Place:Ahvaz

From HandWiki

Ahvaz (Persian: اهواز; fa)[lower-alpha 1] is a city in the Central District of Ahvaz County, Khuzestan province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district.[1]

Positioned near the border with Iraq, along the banks of the Karun River, Ahvaz serves as a key industrial and transportation hub, with a diverse population and a history shaped by its proximity to Iraq and the Persian Gulf.[2]

Ahvaz is home to over 1.3 million people within its metropolitan area. Census results suggest a steady increase in population.[3] It is home to Persians, Arabs and other groups such as Qashqai and Kurds.[4][5] Languages spoken in the area include Persian, Khuzestāni Arabic, Southern Kurdish, Neo-Mandaic, and dialects such as Bakhtiari, Dezfuli and Shushtari.[6]

The Karun, the largest river in Iran by volume,[7] flows through the center of the city. It is one of two navigable rivers in Iran, alongside the Arvand Rud.[8]

Ahvaz has earned the reputation of being the City of Bridges due to its numerous big bridges built on the Karun to facilitate better communication between the east and west parts of the city,[9] although since the beginning of the 20th century, this city has always been known as the Oil Capital of Iran, along with other cities of Khuzestan province.[10]

This city has a long history, dating back to the Achaemenid period. In ancient times, the city was one of the main centers of the Academy of Gondishapur.

Etymology

The original inhabitants of the Khuzestan province, the Huzi, are the source of the name "Ahvaz".[11]

History

Ancient history

The name was later changed to the New Persian Hormazd-Ardašēr (هرمزداردشیر). It became abbreviated to Daravashir but it is unclear if this change was by Ardashir I,[12] in 230 (cf. Encyclopædia Iranica, al-Maqdisi, et al.) or by his grandson Hormizd I according to the Middle Persian Šahrestānīhā ī Ērānšahr.

The city had two sections; the nobles of the city lived in one part while merchants inhabited the other.[13]

Modern history

In the 19th century, "Ahvaz was no more than a small borough inhabited mainly by Sabeans (1500 to 2000 inhabitants according to Ainsworth in 1835; 700 according to Curzon in 1890)."[14]

In the 1880s, in late Qajar Iran, the Karun was dredged and reopened to commerce. A newly built railway crossed the Karun at Ahvaz. The city again became a commercial crossroads, linking river and rail traffic. The construction of the Suez Canal further stimulated trade. A port city was built near the old village of Ahvaz and named Bandar-e-Naseri in honour of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar.

Oil was found near Ahvaz in the early 20th century, and the city once again grew and prospered as a result of this newfound wealth. From 1897 to 1925, the city of Ahvaz was under the control of a Qajar prince, who served as governor, and Reza-Gholi Khan Sarhang, the commander of the Khuzestan army. Khaz'al al-Ka'bi was recognized by Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar as hereditary ruler of the Emirate of Muhammara, Sardar Asad Bakhtiari, as the most powerful leader of the Bakhtiari people. He had power and authority over most regions of Khuzestan, such as Dezful, Shushtar, Izeh, even Ahvaz and Amir Mojahede Bakhtiari in Ramhormoz and Behbahan. At this time, the newly founded Ahvaz was named Nâseri in honour of its founder Nasser ed-Din Shah Qajar. Afterwards, during Pahlavi Iran, it resumed its old name, Ahvaz. The government of Khuzestan province was transferred there from Shushtar in 1926. The Trans-Iranian Railway reached Ahvaz in 1929 and by World War II, Ahvaz had become the principal built-up area of the interior of Khūzestān. Professional segregation remained well marked between various groups in that period still feebly integrated: Persians, sub-groupings of Persians and Arabs. Natives of Isfahan Province held an important place in retail trade, as owners of cafes and hotels, and as craftsmen.[15]

During World War II, in July 1942, a camp for Polish refugees was established in Ahvaz (see also Iran–Poland relations).[16] Some 4,000 Poles were housed there as of May 1943.[16]

Iraq attempted to annex Khuzestan and Ahvaz in 1980, resulting in the Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988). Ahvaz was close to the front lines and suffered severely during the war. Iraq had hoped to exacerbate ethnic tensions and win over popular support for the invaders. Most accounts say that the Arabs of Khuzestan resisted the Iraqis rather than welcome them as liberators. However, some Iranian Arabs claim that as a minority, they face discrimination from the central government; they agitate for the right to preserve their cultural and linguistic distinction and more provincial autonomy. See Politics of Khuzestan.

In 1989, the Foolad Ahvaz steel facility was built near the town. This company is best known for its company-sponsored football club, Foolad F.C., which was the champion of Iran's Premier Football League in 2005.

In 2005, the city witnessed a Ahvaz Bombings. Many government sources relate these events to developments in Iraq, accusing foreign governments of organizing and funding Arab separatist groups. The Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahvaz claimed credit for several of the bombings, including four bombs on 12 June 2005, that killed 8 people.[17] Gunmen killed at least 29 people at the Ahvaz military parade attack on 22 September 2018.[18]

People

It is common to encounter people from various ethnic groups while strolling through Ahvaz's streets and markets.[19]

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1956120,098—    
1966206,375+5.56%
1976334,399+4.94%
1986579,826+5.66%
1991724,653+4.56%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1996804,980+2.12%
2006969,843[22]+1.88%
20111,112,021+2.77%
20161,184,788+1.28%
source:[20][21]

Languages

Persian serves as the official language and is widely spoken across Ahvaz.[19] Many Ahvazis are bilingual, speaking both Persian and one of the following languages/Dialects. The Arabic spoken in Ahvaz is a variety of Khuzestani Arabic.[23][24][25] Another part of Ahvazis speak Bakhtiari dialect.[26][27][28] Neo-Mandaic, one of the Neo-Aramaic languages, is also spoken among the Mandaeans of Ahvaz. It is a descendant of the Mandaic language that Khuzestani Persian has partially influenced.

Dialects/and languages ​​spoken in Ahvaz
language percent
Persian
 
 54%
Khuzestani Arabic
 
 20%
Bakhtiari
 
 20%
Mixed
 
 4%
Southern Kurdish
 
 2%
Neo-Mandaic
 
 0.0085%

Bridges

There are 9 bridges over the Karun river.

Pol Sefid
One of the attractions of Ahvaz is its beautiful urban sunset

Pol-Siah (Black Bridge)

The Black Bridge, also known as the Victory Bridge, was the first modern bridge over the Karun River. The bridge was built during World War II and used to supply the Allies in the Soviet Union and had a major impact on Allied victory.[29]

Pol-Sefid (White Bridge)

White Bridge is an arch bridge completed on 21 September 1936 and inaugurated on 6 November 1936. The bridge remains a symbol of the city still today. The White Bridge has two suspension spans with lengths of 136 and 130 meters and three arched spans with a length of 49 meters, which makes the total length of the bridge 501 meters. The bridge was built by the Swedish company Skanska.

Pol-Kabli (Eighth Bridge)

is the eighth intra-urban bridge in Ahvaz.[30] It is the largest cable bridge in the Middle East.[31] Construction started in February 2006 and ended in March 2012.[32] The bridge connects the Amaniyeh area and Takht-e Soleyman street, which are located west of the Karun river, with Zand street, which is located east of this river.[33]

Other

The other 6 bridges are third bridge, Naderi bridge, Fifth bridge, Sixth bridge, Seventh bridge (also named Dialogue among civilizations bridge), Cable bridge, and Ninth bridge.

Geography

Location and roads

Ahvaz is located 100 km north-east of Abadan and is accessible via following routes in addition of a single runway airport:

  • Tehran-Khorramshahr national railway
  • Ahvaz-Abadan expressway (145 km)
  • Ahvaz-Andimeshk (152 km) expressway
  • Ahvaz-Bandar Imam Khomeini freeway (175 km).

Ahvaz, being the largest city in the province, consists of two distinctive districts: the newer part of Ahvaz which is the administrative and industrial center, which is built on the right bank of the Karun river while residential areas are found in the old section of the city, on the left bank.

Climate

Ahvaz has a subtropical hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification: BWh) with long, extremely hot summers and cool, short winters. Summer temperatures are regularly at least 45 °C (113 °F), sometimes exceeding 50 °C (122 °F),[34] with many sandstorms and duststorms common during the summer period. However, in winters, the minimum temperature can fall to around 5 °C (41 °F). Winters in Ahvaz have no snow. The average annual rainfall is around 230 mm. On 29 June 2017 the temperature reached 53.7 °C (128.7 °F).[35] Furthermore, the dew point peaked at 23 °C (73 °F) which is unusually humid for the usual dry heat. Despite the fact that it has only snowed in January 1964 in Ahvaz, frost has been recorded in every winter month, as well as in early spring and late autumn, and it has fallen down to −7.0 °C (19.4 °F) before.

Dust storms in Ahvaz – present-day Mehrshahr – 2012

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Script error: No such module "weather box".

Image of a flare stack in Ahvaz, due to inefficient combustion, emits tons of black colored soot into the atmosphere, causing problems like climate change and cancer around the country.[49]

Pollution

In 2011, the World Health Organization ranked Ahvaz as the world's most air-polluted city.[50] The reason Ahvaz is so polluted is because of its oil industry. The pollution can be very dangerous, causing different types of diseases, and can be harmful to plants.[51]

Transportation

Airport

Ahvaz International Airport --of "Martyr Major-General Haj Qasem-Soleimani"[52]

Ahvaz International Airport (IATA: AWZ, ICAO: OIAW) (Persian: فرودگاه بین‌المللی اهواز) is an airport serving the city of Ahvaz, Iran. In 2016, 23,731 aircraft took off and landed at this airport, and 20,586,215 kg of cargo and 2,671,622 passengers were moved through it.

Railway

Ahvaz Railway Station.

Ahvaz railway station (Persian: ايستگاه راه آهن اهواز, Istgah-e Rah Ahan-e Ahvaz) is located in Ahvaz, Khuzestan Province.

  • Ahvaz is accessible via freeways from Isfahan and Shiraz, and roadways to Tehran.
  • A metro urban railway system is being built by the Ahvaz urban railway. The system is planned to have a total of four lines. Line 1 will be a 23 km underground line with 24 stations.[53]

Sport

Traditionally, Khuzestan province has been a major soccer hub in Iran. The city has two existing sport complexes: Takhti Stadium and the newly constructed Ghadir Stadium. There are several other smaller complexes for martial arts, swimming pools and gymnasiums. Also, a new privately owned stadium is currently under construction by Foolad F.C. in Ahvaz.

Football

Foolad Arena, home of Foolad FC.

Football is a major part of the city's culture. The abundant enthusiasm has made Ahvaz home to three Iranian major Football clubs: Foolad, Esteghlal Khuzestan are currently playing in the Persian Gulf Pro League, and Esteghlal Ahvaz is playing in Azadegan League.

Foolad have won the league on two occasions, the 2013–2014 season and the 2004–2005 season. Esteghlal Ahvaz finished runners–up in the league in the 2006–2007 season. In 2016, Esteghlal Khuzestan won the league for the first time.

A number of other teams such as Foolad B the second team of Foolad and Karun Khuzestan play in the 2nd Division.

Futsal

Ahvaz has also two teams in the Iranian Futsal Super League, which are Sherkat Melli Haffari Iran FSC and Gaz Khozestan FSC.

Colleges and universities

Current Ahvaz is in a very privileged position in the country due to the presence of large and prestigious universities in terms of higher education. On Sunday, October 1955 Gandishaport University was founded, which was renamed to Jandishapur shortly after, and was known by the same name until the beginning of the Islamic Revolution. Ahvaz is also known for its universities as well as its role in commerce and industry. Ahvaz institutes of higher learning include:

Sahel Cinema
Commercial Building in Kianpars street.

Notable people

Hamed Haddadi.
  • Ahmad Mahmoud (1931–2002), Persian novelist
  • Ali Sajadi Hoseini (1953–1994), filmmaker
  • Ali Shamkhani (1955–2025), Iranian Minister of Defense (1997–2005)
  • Amir Taheri (born 1942), Iranian conservative author
  • Ezzat Negahban (1926–2009), patriarch of modern Iranian archaeology
  • Hamed Haddadi (born 1985), NBA basketball player
  • Hamid Dabashi (born 1951), intellectual historian, cultural and literary critic
  • Hossein Kaebi (born 1982), national football player
  • Hossein Karimi (born 1992), bodybuilder
  • Jabbar Choheili (1923–2014), Mandaean priest
  • Jalal Kameli Mofrad, Iranian football player
  • Mehdi Daghagheleh, Iranian football player
  • Manuchehr Shahrokhi, Professor of Finance, California State University; Editor, Global Finance Journal; Executive Director, Global Finance Association-Conference
  • Meamar (born 1956), Iranian artist
  • Mehdi Rabbi (born 1980), writer
  • Mehdi Yarrahi (born 1981), Iranian Musician
  • Mehrangiz Kar (born 1944), human rights activist
  • Mohammad Ali Mousavi Jazayeri, former Wali-Faqih representative in Khuzestan, former Ahvaz Friday Imam
  • Mohammad Hossein Adeli (born 1953), Iranian economist and diplomat
  • Mohammad-Reza Eskandari (born 1960), Iran's former Minister of Agriculture
  • Muhammad ibn Falah, theologian
  • Najah Choheili, Mandaean priest
  • Parviz Abnar (born 1958), Iranian Sound recordist
  • Patrick Monahan (born 1976), Irish Iranian comedian
  • Saleh Hosseini, Translator, Critic, Professor of English Literature
  • Ahvaz and the Karun River during the COVID-19 pandemic and the nationwide quarantine.
    Samira Abbassy (born 1965), Iranian-born British painter, born in Ahvaz[55]
  • Siavash Ghomayshi (born 1945), Musician, Singer and Songwriter
  • Sousan S. Altaie, PhD Scientific Policy Advisor, OIVD CDRH, FDA

