Engineering:Stearman 4

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Short description: Commercial biplane aircraft
Stearman 4
Stearman 4CM-1 Junior Speedmail Geneseo,NY (Airshow) MDF 0880.jpg
Restored Stearman 4-CM-1 Junior Speedmail
Role Mailplane/transport
National origin United States
Manufacturer Stearman Aircraft
Designer Lloyd Stearman
First flight 1930
Status Several currently fly in private ownership
Primary user Commercial air carriers
Number built 41[1]
Developed from Stearman C3
A Stearman 4-EM Senior Speedmail in the Canada Aviation Museum.

The Stearman 4 is an American commercial biplane that was manufactured in the 1920s by Stearman Aircraft. They were marketed at the time as fast and luxurious executive transports and mail planes for about US$16,000.[1][2]

Development

Stearman Aircraft developed the Model 4 from the C3, adding a deeper fuselage and offering a range of more powerful engines. These features enabled the Model 4 to carry heavier cargo loads. Being larger than the C3, but smaller than the M-2 and LT-1 models, it filled a gap in the Stearman product line. Heaters were provided for both cockpits.[3]

Operational history

Stearman sold the Model 4 to commercial operators in the United States, building 41 before ending production. Users of the type included Varney Air Lines and American Airways (later American Airlines). Standard Oil operated three Junior Speedmails for product promotion. The aircraft was produced in Wichita, Kansas from September 1929 to August 1930.[4]

In Canada, Trans-Canada Air Lines (later Air Canada) bought three Stearman for pilot training and surveying new routes and were used from 1937 to 1939. One of them was sold in March 1939.[5]

1930s socialite aviator Aline Rhonie flew NC796H (which still exists but is now registered as NC774H) out of Long Island, New York, before later joining the British war effort with the Air Transport Auxiliary.[6]

The aircraft's rugged construction helped it survive heavy handling and loads, and thirteen remained on the U.S. Civil Register in 1965.[7] Several were operated as crop dusters, with their forward mail compartment converted into a hopper. Many later passed to private owners of veteran planes and are airworthy or in museums.[8]

Variants

Stearman 4-C Junior Speedmail CF-CCH showing characteristic front manifold exhaust of the Wright J6 radial.
Stearman Model 81 photo from L'Aerophile July 1933

The first letter of the designation refers to the engine while an M indicates that it was intended as a mailplane, with the forward compartment covered. Minor modifications were made to the design which were reflected in the use of -1 after the designation. Reference: Simpson[9]

4-C/C-4/C-4A Junior Speedmail (Approved Type Certificate (ATC) 304)[10]
powered by 300 hp (224 kW) Wright J6-9 radial, 10 built.[11]
4-CM Senior Speedmail (ATC 325)[12]
Single seat mailplane version of the 4-C. 15 built including three converted from 4-Cs.[12]
4-D Junior Speedmail (ATC 305)[13]
First certified aircraft with the then new 300 hp (224 kW) Pratt & Whitney Wasp Junior,[13] 8 were built, including 1 as 4-DX.
4-DX Junior Speedmail (ATC 2-406)[14]
One built[15] with a 400 hp (298 kW) Pratt & Whitney Wasp S1A and a canopy over both cockpits.[14]
4-DM Senior Speedmail (ATC 326)[16]
Single seat mailplane version of the 4-D. Two built, both converted from other models.[16]
4-E/C4W Junior Speedmail (ATC 292)[17]
420 hp (313 kW) Pratt & Whitney C-1 Wasp or 450 hp (336 kW) Pratt & Whitney Wasp[1] 11 built.[18]
4-EX Senior Speedmail (ATC 2-279)
One customized 4-E built for Standard Oil with a 450 hp (336 kW) Pratt & Whitney Wasp SC.[14]
4-EM Senior Speedmail (ATC 322)[19]
Single seat mailplane version of the 4-E.
4-RM Special (no ATC issued)
One 4-CM was converted into a four seater and powered by a 450 hp (336 kW) Ranger GV-770.[14]
Model 80 Sportster (ATC 504)[20]
1933 one-off custom two-seater with dual controls and an enclosed canopy for the rear cockpit, with a 420 hp (313 kW) Pratt & Whitney Wasp Junior T3A engine.[20]
Model 81 (ATC 504)[20]
One built as a trainer variant of the 80 with enclosed canopy over both cockpits.[13] Sold to the Mexican government after a tour of South America while on floats.[13]

