Engineering:Tesla Cybertruck

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Short description: Electric pickup truck
Tesla Cybertruck
Cybertruck-fremont-cropped.jpg
A production Cybertruck in the Tesla Fremont Factory parking lot in November 2023
Overview
ManufacturerTesla, Inc.
ProductionNovember 2023 – present
AssemblyUnited States: Austin, Texas (Gigafactory Texas)
DesignerFranz von Holzhausen with Sahm Jafari[1][better source needed]
Body and chassis
ClassFull-size pickup truck
Body style4-door crew cab
Layout
Powertrain
TransmissionSingle-speed fixed (15:1 ratio)
Battery
  • 123 kWh lithium-ion (816 V, 150 Ah)
  • +50 kWh (optional range extender)
Electric range
  • 250–340 mi (400–545 km) (EPA est.)
  • 440–470 mi (710–755 km) (with range extender)
Plug-in charging
  • AC onboard charger:
  • Script error: No such module "in5". 11.5 kW at 240 V, 48 A
  • DC:
  • Script error: No such module "in5". ≤250 kW at 400 V[2]
  • Script error: No such module "in5". ≤350 kW at 800 V[3]
  • NACS connector
Dimensions
Length223.7 in (5,682 mm)[4]
Width80 in (2,032 mm)[4]
Height70.5 in (1,791 mm)[4]
us|uk|Kerb|Curb}} weight
  • AWD: 6,603 lb (2,995 kg)[4]
  • Cyberbeast: 6,843 lb (3,104 kg)[4]

The Tesla Cybertruck is a battery electric full-size pickup truck built by Tesla, Inc. since 2023. Introduced as a concept vehicle in November 2019, it has a triangular body design with flat sheet metal panels made of stainless steel.

Tesla was initially aiming to bring the vehicle into production in 2021. After a series of delays, production Cybertrucks were first delivered to customers in late November 2023. (As of December 2023), the Cybertruck is available only in North America.[5][6][7] Three models are offered: the tri-motor all-wheel drive (AWD) "Cyberbeast", a dual-motor AWD model, and a rear-wheel drive (RWD) model, with EPA range estimates of 250–340 miles (400–550 km), varying by model.[8]

History

Background

Tesla CEO Elon Musk's ideas for a pickup truck were first stated publicly in 2012, envisioning a "Tesla supertruck with crazy torque, dynamic air suspension, and corners like it's on rails."[9] In a 2014 interview with CNN, Musk stated that the Tesla pickup would be the equivalent of a Ford F-150.[9] In mid-2016, the outline for a consumer pickup truck was included in part 2 of the Tesla Master Plan,[10][11] which has been characterized as an ordinary business blueprint akin to that of other more established major automakers, aside from Musk's unique emphasis on the future of electric vehicles.[12] Musk suggested that the same chassis could be used for a van and a pickup truck.[13] In 2017, Musk teased the Cybertruck at the official reveal for the Tesla Semi and Roadster.[9]

In March 2019, following the Tesla Model Y launch, Musk distributed a teaser image of a vehicle described as having a cyberpunk or Blade Runner style, with the form resembling a futuristic armored personnel carrier.[14][15]

2019 concept

Window damage caused by steel ball impact during unveiling event

The concept Cybertruck was unveiled in Los Angeles in November 2019[16]—the same month, year, and location that the movie Blade Runner was set. The truck was launched under a graffiti-themed logo of "Cybertruck".[17]

During the unveiling, Tesla claimed that the Cybertruck's "Armor Glass" windows were virtually unbreakable, but two windows shattered when Franz von Holzhausen threw a metal ball at each of them.[18] Musk later claimed that the windows were damaged because, in an earlier demonstration, the door was hit by a sledgehammer that cracked the base of the glass.[19] In mid-2019, the towing capacity of the vehicle was stated to meet or exceed that of a Ford F-150.[20] Tesla released a video of Cybertruck pulling a rear-wheel-drive Ford F-150 uphill in a tug of war.[21] News outlets pointed out this was due to the Cybertruck's heavier weight.[22][23]

Tesla's stated goal was to provide a sustainable energy substitute for the roughly 6,500 fossil-fuel-powered trucks sold per day in the United States.[24]

At the end of the presentation, a concept Tesla Cyberquad all-terrain vehicle (ATV) was driven onto the bed of the Cybertruck using a built-in ramp in the tailgate. The Cyberquad was plugged into the Cybertruck's onboard power outlet to charge its batteries. The ATV was anticipated for future sale as a Cybertruck option.[25]

In 2019, many social media commentators criticized the sharp contours and unusual exterior shown in the concept vehicle.[26] The prototype was exhibited at the Petersen Automotive Museum in June 2020[27] and returned in November 2022.[28]

In January 2020, Automobile Magazine named Cybertruck the "Concept Car of the Year" for 2019.[29]

Reservations

Cybertruck prototype on display at the Petersen Automotive Museum

Beginning in November 2019, Tesla accepted Cybertruck reservations with a refundable US$100 deposit.[30] On November 23, 2019, Musk tweeted that Tesla had received 146,000 reservations in the first 1.5 days after the unveiling.[31] Musk updated the number of preorders to 250,000 on November 26.[32]

In October 2021, Tesla removed the Cybertruck's pricing and specifications from its website without explanation while still accepting deposits.[33] An updated prototype was spotted undergoing testing in December 2021. The newer prototype could be distinguished from the 2019 concept vehicle by the presence of a large windshield wiper and the omission of the truck's front light bar.[34]

At the 2022 annual shareholders meeting, in response to a question, Elon Musk stated that final specifications and pricing would be materially different from those unveiled on the concept vehicle in 2019.[35] By the end of November 2023, there were approximately 2 million reservations for the Cybertruck with Wedbush Securities analyst Dan Ives estimating that only 30 to 40 percent would convert into actual sales.[36]

Preorders were temporarily shut down prior to the delivery event on November 30, 2023.[37] Since the delivery event, the price for a deposit was increased to $250.[38] As of January 2024, the Cybertruck is sold out until 2027 for customers placing new reservations.[39]

Pilot production

Release Candidate testing in San Mateo, California during October 2023

Franz von Holzhausen drove a prototype to the Petersen Automotive Museum for an event in late June 2023.[40]

In July 2023, the first Cybertruck was built on the production line at Gigafactory Texas;[41] and Tesla clarified in October that this was pilot production.[42]

Delivery

Production-specification Cybertrucks were sent to Tesla showrooms starting in late November 2023.[43][44]

During the delivery event at Gigafactory Texas on November 30, 2023, Tesla delivered the first 10 or 12 production units to customers.[45][46] The event featured a 30-minute presentation including a demonstration where the Cybertruck's armored glass successfully withstood a baseball thrown by von Holzhausen.[47] During the delivery event the speed of the Cybertruck was highlighted as being able to accelerate from 0 to 60 mph (97 km/h) in 2.6 seconds which was demonstrated by a video of the Cybertruck winning a drag race with a Porsche 911 while also towing another Porsche 911,[48] which Musk claimed was over a distance of 1⁄4 mi (0.40 km), but based on pavement markings and grandstand position at Sacramento Raceway Park, where the race was recorded, was more likely to be 1⁄8 mi (0.20 km).[49]

At the delivery event, final pricing, availability, and product details were also announced. Three models were announced: single-motor RWD, dual-motor AWD, and a tri-motor AWD branded as the "Cyberbeast." The RWD model base price was US$60,990 to be available in 2025. Its range was 250 mi (400 km) with a top speed of 112 mph (180 km/h). The all-wheel drive was to be available in 2024 at a starting price of $79,990, with a range of 340 mi (550 km) and a top speed of 130 mph (210 km/h). The tri-motor Cyberbeast variant was offered at $99,990, also to be available in 2024.[37] Compared to the 2019 unveiling of the concept Cybertruck, base prices had risen by US$21,000–39,000, depending on the model, an increase of 53% to 64%.[50]

Design

Inspiration and styling

A lineup of preproduction Tesla vehicles, including the 2019 Cybertruck prototype, the Cyberquad, the second generation Roadster, and the Tesla Semi on display in September 2020

According to Musk, the design of the Cybertruck was inspired by Blade Runner and "Wet Nellie", the Lotus Esprit driven by James Bond in The Spy Who Loved Me, which doubled as a submarine.[51] In June 2019, Musk noted that amphibious vehicles were technically possible and claimed Tesla had a design for one;[52] he also said that he believed the market for such vehicles would be "small but enthusiastic."[52] Musk had bought the Wet Nellie used in filming at a 2013 Sotheby's auction.[51] Like most vehicles, the Cybertruck can float for short periods of time, although controlled travel in water is unlikely.[53]

In a Musk biography by Walter Isaacson, Musk's son Saxon was quoted as asking, "Why doesn't the future look like the future?", which Musk used as an inspiration for the design[54] and repeated during the delivery event.[46][55] Lars Moravy confirmed Musk's involvement: "Elon threw in that it had to drive like a sports car but have all the utility of a pick-up truck... basically, we were sweating bullets". Franz von Holzhausen stated the design process "started [by] unpacking existing pick-up trucks and realis[ing] that the market hasn't changed at all. [...] Like Gandini, we wanted to do something dramatic that changed everything. I had this simple idea right in the beginning: this exoskeleton idea, a low-resolution-looking type of truck. And out of that side project, we made a full-size clay model to show Elon. And he's like, 'that's what we're doing.'"[3]

Syd Mead, Blade Runner's artistic director, called the Cybertruck "stylistically breathtaking" shortly after the unveiling.[56] Frank Stephenson was critical, calling the design "almost repulsive" but tempered his criticism by noting it "has the potential to be extremely beautiful" by softening the hard lines.[57] Automotive designer Adrian Clarke was more unsparing: "The Cybertruck is a low polygon joke that only exists in the fever dreams of Tesla fans that stands high on the smell of Elon Musk’s flatulences".[58] Giorgetto Giugiaro, credited with originating the "origami" car design trend with the Lotus Esprit, BMW M1, and DMC DeLorean, stated in 2023 that "when you step outside the norms, it's almost always seen as a provocation ... the Cybertruck will surely be successful ... I'm convinced it will find its admirers".[59]

Exterior

Production-spec Cybertruck and Cyberquad in Tesla showroom (Nov 2023)

Sources vary regarding the precise nature of the Cybertruck's chassis, with two Motor Trend publications asserting that it is a conventional unibody,[53][60] and a Top Gear review stating that the vehicle is an exoskeleton.[3] Sources also conflict on whether the stainless steel body handles load-bearing.[53][60] The 300-series stainless steel panels have a thickness of 1.8 and 1.4 mm (0.071 and 0.055 in) for the doors and body, respectively, according to a factory tour video;[61] for comparison, the 2019 prototype featured 3 mm-thick (1⁄8 in) cold-rolled panels, according to Musk.[62] These panels cannot be stamped like conventional automobile parts, but instead are laser-cut and then bent along straight lines.[63][verification needed] According to Tesla’s VP of Vehicle Engineering Lars Moravy, Tesla had to invent a manufacturing process called "air bending" which shapes the steel with high air pressure without actually touching the surface.[64]

In 2019, it was reportedly going to use the same stainless steel alloy developed by Tesla[65] in partnership with Aperam.[63]

Powertrain

The dual-motor AWD version uses an induction motor on the front axle with a maximum output of 303 hp (226 kW) and a permanent magnet motor on the rear axle with a maximum output of 297 hp (221 kW) for a total power output of 600 hp (450 kW).[66] The tri-motor AWD version—"Cyberbeast"—swaps motor locations (permanent magnet to front axle, induction motor to rear axle) and adds a second induction motor on the rear axle, offering a maximum combined output of 845 hp (630 kW) in Beast Mode,[4] split as 276 hp (206 kW) for the front motor and 284 hp (212 kW) for each rear motor.[66]

Cybertruck model specifications[4][2][67][68]
Model
Spec
 Single-motor
Rear-wheel drive 		Dual-motor AWD Tri-motor AWD
"Cyberbeast"
Range (EPA est.) 250 mi (400 km) 340 mi (550 km) 320 mi (510 km)
Range with Extender ? >470 mi (760 km) >440 mi (710 km)
0 to 60 mph 6.5 sec. 4.1 sec. 2.6 sec. (with rollout subtracted)
Top speed 112 mph (180 km/h) 112 mph (180 km/h) 130 mph (210 km/h)
Power ? 600 hp (450 kW) 845 hp (630 kW)
Wheel torque ? 7,435 lb⋅ft (10,081 N⋅m) 10,296 lb⋅ft (13,960 N⋅m)
Payload capacity ? 2,500 lb (1,100 kg)
Towing capacity 7,500 lb (3,400 kg) 11,000 lb (5,000 kg)

Suspension, chassis and steering

The Cybertruck uses active air suspension at both axles. The truck has self-leveling suspension that can compensate for variable load weights. Up to 12 inches (30 cm) of suspension travel and 17.4 inches (44 cm) of ground clearance are provided,[3] with a 35 degree approach angle, and 28 degree departure angle.[69]

Interior view, 2019 prototype

The Cybertruck uses steer-by-wire,[70] controlled by a "yoke-style steering apparatus".[60] All turns can be completed with less than a full rotation, 340° lock-to-lock, 170° in each direction.[71] Four-wheel steering (rear wheels up to 10°) reduces the turning circle.[46][72]

Range, battery, and charging

Dual motor all-wheel drive is specified with an estimated range of 340 mi (550 km), while Cyberbeast models have a range of 320 mi (510 km).[71] On November 30, 2023, an RWD model with a range of 250 mi (400 km) was announced for delivery in 2025.[4]

The Cybertruck has an 816 V nominal, 150 Ah[66][73] structural battery pack with a maximum capacity of 123 kWh.[3] The pack serves as a structural member and is composed of 4680 lithium-ion battery cells; with a stated energy density of 170 Wh/kg for the entire pack, the overall battery pack weight is approximately 1,590 lb (720 kg).[66]

The battery is claimed to charge at a maximum rate of 350 kW at charging stations capable of supplying 800 V DC power.[3] Tesla claims that up to 128 or 136 mi (206 or 219 km) (tri-motor or dual-motor versions, respectively) of range can be added in 15 minutes of charging at 400 V DC.[74] The onboard charger can accept AC power at a maximum rate of 11.5 kW at 240 V, 48 A.[2]

Range extender

The dual-motor and tri-motor configurations can be ordered with a "range extender" option, which adds a 50 kWh battery to the vehicle. The battery occupies approximately ​1⁄3 of the truck bed and increases range by 120–130 mi (190–210 km).[71] It is intended for long trips or towing heavy things up mountains.[75]

Vehicle-provided power

Cybertruck offers up to 9.6 kW of vehicle-to-load (V2L) continuous AC power through five outlets:[76]

  • Four 120 V 20 A outlets (NEMA 5-20), two in the bed and two in the cabin
  • One 240 V 40 A outlet (NEMA 14-50) in the bed

In addition, Cybertruck also supports up to 11.5 kW AC output for vehicle-to-home (V2H), or vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) charging.[77][78] A Tesla Wall Connector and either a Tesla Gateway or Powerwall are required to enable bidirectional loads to a home.[79]

Powershare in Cybertruck does not directly support vehicle-to-grid (V2G) supply due to regulations for feeding power to the grid.[80]:42:42

48-volt "mid-voltage" electrical system

The Cybertruck uses an additional 48-volt electrical system; this 48 V DC is fed to electric-powered components including steering actuators at both axles, oil pumps at the drive units, window regulator motors, wiper motor,[80]:18:02 accessory power feed to the frunk (400W):[81] and to the roof (400W),[81] three domain controllers ECUs, and a 48-volt lithium-ion battery.[82]

Interior

The Cybertruck has five seats,[60] two in the front and a three-seat bench in the back row.[3] The vehicle has a 18.5 in (47 cm) touch-screen display in the front for most of the climate, media, and vehicle controls.[60][3] The vehicle also contains a 9.4 in (24 cm) touch-screen for the rear seat passengers.[60][3]

The Cybertruck has a steering wheel in the shape of a "squircle" (combination of a square and a circle), with a flat top and bottom, and round sides.[4]

Cargo bed

Rear view, 2019 prototype

When the tonneau is closed, it covers the rear window, blocking rear visibility.[83] This is resolved by front and rear-facing cameras to aid visibility when reversing, parking, and towing.[83][60] In the bed area there are LED light strips along each side, a storage area below the main floor behind the rear wheels, and 120 and 240 V AC outlets.[84]

Production and availability

Cybertruck production began in Gigafactory Texas in Austin, Texas ,[85] with pre-production models in July 2023.[41][42] Serial production had begun by November 2023.

As of December 2023, Tesla has confirmed that the Cybertruck will be available exclusively in the United States , Canada , and Mexico, with no plans for release in other global markets, including Europe and Australia .[5][6][7] The decision to limit the Cybertruck's availability was first indicated in May 2022, when Tesla stopped taking orders for the vehicle from customers outside North America.[5]

Safety concerns

The Cybertruck's angular design and stiff stainless-steel exterior have raised concerns among safety experts that it could hurt pedestrians and cyclists and damage other vehicles on roads.[86][87] Particular concerns have been raised about the high stiffness of the "exoskeleton" exterior, potentially reducing crumple zones. The tall, flat front of the truck may increase the severity of pedestrian leg injuries.[86][88]

Tesla has defended the design, saying that the structures of the truck would absorb an impact during a crash.[86] Tesla CEO Elon Musk said in a social media post that he was "highly confident" the Cybertruck would be safer than other trucks for occupants and pedestrians.[89] The Cybertruck had passed U.S. regulatory review according to Musk.[86]

References

  1. ↑ Panait, Mircea (October 29, 2019). "Tesla Model Zero Envisioned By Cyberpunk Pickup Truck Designer Sahm Jafari". https://www.autoevolution.com/news/tesla-model-zero-envisioned-by-cyberpunk-pickup-truck-designer-sahm-jafari-138629.html. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Tesla Cybertruck Specs". December 1, 2023. https://www.tesla.com/cybertruck. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Rix, Jack (December 1, 2023). "Tesla Cybertruck review" (in en). Top Gear (BBC Worldwide). https://www.topgear.com/car-reviews/tesla/cybertruck. Retrieved December 1, 2023. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Banner, Justin; Walker, William (November 30, 2023). "2024 Tesla Cybertruck First Look: Really Here, Really Looks Like That". Motor Trend. https://www.motortrend.com/news/2024-tesla-cybertruck-first-look-review/. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Brown, Frederic J. (May 17, 2022). "Tesla stops taking orders for Cybertruck outside North America". https://www.cnbc.com/2022/05/17/tesla-stops-taking-orders-for-cybertruck-outside-north-america.html. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Carter, Tom (December 2, 2023). "Cybertruck deliveries have finally begun, but Tesla's electric truck is unavailable in Europe". https://www.businessinsider.com/cybertruck-elon-musk-tesla-not-sold-europe-anytime-soon-2023-12. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Misoyannis, Alex (December 4, 2023). "Tesla Cybertruck not coming to Australia – for now". https://www.drive.com.au/news/tesla-cybertruck-not-coming-to-australia-for-now/. 
  8. ↑ Beckford, Andrew; Gonderman, Monica (December 1, 2023). "Tesla Cybertruck Electric Pickup Weight, Payload and Towing Capabilities Explained". Motor Trend (Motor Trend Group). https://www.motortrend.com/news/tesla-cybertruck-ev-pickup-specs-payload-towing-capacity-exoskeleton/amp/. Retrieved December 31, 2023. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Greenbaum, Aaron (February 26, 2023). "The Tesla Cybertruck's Long And Complicated History Explained". Static Media. https://www.slashgear.com/1211199/the-tesla-cybertrucks-long-and-complicated-history-explained/. 
  10. ↑ Johnson, Davey G. (July 20, 2016). "Elon Musk's Tesla Master Plan, Part Deux". Car and Driver (Hearst Communications). https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a15347653/elon-musks-tesla-master-plan-part-deux-semis-and-pickups-solar-roofs-and-car-sharing/. Retrieved January 2, 2024. 
  11. ↑ Nishimoto, Alex (July 20, 2016). "Tesla's Secret Master Plan Part Deux Details Electric Pickup, Semis". Motor Trend (Motor Trend Group). https://www.motortrend.com/news/teslas-secret-master-plan-part-deux-details-electric-pickup-semis/. Retrieved January 2, 2024. 
  12. ↑ Lassa, Todd (July 27, 2016). "Tesla’s Lofty Master Plan, Part Deux, is a Familiar Blueprint". Motor Trend (Motor Trend Group). https://www.motortrend.com/features/teslas-lofty-master-plan-part-deux-familiar-blueprint/amp/. Retrieved January 2, 2024. 
  13. ↑ Zachariah, Ben (December 14, 2022). "Tesla Robovan could arrive in 2024 based on Cybertruck platform". Drive (Australia). https://www.drive.com.au/news/2024-tesla-robovan-coming-soon-report/. Retrieved January 2, 2024. 
  14. ↑ Loveday, Eric (August 6, 2019). "Tesla Electric Pickup Truck To Be Called Model B?". Inside EVs. https://insideevs.com/news/363685/tesla-pickup-truck-model-b/. 
  15. ↑ Adams, Eric (November 21, 2019). "Everything We Know About Tesla's Mysterious New Pickup Truck". Popular Mechanics. https://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/hybrid-electric/a29787807/tesla-cybertruck-electric-pickup-truck-what-we-know/. Retrieved December 1, 2019. 
  16. ↑ Kolodny, Lora (November 21, 2019). "Tesla unveils its first electric pickup, the Cybertruck, starting at $39,900". CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/amp/2019/11/21/tesla-cybertruck-unveiled.html. 
  17. ↑ Matsakis, Louise (November 26, 2019). "Cybertruck Swag Has Flooded Amazon and Etsy". Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/cybertruck-swag-floods-amazon-etsy/. Retrieved December 6, 2019. 
  18. ↑ Mak, Aaron (November 22, 2019). "Here Is What Will and Won't Break Tesla's New Cybertruck" (in en). https://slate.com/technology/2019/11/the-windows-on-teslas-cybertruck-are-not-unbreakable.html. 
  19. ↑ Vincent, James (November 25, 2019). "Elon Musk explains why Tesla's Cybertruck windows smashed during presentation". https://www.theverge.com/2019/11/25/20981489/tesla-cybertruck-glass-window-fail-elon-musk-explanation. 
  20. ↑ Lawler, Richard (November 6, 2019). "Elon Musk talks up Tesla's 'Cyberpunk truck,' and 400-mile range EVs". Engadget. https://www.engadget.com/2019/06/11/tesla-annual-shareholders-meeting-2019/. "The "Cyberpunk truck" ... being designed to "meet or exceed an F-150 ‒ if the F-150 can do it then a Tesla Truck should be able to do it." ... that if "you're driving it down the road, it will look like it came out of a sci-fi movie" and called it "the coolest car I've ever seen."" 
  21. ↑ Stoklosa, Alexander (November 26, 2019). "Ford v Tesla: Elon Musk Accepts Ford's Proposed Cybertruck/F-150 Tug-of-War Rematch". Motor Trend (Motor Trend Group). https://www.motortrend.com/news/tesla-cybertruck-ford-f-150-rematch-accepted-elon-musk/amp/. Retrieved December 30, 2023. 
  22. ↑ Allain, Rhett. "Tesla Cybertruck vs. Ford F-150: It's All About the Friction" (in en-us). Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. https://www.wired.com/story/tesla-cybertruck-vs-a-ford-f-150-its-all-about-friction/. Retrieved December 16, 2020. 
  23. ↑ Burns, Matt. "Here's the math behind Tesla's dumb Cybertruck vs F-150 tow test" (in en-US). https://social.techcrunch.com/2019/12/02/heres-the-math-behind-telsas-dumb-cybertruck-vs-f-150-tow-test/. 
  24. ↑ Musk, Elon (November 5, 2018). "Elon Musk: The Recode interview". Recode (Interview). Interviewed by Kara Swisher. Archived from the original on September 12, 2019. Retrieved September 16, 2019 – via Vox. personally most excited about the pickup truck. ... futuristic-like cyberpunk, "Blade Runner" pickup truck. ... don't know if a lot of people will buy this pickup truck or not, but I don't care. ... We wanna get gasoline, diesel pickup trucks off the road. ... it's the thing that I am personally most fired up about
  25. ↑ Hawkins, