumbal. During the rule of Mughal Emperor Akbar, Zuberis also settled in Meerut and known as ruling Nawabs(governor) of Meerut.[90][91] Marehra also became centre of the family activities in 15th century AD. In Marehra “Kanboh Mohallah” was having largest concentration of Zuberis. Around 100 of the houses at Marehra were then owned by Zuberis.[90] many of Zuberi clan members settled near modern-day Dadu, Pakistan . By the end of 10 AD century, Zuberis started migrating from Sindh to Multan. During 14th century AD, part of the Zuberi clan migrated to Delhi led by Sufi Samauddin Zuberi.[90][91] After Indo-Pak partition period, most of the Zuberis migrated from India to Pakistan and got settled at Karachi, Lahore and Rawalpindi. Currently member of Zuberi Clan are settled all over the world at Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, Saudi Arabia, Gulf States, United Kingdom and United States .[91] In 1936, the third family conference was held at Bareilly.[90] Later, in 1961 the Zuberi clan organized meeting in Karachi.[90] Abdul Abbas Muhammad Talib , the author of Matlab at - Talbin recorded that the Zubairi family Khwajas (lords/landlords) are owning thousands of slaves from Russian, Kalmyks, and Hindu slaves that worked on the field, looking for cattles and constructing buildings.[92]

Some of Muslim Kamboh community claim Arab ancestry claim descent from al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, as Husain Ahmad Zubairi said that the Kambo clan belonged to thc main tribe of the Quraish, particularly from al-Zubayr lineage.[93] The Kamboh Zubayrids were among the first settlers hailed from Zubayr ibn al-Awwam descendants that came from Arabia to settle in the Sindh first.[94] They later migrated to the city of Kumbah, and later Multan, in order to avoid persecution by the Qarmatians.[94] Later, during the era of Mughal Empire rulers, the Mughal rulers honored the Qurayshite descendants as Sayyid, although the does not entering matrimonial alliances with those Muslim Arab nobles descendants[94] However, the Mughals employing the Zubayrid Kamboh as their retainers, such as Shahbaz Khan Kamboh, a Mughal general of emperor Akbar who led 9,000 strong cavalry comprised mostly the Kamboj (Kamboh) horsemen and it included both the Muslim as well as the Hindu Kamboj soldiers.[95] During the 1550s there are also exited a governor of Amiyabad(now Khakharechi) named Akbar az-Zubairi.[96]

Another notable historical member of these Zubairids were Ziauddin Ahmad Zuberi, 18th century philosopher and mathematician.[97] Ziauddin grandson, Mubarak Shah Zuberi, also gained respective position in academic community as he became assistant founder of Dr. Ziauddin memorial society, and also an active member of List of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies for Sindh.[98] Dr. Ziauddin Hospitals is a Pakistani health care company operating primarily in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan . It is functioning under Dr. Ziauddin Trust. The hospitals provide medical treatment and care. It is named after noted academic Ziauddin Ahmad. The group also owns Ziauddin University and Health TV.[99]

The Zuberi family in modern time were reportedly as successful media tycoon dynasty in Pakistan, which started by M.A. Zuberi in 1965 who founded Business recorder group and English daily Business recorder, as he was appointed as apprentice sub-editor and reporter at Dawn newspaper in New Delhi in 1945, two years before Pakistan declared, by Muhammad Ali Jinnah.[100] in 2010s, his son Shahab Zuberi and his grandson Ahmad A. Zuberi ran operations of the Business Recorder Group with Wamiq A. Zuberi, Asif A. Zuberi, Arshad A. Zuberi and Ahmad A. Zuberi as main shareholders in the companies related to Business Recorder Group.[100]

Lineage

Lineage of Zubayr ibn Awwam who descended from Quraysh tribe confederation[Notes 2]
Fihr ibn Malik / Quraysh[101]
Common ancestor of Quraysh tribe confederation
Ghalib ibn Fihr
Lu'ay ibn Ghalib
Ka'b ibn Lu'ay
Murrah ibn Ka'b
KilabFatimah bint Sa'd
Qusai ibn Kilab
common ancestor of banu Asad & banu Hashim		Hubba bint Hulail
great-great-great-grandmother
Abd al-Uzza ibn Qusai
paternal great-great grandfather		`Abd Manaf ibn Qusai
maternal great-great-grandfather		Atikah bint Murrah
maternal great-great-grandmother
Asad ibn Abd al-Uzza
paternal great grandfather (Banu Asad ibn Abd al-Uzza (id) clan progenitor)		Hashim ibn Abd Manaf
maternal great grandfather (Banu Hashim progenitor)		Salma bint `Amr
maternal gread grandmother
Khuwaylid ibn Asad
paternal grandfather		Halah bint Wuhayb
maternal grandmother		`Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim
maternal grandfather		Fatimah bint `Amr
maternal step grandmother
Umm Al-Khair Umaima bint Malik
step mother		Awwam ibn Khuwaylid
father		Safiyya bint Abd al-Muttalib
mother		`Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib
maternal uncle		Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib
maternal uncle
Abdullah ibn Al-Awwam
step brother		Abdul Rahman ibn Al-AWwam
step brother		Zainab bint Al-Awwam
step sister		Hind bint AwWam
sister		Umm Habib Bint Al-Awwam
sister		ZUBAYR IBN AL-AWWAMAl-Sa'ib bin Al-Awwam
brother		Abd al Kaaba al-Awwam
brother
Khadija bint Khuwaylid
paternal aunt		MUHAMMAD
maternal cousin
Fatimah bint Muhammad
paternal niece (paternal side)/cousin once removed (maternal side)		Ali bin Abi Thalib
maternal cousin
Legend
descent
adoption
marriage
 1, 2 
 spouse order


Zubayr name

Historically, as first name basis, the name of "Zubayr" were a common Arabian boy name which translated as "superior" in english word,[citation needed] a diminutive form of "Zubrah", which means either "small piece of iron", "a brave and wise person", "strong", "powerful", or "smart".[103] Alternatively, it also translated simply as "strong" in english.[104] According to Quranic Arabic, it is rooted from "Z-B-R" that had wide translation of “strong”, “firm”, “powerful”, “intelligent”, or “wise”.[105] It also translate as "proper name".[104]