Operators

Northern Airways Stearman 4-EM CF-ASF with crop dusting attachment under the fuselage

 Canada

  • Canadian Airways - 4[21]
  • Northern Airways[22]

 United States

  • American Airlines[21]
  • Department of Commerce Airways branch (4-C)[10]
  • Fenstra Steel (4-C)[10]
  • Pratt & Whitney (4-D)[13]
  • Richfield Oil Company[2]
  • Texaco (4-D as number 14)[13][23]
  • Varney Air Lines[24]
  • Western Air Express (4-D)[13][25]

Survivors

Stearman 4-E NC667K at 2013 SUN 'n FUN fly-in
  • c/n 4005 4-E Junior Speedmail N663K - privately owned, in National Air Tour markings.[26]
  • c/n 4007 4-E Junior Speedmail NC667K - delivered in 1929 to the Richfield Oil Company as the "Jimmie Allen Flying Club" flagship and used until 1937. Following a 2007 restoration, it flies on the North American air show circuit[2] and in 2013 won the Sun 'n Fun Grand Champion - Antique award.[27]
  • c/n 4021 4-EM Senior Speedmail CF-AMB - displayed at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum in Ottawa, Ontario.[21]
  • c/n 4022 4-CM Junior Speedmail NC785H - privately owned, flown in Standard Oil Stanavo colors.[28]
  • c/n 4025 4-D Junior Speedmail NC774H - privately owned, flown in Western Air Express colors.[29]
  • c/n 4026 4-E Junior Speedmail N11224 - displayed at the Yanks Air Museum in Chino, California.[30]
  • c/n 4027 4-D Junior Speedmail NC563Y - displayed at the Kansas Aviation Museum in Wichita, Kansas in Texaco markings.[23]
  • c/n 4033 4-DM Senior Speedmail NC485W - built as a 4-CM and re-engined, privately owned, flown in American Airways colors.[31]
  • c/n 4036 4-CM-1 Senior Speedmail - NC488W privately owned, flown in Standard Oil Stanavo colors.[32]
  • c/n 4037 4-CM-1 Junior Speedmail NC489W - privately owned, flown in Standard Oil Stanavo colors.[33]
  • c/n 4040 4-C Junior Speedmail N11722 - privately owned.[34]

Specifications (4-E)

Data from Green, 1965, p.298

General characteristics

  • Crew: one
  • Capacity: two passengers
  • Length: 26 ft 4 in (8.0 m)
  • Wingspan: 38 ft 0 in (11.6 m)
  • Height: 10 ft 2 in (3.2 m)
  • Empty weight: 2,426 lb (1,100 kg)
  • Gross weight: 3,936 lb (1,785 kg)
  • Powerplant: 1 × Pratt & Whitney Wasp , 450 hp (336 kW)

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 158 mph (256 km/h, 137 kn)
  • Cruise speed: 128 mph (206 km/h, 111 kn)
  • Stall speed: 53 mph (85 km/h, 46 kn)
  • Range: 645 mi (1,045 km, 560 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 18,000 ft (5,490 m)
  • Rate of climb: 1,400 ft/min (7.1 m/s)