See also

Ahvaz travel guide from Wikivoyage

Notes

  1. ↑ Also romanized as Ahvâz and Ahwaz

References

  1. ↑ Habibi, Hassan (26 July 2014) (in fa). Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Khuzestan province, centered in the city of Ahvaz (Report). Ministry of the Interior, Political and Defense Commission of the Government Board. Proposal 3233.1.5.53; Letter 907-93808; Notification 82830/T126K. https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113029. Retrieved 25 January 2024. 
  2. ↑ https://jcpa.org/the-forgotten-arabs-of-al-ahwaz/
  3. ↑ "Ahvaz, Iran Metro Area Population 1950-2025". https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/cities/21482/ahvaz/population. 
  4. ↑ "Kurdish Tribes". July 20, 2004. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kurdish-tribes. 
  5. ↑ مجتهدپور, ‌یاسمین (1393). "کردهای خوزستان به مثابه پل ارتباطی ایران و جنوب عراق" (in fa). همایش بین المللی میراث‌ مشترک‌ ایران‌ و عراق‌ 7 (1). https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/1715149/%da%a9%d8%b1%d8%af%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%ae%d9%88%d8%b2%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a8%d9%87-%d9%85%d8%ab%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%87-%d9%be%d9%84-%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%aa%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b7%db%8c-%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%88-%d8%ac%d9%86%d9%88%d8%a8-%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%82. 
  6. ↑ Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre, Carleton University. "Atlas of the Languages of Iran" (in en). https://iranatlas.net/index.html?module=module.language-distribution.khuzestan_heritage#eyJ0IjoieCIsImkiOiIyNmU2NWJlOTNmYzY2MTI1NTI1NzEzN2Y2NmM0NGU1NiIsInMiOjE3NDUzMjUzNDYzMjB9. 
  7. ↑ "Water Resources and Quality in Iran" (in en-US). https://water.fanack.com/iran/water-resources-in-iran/. 
  8. ↑ "Khuzestan (Iran): Counties & Cities - Population Statistics, Charts and Map". http://www.citypopulation.de/php/iran-khuzestan.php. 
  9. ↑ "اهواز شهر پل‌های زیبا/ وجود ۹ پل بر رودخانه کارون" (in fa). 2016-03-16. https://www.mehrnews.com/news/3581140/%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D9%BE%D9%84-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AF-%DB%B9-%D9%BE%D9%84-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86. 
  10. ↑ Hein, Carola; Sedighi, Mohamad (2016-09-01). "Iran's Global Petroleumscape: The Role of Oil in Shaping Khuzestan and Tehran". Architectural Theory Review 21 (3): 349–374. doi:10.1080/13264826.2018.1379110. ISSN 1326-4826. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13264826.2018.1379110. 
  11. ↑ "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica". https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ahvaz-a-town-of-southwestern-iran. 
  12. ↑ Dodgeon M. H. and Lieu S. N. C., The Roman Eastern Frontier and The Persian Wars; A Documentary History, London (1991), p.35; ISBN 0-415-10317-7
  13. ↑ cf. Encyclopædia Iranica
  14. ↑ Encyclopædia Iranica, p.690, see entry: Ahvaz
  15. ↑ Ibid, p.690
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Wróbel, Janusz (2003) (in pl). Uchodźcy polscy ze Związku Sowieckiego 1942–1950. Łódź: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. p. 62. ISBN 978-83-7629-522-0. 
  17. ↑ Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahvaz MIPT Terror Knowledge Base
  18. ↑ "29 killed, 60 injured in Iran military parade attack on Revolutionary Guards". 22 September 2018. https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2018/09/22/Casualties-as-army-parade-attacked-in-south-Iran.html. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Iran's Ahvaz; Land of water and sun" (in en). 2023-08-24. https://en.mehrnews.com/news/202920/Iran-s-Ahvaz-Land-of-water-and-sun. 
  20. ↑ "Iran: Provinces, Major Cities & Towns - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information". http://www.citypopulation.de/en/iran/cities/. 
  21. ↑ "Cities with a population of 100,000 and more (1956-2006 census)" (XLS). Iran data portal. p. 1. https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/13-cities-with-a-population-of-100-000-and-more-1335-1385-1956-2006-census-1.xlsx. 
  22. ↑ Template:IranCensus2006
  23. ↑ Iranian Arabs parsine.com Retrieved 24 June 2018
  24. ↑ Khuzestani Arabs aparat.com Retrieved 24 June 2018
  25. ↑ Khuzestani Arabic isna.ir Retrieved 24 June 2018
  26. ↑ Bakhtiari tribes kojaro.com
  27. ↑ Bakhtiari aparat.com
  28. ↑ Arab Kamari/Arab-Bakhtiari rangvarehayeyekrang.ir
  29. ↑ "پل سیاه اهواز / پل پیروزی در مسیر تاریخ + گزارش تصویری". 2015-03-22. http://shooshan.ir/fa/news/14992. 
  30. ↑ خبرگزاری فارس (March 17, 2012). "بزرگ‌ترین پل کابلی شهری خاورمیانه افتتاح شد". http://www.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=13901225000501. 
  31. ↑ "بزرگترین پل کابلی خاورمیانه در اهواز". April 19, 2017. http://www.farsnews.com/imgrep.php?nn=13901221000911. 
  32. ↑ سایت تحلیلی عصر ایران (March 16, 2012). "بزرگ‌ترین پل کابلی کشور در اهواز (+عکس)". http://www.asriran.com/fa/news/206017/%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%BE%D9%84-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2-+%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3. 
  33. ↑ "Eighth Ahvaz Bridge (Ahvaz)" (in en). https://structurae.net/en/structures/eighth-ahvaz-bridge. 
  34. ↑ "Where is the world's hottest city?". 22 July 2015. https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/jul/22/where-world-hottest-city-kuwait-karachi-ahvaz. 
  35. ↑ "Temperatures in Iranian city of Ahvaz hit 129.2F (54C), near hottest on Earth in modern measurements". The Independent. 30 June 2017. https://www.independent.co.uk/Weather/iran-ahvaz-hottest-temperature-ever-recorded-world-record-extreme-death-valley-california-a7815771.html. 
  36. ↑ "World meteorological organization climate normals for 1991-2020: Ahvaz". NOAA. https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Iran/CSV/Ahvaz_40811.csv. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 *"Highest record temperature in Ahwaz by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/AHWAZ/7.asp. 
  38. ↑ "Climate Ahwaz (December - 2022)". Tutiempo Network, S.L.. https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/12-2022/ws-408110.html. 
  39. ↑ "Climate Ahwaz (September - 2023)". Tutiempo Network, S.L.. https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/09-2023/ws-408110.html. 
  40. ↑ "40811: Ahwaz (Iran, Islamic Republic of)". OGIMET. 27 April 2025. https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=40811&ndays=31&ano=2025&mes=04&day=27&hora=12&ord=REV&enviar=Ver. 
  41. ↑ "40811: Ahwaz (Iran, Islamic Republic of)". OGIMET. 23 May 2025. https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=40811&ndays=31&ano=2025&mes=05&day=23&hora=12&ord=REV&enviar=Ver. 
  42. ↑ *"Average Maximum temperature in Ahwaz by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/AHWAZ/3.asp. 
  43. ↑ "Monthly Total Precipitation in Ahwaz by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/AHWAZ/25.asp. 
  44. ↑ "Average relative humidity in Ahwaz by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/AHWAZ/14.asp. 
  45. ↑ "No. Of days with precipitation equal to or greater than 1 mm in Ahwaz by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/AHWAZ/29.asp. 
  46. ↑ "Monthly total sunshine hours in Ahwaz by Month 1951–2010". Iran Meteorological Organization. http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/AHWAZ/42.asp. 
  47. ↑ "40811: Ahwaz (Iran)". OGIMET. 19 June 2022. https://ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=40811&ano=2022&mes=6&day=20&hora=18&min=0&ndays=30. 
  48. ↑ "اداره کل هواشناسی استان چهارمحال و بختیاری". http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/AHWAZ/10.asp. 
  49. ↑ "Soot - Cancer-Causing Substances - National Cancer Institute". March 20, 2015. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/substances/soot. 
  50. ↑ Walsh, Bryan (27 September 2011). "The 10 Most Air-Polluted Cities in the World". Time. http://ecocentric.blogs.time.com/2011/09/27/the-10-most-air-polluted-cities-in-the-world/?iid=ec-article-mostpop1. Retrieved 2012-02-25. 
  51. ↑ "Pollution". http://ahwaziran.weebly.com/pollution.html. 
  52. ↑ Changing the name of Ahwaz international Airport to "Martyr Major-General Haj Qasem Soleimani" iribnews.ir Retrieved 27 March 2020
  53. ↑ Ahwaz Urban & Suburban Railway Organization (in Persian)
  54. ↑ "LinkedIn Login, Sign in" (in en-US). https://www.linkedin.com/uas/login?session_redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linkedin.com%2Fschool%2Fmjdkh%2Fposts%2F%3FfeedView%3Dall. 
  55. ↑ Keshmirshekan, Hamid; Irving, Mark; Downey, Anthony (2009) (in en). Different Sames: New Perspectives in Contemporary Iranian Art. Thames & Hudson. pp. 54. ISBN 978-0-500-97697-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=w_tIAQAAIAAJ. 


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