In Nigeria, it also become a common person name in the form of "Zoob" that traditionally rooted from Zubayr ibn al-Awwam figure.[106]

In english, following the lead from the renowned 19th-century scholar named Ahmad Faris Shidyaq, Safa Khulusi wrote an article in the Arabic Journal, al-Ma'rifa (The Knowledge), in 1960 that the famous english poet William Shakespeare may have had Arab ancestry as the original form of his surname, "Shakespeare", was being "Shaykh Zubayr".[107] hence, 'Shaykh Zubayr', a name which he suggested was then anglicized to Shakespeare.[107] Safa Khulusi further theorized from Ahmad Faris material, that the Chandos portrait depicted William Shakespeare were not 'Anglicized' enough and rather, according to Safa, 'more Arabian' or 'Turkish'.[108] This theory were also endorsed by Libyan revolutionary and political leader Muammar Gaddafi.[107]

Notable figures

Qasr Urwah ibn Zubayr (ar), a castle attributed to Urwah ibn Zubayr in west of Medina
  • Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr; founder of the Meccan-based Zubayrid caliphate
  • Urwah ibn Zubayr; one of seven fuqaha (jurists) of Medina in the time of Tabi‘in and one of the earliest Muslim historians.
  • Rabih az-Zubayr, a warlord under Khedivate of Egypt who conquered Borno empire. Later died during his resistance against French colonials until his demise and nicknamed "Napoleon of Africa" for his fierce resistance against the French.[83] Rabih Fadlallah az-Zubayr were known for naming the place which will become modern day capital of Chad, N'Djamena (Niǧāmīnā, meaning "place of rest")[83]
  • Al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur, slave trader, Ottoman governor of Sudan, and pasha general of Khedivate of Egypt in the late 19th century. Zubayr Rahma Mansur were famously known as figure who conquered Sultanate of Darfur, and also a nemesis of General Charles Gordon. Al-Zubayr Rahma gained near-mythic status in the United Kingdom, where he was referred as "the richest and worst", a "Slaver King" "who [had] chained lions as part of his escort".[109][84]
  • Ziauddin Ahmad Zuberi, 18th century philosopher and mathematician.[97]

Notes

  1. ↑ Asid from a physical proof of Zubayrid influence of that area, the coin which has inscription of "There is no god but Allah and Muhammad is the messenger of God." were one of the first proof of Muhammad in documentary report, according to Harry and Thomas Munt.[47]
  2. ↑ Genealogists and historians disagree over who is the ancestor named Quraish, whether it is Qusay ibn Kilab[101] or Fihr ibn Malik,[102]

References

  1. ↑ Gibb 1960, p. 55.
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  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Gundelfinger, Simon; Verkinderen, Peter (2020). "The Governorsofal-ShāmandFārsintheEarly Islamic Empire–AComparativeRegionalPerspective" (in en). Transregional and Regional Elites – Connecting the Early Islamic Empire (De Gruyter) 1: 263. doi:10.1515/9783110669800-010. ISBN 9783110669800. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110669800-010. Retrieved 18 December 2021. 
  4. ↑ Pipes 1981, p. 117
  5. ↑ Pipes 1981, p. 120
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 (Sayyid Ahmad 2012)
  7. ↑ (Rizqullah Ahmad Maftukhin)
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  10. ↑ "'Aabad bin 'Abdullah bin al-Zubair عباد بن عبد الله بن الزبير بن العوام". Arees Institute; webmaster@muslimscholars.info. 2011. http://muslimscholars.info/manage2.php?submit=scholar&ID=11250. 
  11. ↑ Crow 2005.
  12. ↑ Ibn Bakkār 2005, p. 14–18.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Al-Shuaibi & Al-Shuaibi 2020, p. 227.
  14. ↑ Khalidi 2001, p. 188.
  15. ↑ Robinson 2014, p. 87
  16. ↑ Robinson 2014, p. 97
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  22. ↑ Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah, H. (2020). "pre-face". Tafsir al-Azhar Jilid 7 Diperkaya dengan Pendekatan Sejarah, Sosiologi, Tasawuf, Ilmu Kalam, Sastra, dan Psikologi By Hamka · 2020. Gema Insani. p. 15. ISBN 9786022508632. https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Tafsir_al_Azhar_Jilid_7/hdUSEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0. Retrieved 23 December 2021. 
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  25. ↑ Athamina 2000, p. 42.
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  28. ↑ Mehmet 2018.
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  32. ↑ al-Hamawi, Yaqut; Wüstenfeld, Ferdinand (1869) (in ar). Kitab *Mu'gam al-buldan 4: fa'-ya'.. in Commission bei F. Brockhaus. p. 146. https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Kitab_Mu_gam_al_buldan/HYS5oSDDezgC?hl=en&gbpv=0. Retrieved 20 December 2021. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 Khalaf & Mousa 2021, p. 36.
  34. ↑ Northedge & Petersen 2019, p. 54.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 Sami Abdul Aziz Alqatrani, Firas (2015). "The Old City of Al Zubair. The emergence and physical ... Al Zubair city (Al Nabhani,1980: 123). Conversely". Bulletin of Geography. Socio–Economic Series 17 (32): 18–30. ISSN 1732-4254. https://pdfslide.net/documents/the-old-city-of-al-zubair-the-emergence-and-physical-al-zubair-city-al-nabhani1980.html. Retrieved 15 December 2021. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 A.J. Abdullah, Thabit; Abadi, Eskandar (2001) (in en) (Hardcover). Merchants, Mamluks, and Murder The Political Economy of Trade in Eighteenth-Century Basra. SUNY Press. p. 78. ISBN 9780791448076. https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Merchants_Mamluks_and_Murder/t6v2HHoWgbsC?hl=en&gbpv=0. Retrieved 23 December 2021. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Dumper, Michael; E. Stanley, Bruce; L. Abu-Lughod, Janet (2007) (Hardcover). Cities of the Middle East and North Africa A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 399. ISBN 9781576079195. https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Cities_of_the_Middle_East_and_North_Afri/3SapTk5iGDkC?hl=en&gbpv=0. Retrieved 28 December 2021. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Alebrahim 2020, p. 521-534.
  39. ↑ Cook 1992, p. 191-202.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 N. Schofield, Richard (1991). Kuwait and Iraq Historical Claims and Territorial Disputes : a Report Compiled for the Middle East Programme of the Royal Institute of International Affairs. London : The Institute. p. 4. ISBN 9780905031354. https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/2502182. Retrieved 8 December 2021. 
  41. ↑ Alebrahim 2020.
  42. ↑ Urkevich, Lisa (2014). Music and Traditions of the Arabian Peninsula Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, and Qatar. Taylor & Francis. p. 105. ISBN 9781135628161. https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Music_and_Traditions_of_the_Arabian_Peni/gy-cBQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0. Retrieved 21 December 2021. 
  43. ↑ Alsiraih 2021.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Britannica 2004.
  45. ↑ Dumper & Stanley 2007, p. 398.
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  47. ↑ Munt & Henry Robert Munt 2014, p. 162
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 Shah Khan Najibabadi, Akbar (2001). History of Islam (Vol 2). Darussalam. p. 158. ISBN 9789960892887. https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/History_of_Islam_Vol_2/duAhUE684bwC?hl=en&gbpv=0. Retrieved 8 December 2021. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Levi Della Vida 1993, pp. 123–124.
  50. ↑ Wellhausen 1901, p. 26.
  51. ↑ (al-Misri 2015)
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Hopkins & Saad 2004, p. 216, 219, 220, 227; Quoting Basri. 1995.
  53. ↑ Norris 1986, p. 76-78.