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

References

Citations

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Thomas E Lowe, Kennith D Wilson (Summer 1982). "Saga of a Square Tail Stearman". AAHS Journal. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Vintage Time Machine; The Resurrection of the Jimmie Allen Junior Speedmail". http://www.sportaviationonline.org/sportaviation/201303?pg=5#pg62. 
  3. ↑ Phillips, Edward (2006). Stearman Aircraft: A Detailed History. North Branch, MN: specialtypress. pp. 102-103. ISBN 9781580070874. 
  4. ↑ Thomas E Lowe and Kennith D Wilson. "Saga of a square tail stearman". Journal of AAHS. 
  5. ↑ "Historical Fleet - Stearman". Air Canada. http://www.aircanada.com/en/about/fleet/historical/stearman.html. 
  6. ↑ url=http://www.opencockpit.net/spedmail.html accessdate=March 2016
  7. ↑ Green, 1965, p. 298
  8. ↑ Ogden, 2007, p. 604
  9. ↑ Simpson, 2001, p. 521
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Juptner, 1993, p.19
  11. ↑ Juptner, 1993, p.21
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Juptner, 1993, p.89
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 Juptner, 1993, p.22
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 url=http://www.aerofiles.com/_stear.html accessdate March 2016
  15. ↑ Juptner, 1993, p.24
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Juptner, 1993, p.92
  17. ↑ Juptner, 1966, p.261
  18. ↑ Juptner, 1966, pp.262-263
  19. ↑ Juptner, 1993, p.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Juptner, 1974, p.20
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Canada Aviation Museum (2016). "Stearman 4-EM Senior Speedmail". http://casmuseum.techno-science.ca/en/collection-research/artifact-stearman-4em-senior-speedmail.php. Retrieved 3 March 2016. 
  22. ↑ url=http://www.airhistory.org.uk/gy/reg_CF-1.html accessdate=March 2016
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 url=http://www.antiqueairfield.com/articles/show/1536-a-rare-stearman-returned-home accessdate=March 2016
  24. ↑ Davies, 1998, p=78-79
  25. ↑ Davies, 1998, p=143
  26. ↑ url=http://www.airport-data.com/aircraft/N663K.html accessdate=March 2016
  27. ↑ "Sun 'n Fun Fly-In and Expo Facebook Page Award Album". https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=641025662577895&set=a.641025622577899.1073741848.112938012053332&type=3&theater. Retrieved 2013-12-15. 
  28. ↑ url=http://www.airport-data.com/aircraft/N785H.html accessdate=March 2016
  29. ↑ url=http://www.airport-data.com/aircraft/N774H.html accessdate=March 2016
  30. ↑ url=http://www.airport-data.com/aircraft/N11224.html accessdate=March 2016
  31. ↑ url=http://www.airport-data.com/aircraft/N485W.html accessdate=March 2016
  32. ↑ url=http://www.airport-data.com/aircraft/N488W.html accessdate=March 2016
  33. ↑ url=http://www.airport-data.com/aircraft/N489W.html accessdate=March 2016
  34. ↑ url=http://www.airport-data.com/aircraft/N11722.html accessdate=March 2016

Bibliography

  • Bowers, Peter M. (1998). Wings of Stearman: The Story of Lloyd Stearman and the Classic Stearman Biplanes (Historic Aircraft Series). Flying Books. ISBN 978-0911139280. 
  • Cupido, Joe (Spring 1994). "Return of the Bull: Stearman 4E Junior Speedmail". Air Enthusiast (53): 20–21. ISSN 0143-5450. 
  • Davies, R.E.G. (1998). Airlines of the United States since 1914. Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1-888962-08-9. 
  • Green, William (1965). The Aircraft of the World. Macdonald & Co. (Publishers) Ltd. OCLC 2641875. 
  • Juptner, Joseph P. (1966). US Civil Aircraft: Vol. 3 (ATC 201 - 300). Fallbrook, CA: Aero Publishers. pp. 261–263. 
  • Juptner, Joseph P. (1993). US Civil Aircraft: Vol. 4 (ATC 301 - 400). Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Tab Aero. pp. 19–24, 80–82, 89–94. 
  • Juptner, Joseph P. (1974). US Civil Aircraft: Vol. 6 (ATC 501 - 600). Aero Publishers, Inc. pp. 20–22. ISBN 0-8168-9170-2. 
  • Ogden, Bob (2007). Aviation Museums and Collections of North America. Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85130-385-7. 
  • Phillips, Edward H. (2006). Stearman Aircraft: A Detailed History. Specialty Press. ISBN 978-1580070874. 
  • Simpson, Rod (2001). Airlife's World Aircraft. Airlife Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-84037-115-3. 

External links



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