  54. ↑ A. Macmichaels, H. (2011) (in en) (paperback). A History of the Arabs in the Sudan And Some Account of the People who Preceded Them and of the Tribes Inhabiting Dárfūr. Cambridge University Press. pp. 141, 156. ISBN 9781108010252. https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Arabs_in_the_Sudan/-QAJ0iu5PUQC?hl=en&gbpv=0. Retrieved 27 December 2021. 
  55. ↑ Rīṭī 1996, p. 82.
  56. ↑ al-Qalqashandī al-Fazari 2012, p. 410.
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 57.3 Hopkins & Saad 2004, p. 216.
  58. ↑ Yehia 2015, p. 4-5(126-127) quoting Rezq, A.(1987) Ozma Al Tareekh mn Mallawi, Minia Governorate, p.9.(In Arabic).
  59. ↑ عثمان, عبد الله أحمد (2009). البلدان السوهاجية. الهيئة العامة لقصور الثقافة. p. 85. https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9/GMo9AQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%20%D8%A8%D9%86%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%20%20%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86. Retrieved 23 November 2021. 
  60. ↑ Aḥmad ibn ‘Alī ibn Aḥmad ‘Abd Allāh al-Qalqashandī al-Fazari, Shihāb al-Dīn. نهاية الأرب في معرفة الأنساب العرب. Al-Warraq website. http://islamport.com/w/nsb/Web/484/49.htm. Retrieved 19 December 2021. "وقد ذكر الحمداني أن من عقبه جماعة بالأعمال البهنساوية ( بني سويف الان ) من صعيد مصر . فمن بني عبد الله بن الزبير بنو بدر وبنو مصلح وبنو رمضان و من بني مصعب بن الزبير جماعة فخر بن راووق ومن بني عروة بن الزبير بنو غني" 
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Aḥmad ibn ‘Alī ibn Aḥmad ‘Abd Allāh al-Qalqashandī al-Fazari, Shihāb al-Dīn. نهاية الأرب في معرفة الأنساب العرب. Al-Warraq website. http://islamport.com/w/nsb/Web/484/49.htm. Retrieved 19 December 2021. "الزبير بن العوام: حواري رسول الله الزبير بن العوام بن خويلد بن أسد بن عبد العزى بن قصي بن كلاب بن مرة بن كعب بن لؤي بن غالب بن فهر (قريش) بن مالك بن النضر بن كنانة. و من ذريته بنو مصلح و بنو رمضان بعمان و اليمن و الحجاز و العراق و مصر , وقبيلة الكواهله التي بعض من بطونها قبائل العبابدة و البشارية بحلايب و الشلاتين بجنوب مصر الحسانيه والقريشاب بالسودان ومورتانيا. (نهاية الإرب للقلقشندي , موسوعة القبائل العربية للطيب) أي قبائل بنو مصلح وبنو رمضان في اليمن وعمان ترجعان إلى نسب الصحابي الجليل الزبير بن العوام" 
  62. ↑ Ibrahim Habib, Jamil (1985). Sīrat al-Zubayr ibn al-ʻAwwām wa-mawāqifuhu min maʻārik al-taḥrīr wa-al-futūḥāt al-ʻArabīyah al-Islāmīyah. al-Dār al-ʻArabīyah lil-Mawsūʻāt. p. 157. https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/S%C4%ABrat_al_Zubayr_ibn_al_%CA%BBAww%C4%81m_wa_maw/VaMzAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=inauthor:%22Jam%C4%ABl%20Ibr%C4%81h%C4%ABm%20%E1%B8%A4ab%C4%ABb%22%20%D9%87%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8E. Retrieved 23 December 2021. "Barley, map and history of Sudan" 
  63. ↑ Ramaḍān 1999, p. 238
  64. ↑ Tayyib 1993, p. 44
  65. ↑ مجلة الفيصل: العدد. مركز الملك فيصل للبحوث والدراسات الإسلامية. 2007. https://books.google.com/books?id=t-hiDwAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1+&pg=PT94. Retrieved 23 November 2021. 
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 66.2 Murray 1923, p. 423.
  67. ↑ Abdel-Qadr et al. 2012, p. 399–418.
  68. ↑ Abdel-Qadr, Mustafa; Wendrich, Willeke; Kosc, Zbigniew; Barnard, Hans (2012). "Giving a Voice to the Ababda". The History of the Peoples of the Eastern Desert (History / Middle East / Egypt, Social Science / Archaeology, Social Science / Sociology / General, Desert people -- Congresses -- History -- Egypt -- Eastern Desert -- Antiquities, Eastern Desert (Egypt) -- Congresses -- Antiquities -- Antiquities, Roman, Excavations (Archaeology) -- Congresses -- Egypt -- Eastern Desert). Los Angeles: The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press. pp. 399–418. ISBN 978-1-931745-96-3. https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/The_History_of_the_Peoples_of_the_Easter/aWmRDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0. 
  69. ↑ Ahmad Hussein Khalifa al-Abadi, Hassan (1940). في الصحراء الشرقية وشرق السودان العبابدة وقبائل أخرى. Kuwait University. http://catalog.library.kuniv.edu.kw/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=1512854404MQU.139741&profile=ara&uri=full%3D3100027~!217822~!0&booklistformat. Retrieved 21 December 2021. "كتب جماعة من المستشرقين وبعض الكتاب كتابة خاطئة عن أنساب بعض عربا السودان والصحراء الشرقية، فجاء في محاضرة دخول العرب للسودان التي ألقيت في الجمعية الجغرافية الأسيوية منذ سنوات قليلة ما ملخصه: (إن معظم سكان الجزء الشمالي من السودان على ضفاف النيل يدعون أن نسبهم يتصل ببني العباس، غير أن هذا ملخص ادعاء لم تثبت حقيقته بعد) وزعم نعوم بك شقير صاحب كتاب (تاريخ السودان): (إن انتساب عرب السودان للأصول التي ينتمون إليها، لا ثبت له عندهم إلا ما حفظوه أو لفقوه من القصص الخرافية). ونسب المستشرق شوينفرث في كتابه (طرق مصر المهجورة) العبابدة والشكرية وغيرهم من قبائل الصحراء الشرقية للبجة؛ وقال: (إن العبابدة تعربت كثيراً والشكرية تعربت) ونسب البستاني صاحب دائرة المعارف، والمستشرق بروس العبابدة للبجة، وزاد نعوم بك شقير على ذلك بقوله: إن في تقاليد العبابدة انهم قوم الزبير بن العوام، ولعل قوم الزبير بن اختلطوا بهم فكانوا رؤوسهم. وإلى هنا نكتفي بهذا القدر من مزاعمهم ونرد عليها: بأن من الثابت في التاريخ أن فريقاً من بني العباس هاجروا من الديار المصرية إلى السودان في القرن الثامن الميلادي وإذا كان من صفات عرب شمال وشرق السودان والصحراء الشرقية تلفيق الانساب، فأن فيهم الجباب من نسل أبي لهب واليزيديين من نسل اليزيد، فكان أحرى بهؤلاء أن يلفقوا لهم نسباً غير نسبهم. أما تلك القبائل التي نسبوها للبجة، فهي قبائل عربية صميمة فالعبابدة في الأصل فرع من الكواهلة بني محمد الكاهل بن عبد الله المكنى بأبي بكر بن حمزة بن عبد الله بن الزبير بن العوام الأسدي القرشي. ويحدثنا الرحالة ابن بطوطة في كتابه (تحفة النظار وعجائب الأمصار) أنه رأى في نحو سنة 757 هـ حياً من العرب بصحراء عيذاب (عتباي) على بعد يومين من رأس دواير يعرفون بأولاد كاهل مختلطين بالبجاة عارفين بلسانهم اهـ وإن كاهلا الذي أشار إليه إن بطوطة هو محمد الملقب بكاهل الذي يرجع إليه العبابدة وقبائل أخرى في نسبهم. وجاء في كتاب (صبح الأعشى) للقلشندي، و (البيان والإعراب) للمقريزي من مؤرخي القرن التاسع الهجري ما ملخصه: (إن السيدة فاطمة بنت القاسم بن محمد بن جعفر بن أبي طالب التي أمها السيدة أم كلثوم بنت السيدة زينب بنت الإمام علي بن أبي طالب هي أم يحيى وأبي بكر بن حمزة بن عبد الله بن الزبير بن العوام وأم إبراهيم بن طلحة الجود، وإن السيدة زينب ولدت لعبد الله جعفر أولاداً عرفوا بالزبانية هم جعافرة الصعيد، ومن هذه الاخوة كانت بنو طلحة وبنو الزبير والجعافرة يداً واحدة في صعيد مصر). وهاأنت ترى اليوم في القرن الرابع عشر الهجري العبابدة بني عبد الله المكنى بأبي بكر الزبيري يقيم أكثرهم مع الجعافرة في صعيد مصر بمديريتي أسوان وقنا، ومختلطين معهم جميع سبل الحياة كما كانوا في القرن التاسع الهجري أما ذلك الحي من أولاد كاهل الذي رآه ابن بطوطة في رحلته بالصحراء الشرقية، فيلوح لنا أنه رحل من صعيد مصر إلى تلك الصحراء عند تفرق العرب عقب حوادث سنة 651 هـ التي حصلت بين حصن الدولة الجعفري زعيم العرب بالقطر المصري، والملك المعز ايبك أول ملوك دولة المماليك البحرية كما تراه مفصلا في كتاب السلوك للمقريزي ورب قائل يقول: إن بعض مؤرخي القرن التاسع الهجري بينوا في مؤلفاتهم أسماء القبائل العربية وأماكنها بالديار المصرية في عصرهم ولم يذكروا العبابدة. فجوابنا على ذلك هو أنهم لم يشتهروا باسمهم الحالي إذ ذاك؛ وقد اشتهروا به في القرون الأخيرة كما اشتهر في القطر المصري والسودان وغيرهما من الأقطار عدة قبائل عربية بأسماء غير التي كانت تعرف بها أصولها في القرن التاسع الهجري وما قبله من القرون، ومن المعلوم أنه كلما مر الزمن كثرت القبائل وتعددت أسماؤها والشكرية عرب من خيار العرب، وهم من آل شكر بن إدريس، ويتصل نسبهم بالسيد عبد الله الجواد، كما جاء في نسبة خطية منسوبة للإمام السمرقندي ومن المعلوم أن كثيراً من العرب الذي ينتمون إلى تلك الأصول التي ينتمي إليها عرب السودان والصحراء الشرقية وبلاد النوبة أتوا إلى القطر المصري عند الفتح الإسلامي وفيما بعده من العصور، وإن الكثير من هاجر إلى الصحراء الشرقية وبلاد النوبة والسودان، وخصوصاً في زمن حكم المماليك الذين أذلوا العرب واضطهدوهم في الديار المصرية وإن عرب السودان والصحراء الشرقية وبلاد النوبة يحفظون أنسابهم التي توارثوها عن أسلافهم. وقد جاء في القول المأثور: (إن الناس مصدقون في أنسابهم). وهذا ثبت كاف لهم، وعلاوة على ذلك فإنهم يتكلمون باللغة العربية إلا بعض قبائل في الصحراء الشرقية، وبلاد النوبة تعد على أصابع اليد، اتخذت البجاوية أو النوبية لغة لها بحكم البيئة التي وجدت فيها ومما نأسف له أن بعض كتاب مصر النابهين ممن ظهروا أخيراً وهم أحق بعرفة السودان وساكنيه من أولئك المستشرقين وغيرهم كتبوا عن أنساب قبائل السودان والصحراء الشرقية وبلاد النوبة متأثرين بأقوال المستشرقين والسوريين الخاطئة، لا كتابة من يعرف سكان تلك الجهات معرفة درس وتمحيص أعمق وأصح من الأساطير والمعلومات المتناثرة التي وضعها المستشرقون وكتاب سوريا، وهي أقوال لا تستند إلى أي ثبت وإقامة تلك القبائل في إقليم كان يسكنه في القرون السحيقة أقوام ليسوا من العرب، وإليك نبذاً من أقوال بعض كتاب مصر في هذا الموضوع: قال علي باشا مبارك في الخطط التوفيقية: (يظن أن عرب العبابدة من البجة). وقال الأستاذ البتنوني في كتاب (الرحلة الحجازية ما ملخصه: (يقال إن البهجة من عرب البربر ومنهم العشابات، وهم فخذ من العبابدة، ويقيم أناس من العشاباب في اللقيطة بين قفط والقصير). وقال الدكتور مأمون عبد السلام في مقالة نشرتها له جريدة الأهرام في سنة 1939م ما ملخصه: (إن جغرافيي العرب وصفوا الصحراء الشرقية وتكلموا عن سكانها من البجاة، وهم البشاريون وأقرباؤهم العبابدة، فذكرهم المسعودي وابن الأثير والمقريزي) اهـ وأقوالهم هذه لا صحة لها، فالظن ليس حجة، وإن عبابدة عرب البربر هم فخذ من قبيلة هواره، وقد ذكرهم القلقشندي في كتابه (صبح الأعشى)، ويقيمون في الوجه البحري بالديار المصرية، ولا تربطهم أي صلة نسب بالعبابدة بني الزبير ممن يقيمون بصعيد مصر والصحراء الشرقية والسودان. وإن جغرافيي العرب الذين أشار إليهم الدكتور مأمون عبد السلام لم يذكروا البشاريين والعبابدة بين قبائل البجة التي وضحوها في مؤلفاتهم التي اطلعنا عليها ومما لا شك فيه أن هناك من تعرب من سكان السودان والصحراء الشرقية وبلاد النوبة القدماء، واندمج اندماجاً كلياً في العرب، وأنه تجرى في عرب هذه الجهات حفنة من دم غير عربي، لأنه من عادة العرب أن يتزوجوا من أهل البلاد التي يحلون فيها ويتسرون، وهذا لا يؤثر في عروبتهم، لأنه من عاداتهم أيضاً أن لا يزوجوا بناتهم لغير بني جلدتهم، مع أن سكان الأقطار الأخرى لا يتمسكون بهذه العادة، وليس عرب السودان وحدهم الذين تجري في عروقهم حفنة من دم أجنبي، فإن عرب الأقطار الأخرى هم بالمثل تجرى في عروقهم دماء غير عربية، وقل أن يوجد الآن على وجه الأرض أمة لم تختلط أصولها، إذ لا جدال في أن شعوباً غير عربية وجدت أو مرت بسوريا وفلسطين والعراق واليمن ووادي النيل في القرون الخالية، ولكن بمرور الزمن صهرت بقاياهم في بوتقة العروبة، وذابت في الأمة العربية الحديثة، وهذا لا يضيرهم في عروبتهم، فإن كل من كان لسانه عربياً فهو عربي وقد منح الإسلام الجنسية العربية لكل من تكلم بالعربية، فقد روى الحافظ ابن عساكر قال: جاء قيس بن مطاطية إلى حلقة فيها بلال الحبشي وصهيب الرومي وسلمان الفارسي فقال: الأوس والخزرج قاموا بنصرة هذا الرجل (يعني أنهم نصروا النبي لأنهم قومه) فما بال هذا وهذا؟. . . فسمع النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم بمقالته، فقام مغضباً يجر رداءه حتى أتى المسجد، ثم نودي الصلاة جامعة (فاجتمع الناس). وقال محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم: (يا أيها الناس، إن الرب واحد، والدين واحد، وليست العربية بأحدكم من أب ولا أم، وإنما هي اللسان، فمن تكلم بالعربية، فهو عربي) أما قبائل البجة التي ذكرها جغرافيو العرب كالمسعودي والمقريزي وغيرهم فهي: البازة والباريه والخاسه والحدارب والزنافج. وإن منطقتهم كانت تمتد قديماً في شرق أفريقيا من صحراء قوص بالقطر المصري إلى بلاد الحبشة، وعاصمتهم كانت مدينة هجر، وفي وقتنا الحاضر يقيمون في القسم الجنوبي من تلك المنطقة ومما جمعناه من المعلومات الصحيحة في مدة إقامتنا عدة سنوات بالسودان الشرقي وجبال بني عامر، إنه لما كثر العرب من بني الزبير بن العوام بصحراء مصر الشرقية في القرون المتأخرة وقويت شوكتهم وكثرت أنعامهم، ضايقوا البجة في أماكنهم بتلك الصحراء بسبب شح الأمطار وقلة المراعي التي لا تكفي هناك لسائمتهم جميعاً، فاضطرت البجة تحت ضغطهم للرحيل إلى الجنوب شيئاً فشيئاً، وأقامت في الجبال التي حول سواكن، وبعد ذلك حاربها الهدندوة وقتل رئيسها أحمد باركوين: شكتيل ملك البجة، وهو من قبيلة بلى العربية، إذ كانت رئاسة البجة لبلى وتمسيهم البجة بلويب، ويقال لهم حدارب، وإن وجود بلى في الصحراء الشرقية يرجع إلى زمن بعيد، فإن التاريخ يحدثنا أن قبيلة بلى كانت تقيم في شمال منطقة البجة على عهد ظهور النصرانية بالقطر المصري، حيث يقيم الآن بعض عرب العبابدة، وتدل القرائن التاريخية أن بلى هي أول قبيلة عربية خالطت البجة، لأنك إذا سألت البجاوي: هل تعرف العربية أجابك (بلويه كاكا) أي لا أعرف لغة بلى، وكان الحدارب يتولون التجارة بين السودان الشرقي والحجاز واليمن، فزاحمتهم قبيلة الارتيقة في التجارة ورئاسة القوافل، وانتزعتهما منهم في الخمسة قرون الأخيرة، وأصبح اسم حربي خاصاً بالارتيقة. ولما قتل شكتيل ملك البجة المار ذكره دفن في شمالي مدينة سنكات بالجبل المسمى باسمه، وعلى أثر ذلك رحلت البجة من الجبال التي حول سواكن، وأقامت مع بقية البجة في المنطقة من عند مدينة طوكر شرقاً، حتى قرية الشيخ الإمام بديار الحبشة غرباً. وجبل هجر ونهر عنصبا (عين سباً) بارتريا جنوباً. وشمالا بخور بركه الذي يروي أراضي طوكر وإن قبائل البجة التي تقيم الآن في السودان المصري الإنجليزي هي: اللبت والكربكناب والسنكاتكنات، وفريق من الخاسه ويتبعون في وقتنا الحاضر لنظارة بني عامر. ويوجد من بقايا البجة أقليات في قبائل عرب البشاريين والأمرار والهدندوة والحباب، وهم معروفون لتلك القبائل. ويتكلم عرب البشاريين والأمرآر والهدندوة والحلنقة بلغة البجة بتأثير البيئة، لأنه لم نزل في إقليم البجة العرب الذين تكونت منهم تلك القبائل، اضطرت بحكم الجوار والإقامة بين البجة لمخالطتها في جميع سبل الحياة، وزد على ذلك أنهم كانوا يتزوجون من البجة فينشأ أولادهم وبناتهم على لغة أمهاتهم، فتغلبت البجاوية مع مرور الزمن على العربية كما تغلبت اللغة النوبية على العرب والترك الذين أقاموا بجهات دنقلة وشمالها. وتتكلم قبيلتي بني عامر والحباب بلغة يسمونها الخاساوية، وهي خليط من لغة التفري الحبشية واللغة العربية. ولم يبق لهذه القبائل العربية الأصل ما تختلف فيه عن قبائل البجة إلا العادات، ولذلك يحسبهم بعض المستشرقين والكتاب بجاة لتكلمهم بلغة البجة وإقامتهم في إقليمهم. وهذا خطا لا ينتبه إليه إلا من يتصل بهم ويجتمع بمن له معرفة منهم بحوادث قبيلته التاريخية ولا تخلو قبيلة من هؤلاء ولا يفوتنا أننا لم ندل بمعلوماتنا هذه إلا إظهاراً للحقيقة، فالناس كلهم سواء، وإن التفضيل بينهم بالفضل والتقديم بالفعل: (إن أكرمكم عند الله أتقاكم)" 
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 Badawi 2021, p. 28.
  71. ↑ al-Hajj 2011.
  72. ↑ Ismail 2021, p. 28.
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 Translations on Near East and North Africa Issues 965-974. Joint Publications Research Service. 1973. p. 1. https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Translations_on_Near_East_and_North_Afri/cJW5AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=zubayr%20descendants%20africa. Retrieved 21 December 2021. 
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 Hussein Basri al-Ghanimi, Abbas (2004). Nasab al'ashraf al-Ghanimiyya. Cairo, Egypt: Dar al-Rikabi Publishing. http://library.kapl.org.sa/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=143307. Retrieved 21 December 2021. "ـ السؤال لما لم تصيروا قبيلة لمفردكم ؟ وأسبقك بالإجابة .... بلا يمكن . لأنه لا العقل ولا التاريخ ولا الفترة الزمنية يسمحان بذلك وإلا كان عدد قبائل العرب مليار قبيلة وفي القراريش فقط 1000 قبيلة لان قبل مائتان عام كما تقول احدي الوثائق التي جلبناها في الكتاب إن تعداد القراريش بمحافظة دنقلا فقط كان ما يربو على الـ 2000 نسمة. فهكذا أنا استنفذت قولي هنا وهناك في هذا المضمار لأني أظنه كافي أو لأني لا املك سواه أو لخشية تكرار الأقوال, ولكن المجال مفتوح للجميع ليدلوا كما قال البروف الذي أكد زبيريتنا هنا وفي كل منبر آخر , أما أنت فأراك بعد تلك السفرة وتلك الورقة أظنك تواق ميال للزعم العباسي ناسفاً زعم أجدادك والمؤرخين الزبيري !! لذا أريد منك قولا صريح ومسئول ونهائي في هذا الأمر دون التفاف لأنه يهمني جداً بكونك سفيرنا بين القبائل واهلك الأقربين, و قراريش مصر, وبصفتك مستشار أمير القبيلة ثم كما قال ود بلال في مداخلة آخري انك أمير القداقيد ؟ تحياتي البروفيسور عثمان محجوب جعفر كما أسلفت نحن منذ أن تفتحت عيوننا على الدنيا نسمع من أهلنا أن القراريش أصلهم زبيرية ولا يمكن أن نترك هذه القناعة بهذه البساطة من أجل شخص قام بدراسة لا ندري مدى صحتها ولا متانتها من الناحية العلمية وأنا مقتنع بتفنيد العمدة لهذه الدراسة (الفاضل محمد خير) نحن زبيرية ولم اسمع بغير ذلك وهو قول ترجيح الوثائق ال 28 وهذا القول لا جدال فيه فقط أردت ان انقل رأي أهل مصر ليكون محل نظر ونقاش ليستفيد الجميع ولعلي احيانا اتبنى رأي غيري للفائدة وللنقاش فنحن زبيرية وزبيرية وكل صفات القراريش تشبه الزبيرية والحمد لله فهذا قولي يا عمدة حفظك الله" 
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 MacMichael 1910, p. 224.
  76. ↑ MacMichael 1922, p. 27, 89, 90, 140, 148, 151, 215.
  77. ↑ Macmichaels 2011, p. 194.
  78. ↑ Macmichaels 2011, p. 194, while the claims of Khalid ibn Walid through his son, Sulaiman, also came in page 104.
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 MacMichael 1922, p. 148.
  80. ↑ Macmichaels 2011, p. 149-151.
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 81.2 81.3 Said Abdul Madjid Abdullah, Abdul Karim (2008). Abdul Hadi al-Atta, Awad. ed. "تاريخ قبيلة الكواهلة في الفترة من 1505-1955 م" (in ar). Department of History and Islamic Civilization (Sudan). https://search.emarefa.net/ar/detail/BIM-335566-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%86-1505-1955-%D9%85. Retrieved 21 December 2021. "فهذة نسبة الكواهلة نقلت من الشيخ محمد الشيخ على فتى العلوم ببغداد سنة 1242هـ , فهو محمد كاهل بن عابد بن يحى عبد الله بن الزبير بن العوام والزبير امه صفية بنت عبد المطلب عمة رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم ةعبد الله بن اسماء بنت ابى بكر الصديقرضى الله عنه ومحمد كاهل امه سكينة بنت الامام على كرم الله وجه وسكينة امها فاطمة الزهراء بنت رسول الله صلى عليه وسلم . ومحمد كاهل متزوج باربعة نسوة : الحضرية وعزة وبنت عفاف بن الامام عثمان بن عفان ثم اخذ الفنجاوية.. اما الحضرية فولدت حمد جد الاحامدة. واما عزة فولدت اربعة ابرق واسود وخليفة ومعهم انثى واحدة. واما ابرق فزريتة الكمبلاب والبراقنة والكميلاب والمرقاب والحسنات والمحمدية. واما اسود فزريته رشيد والبعيراب والضمناتاب. واما قلاب فزريته الكردماب والجلالاب. واما بدران فزريتة الشراعنة جميعا والمايدية والبردان. واما اولاد خليفة اربعة :فهمالحمر ومقعود وهلال وقداح . واما هلال فزريته الحمران . واما قداح اولاده ثلاثة عكير وصلاح والاحمر. واما الاحمر فزريته الحميدانية والعميرية والكرامية والجلالية واللبابيس وعكير عقيم. واما صلاح فزريتة القراية والشدليدة والقوايدة والمقعودية والكواملة. واما مقعود فزريته القريشاب والسلاطنة والمحمداب والنوراب والرميتاب والحسانيةوالجميلية والدليقاب والعرواب والصنضضاب والغزلاب. واولده من الفنجاوية ثلاثة رتيم وعمارة وبشارة. اما رتيم فزريته الوالية والجلالة والباقية والمطارفة والخلايف. زاما عمارة فزريته بمكة والمدينة المنورة. واما بشارة فجد البشارين والبجة والهبكر والهكروس والساليت والسودانية والبرخ. واولاده خمسة:سعيد ونفيد وزياد وعباد وخلبوس اما خلبوس عقيم. واما نفيد فجد النفيدية وسعيد جد سعد بجبال الصعيد وزياد جد الزيادية والزوايدة واما عبادة فجد العبابدة بالريف والسودان. اما بعد هذا محمد كاهل بن عابد بن يحى بن عبد الله بن الزبير بن العوام بن خويلد بن اسد بن عبد العزى بن قصى فهو قرشى والزبير لمه صفية بنت عبد المطلب عمة النبى صلى الله عليه وسلم وعمتةاخت ابية خديجة بت خويلد زوجة النبى صلى الله عليه وسلم وعبد الله بن الزبير احد الذين ذكرهم الله فى القران الكريم فهم العبادلة الاربعة. فهذه نسخة الشيخ على فتى العلوم فهو على بن محمد بن كنة بن بطران بن عدل بن عدنان بن حميدان بن الاحمر بن هلال بن خليفة بن محمد بن كاهل بن مرشد بن الشين بن عبد الله بن الزبير بن العوام بن خويلد ين اسد بن عبد العزى بن كلاب بن مرة بن كعب بن لؤى بن غالب بن فهر بن مالك بن النضر بن كنانة ين مدركة الياس بن مضر بن نزار بن معد بن عدنان وهذا نسب النبى صلى الله عليه وسلم,افضل نسب الاولين والاخرين فهذه نسبة محفوظة بيد الشيخ محمد ابى قرون فهو محمد بن يوسف بن على بن ابى زيد بن حبيب الله بن على بن محمدبن عمر بنن نجاع بن عوض بن خضر بن زروق فهو من زرية محمد كاهل وذلك لمعرفة القبائل ومن تشاجن الاهالى تحفظ نواحيها وللاهل تدرك وتحفظ للإفهام ومن ما نقلت من بغداد لها 1242ومن ما اتت بالجهات لها 1323 ومن ما اتت له مائة وخمسة سنة. ملاحظة". 
  82. ↑ Ibrahim 1988, p. 217-231.
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 83.2 Ali, Wail (2017). ""رابح فضل الله".. نابليون أفريقيا الذي أرعب الفرنسيين" (in ar). Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.net/blogs/2017/5/2/رابح-فضل-الله-نابليون-أفريقيا-الذي?_x_tr_sl=ar&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=id&_x_tr_pto=sc. 
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 Lang, Jeanie. "The Story of General Gordon" circa. 1900.
  85. ↑ A. Shoup, John (2011) (in en) (Hardcover). Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 102. ISBN 9781598843620. https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Ethnic_Groups_of_Africa_and_the_Middle_E/SPBfnT_E1mgC?hl=en&gbpv=0. Retrieved 21 December 2021. 
  86. ↑ "Awlad Suleiman tribe, Libya" (in ar). al Jazeera Agency. 2021. https://www.aljazeera.net/news/reportsandinterviews/2012/7/6/%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7. 
  87. ↑ D. Cordel, Dennis (1985). "The Awlad Sulayman of Libya and Chad: Power and Adaptation in the Sahara and Sahel" (in en). Canadian Journal of African Studies (Taylor & Francis, Ltd) 19 (2): 319–343 (25 pages). doi:10.1080/00083968.1985.10804116. https://www.jstor.org/stable/484828. Retrieved 16 December 2021. 
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 (in ar) قبيلة أولاد سليمان. Jamahiriya news agency. 2020. p. https://www.alnssabon.com/t50507.html. https://albunyanalmarsus.com/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8/1695. Retrieved 16 December 2021. "العميرة الثانية عشر السواكرية - تنقسم الى ثلاث اقسام وهى - اولاد اسماعيل واولاد ذياب ابن الساكر واولاد الحاج عبد الرازق بن ساكر - فاما الاولون فاصلهم من ملكية وهى احدى قرى غرداية واما الاخيرون فقال عنهم الشيخ العدوانى ان نسب جدهم يتصل بسيدنا الزبير ين العوام وانضم لهؤلاء اربعة طوائف اثنان من الزاب واثنتان من الجريد فالاوليان هما اولاد الشريف واولاد حميدة بن سعيد" 
  89. ↑ Wilson, Nate; Kristina Trauthig, Inga (2019). "Understanding Libya's South Eight Years After Qaddafi". usip.org. https://www.usip.org/publications/2019/10/understanding-libyas-south-eight-years-after-qaddafi. 
  90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 90.2 90.3 90.4 90.5 90.6 KHWANI 2005.
  91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 91.2 91.3 Zuberi, Najmul Hasan. "Zuberis". Zuberi association. http://zuberiassociation.pk/index.php/zuberis/. 
  92. ↑ (May 14, 2009) Proceedings Volume 52; the University of Virginia. Indian History Congress. 1992. pp. 225–226. https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Proceedings/EQZDAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=zubairi%20india. Retrieved 28 December 2021. 
  93. ↑ Umar 1998, p. 24.
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 94.2 Umar, Muhammad (1998) (in en) (hardcover). Muslim Society in Northern India During the Eighteenth Century. pp. 24, 72. ISBN 9788121508308. https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Muslim_Society_in_Northern_India_During/7QhuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=zubairi%20india. Retrieved 28 December 2021. 
  95. ↑ Nobility Under the Great Mughals: Based on Dhakhīratul Khawanīn of Shaikh Farīd Bhakkari, 2003, p 245, Shaikh Farid Bhakkari, Ziyaud-Din A. Desai.
  96. ↑ MITRA, DEBALA (1983). Indian Archaeology. NEW DELHI: Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India. p. 92. https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Indian_Archaeology/CGxDAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=zubairi%20india%20sultanate. Retrieved 28 December 2021. 
  97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 Kamboj, Deepak (2019). "Kambojas in Muslim society; quoting: Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780-1870 (Cambridge Studies in Indian History and Society) page 285. by C. A. Bayly; Rajnarayan Chandavarkar. Contributor, Gordon Johnson; Language, Ideology and Power: Language Learning among the Muslims of Pakistan and North India March 2008 Edition: Second revised edition Publisher: Oxford University Press, Karachi and Orient Blackswan, Delhi.ISBN: 81-250-3463-3 , page 126 Authors: Tariq Rahman". Kamboj Society. https://www.kambojsociety.com/post/kamboj-in-muslim-and-british-era. 
  98. ↑ H. Abbas, Amber (2020) (in en). Partition's First Generation: Space, Place, and Identity in Muslim South Asia. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 152. ISBN 9781350142688. https://books.google.com/books?id=a3P_DwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 15 December 2021. 
  99. ↑ KARACHI: Govt may allow private units to treat trauma cases (including Ziauddin Hospital) Dawn (newspaper), Published 22 September 2004, Retrieved 28 April 2021
  100. ↑ 100.0 100.1 "The Zuberi Family". Media Ownership Pakistan. https://pakistan.mom-rsf.org/en/owners/individual-owners/detail/owner/owner/show/the-zuberi-family/. 
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 Watt, W. Montgomery (1986). "Kuraysh". Encyclopedia of Islam. V: Khe–Mahi (New ed.). Leiden and New York: Brill. pp. 434–435. ISBN 90-04-07819-3. 
  102. ↑ Hammer, Leonard; J. Breger, Marshall; Reiter, Yitzhak (2013) (in en) (Ebook). Sacred Space in Israel and Palestine Religion and Politics. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-49033-0. https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Sacred_Space_in_Israel_and_Palestine/okOtiV8OaAkC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=qusay+ibn+kilab+quraysh&pg=PT229&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved 26 November 2021. 
  103. ↑ Marlow, Adam. Muslim Names: Islamic Boys and Girls Names with Arabic and English. ScribeDigital.com. ISBN 1780410433. https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sj3AgAAQBAJ&dq=zubayr+name+superior&pg=PT34. Retrieved 31 December 2021. 
  104. ↑ 104.0 104.1 Thomas, Siobhan (2018) (in en) (ebook). Best Baby Names for 2019 Over 9,000 Names and 100 Inspiration Lists. Ebury Publishing. ISBN 9781473560345. https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Best_Baby_Names_for_2019/ZxxFDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=zubayr+meaning+superior&pg=PT373&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved 31 December 2021. 
  105. ↑ "Zubair". quranicnames.com. https://quranicnames.com/zubair/. 
  106. ↑ Steward, Julia (1996) (in en) (paperback). 1,001 African Names First and Last Names from the African Continent. Carol publishing group. p. 141. ISBN 9780806517377. https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/1_001_African_Names/W-YodK__RyYC?hl=. Retrieved 31 December 2021. 
  107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 107.2 Hennessey, Katherine (2018) (in en) (Ebook). Shakespeare on the Arabian Peninsula. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 14–15, 33. ISBN 9781137584717. https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Shakespeare_on_the_Arabian_Peninsula/qoF8DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0. Retrieved 31 December 2021. 
  108. ↑ Raybon, Tim (2017) (in en) (ebook). Shakespeare's Ear Dark, Strange, and Fascinating Tales from the World of Theater. Skyhorse publishing. ISBN 9781510719583. https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Shakespeare_s_Ear/LeQvDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Shakespeare++zubayr&pg=PT234&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved 31 December 2021. 
  109. ↑ Fuller, O. E. Brave Men and Women Their Struggles, Failures, And Triumphs, 1884

Bibliography




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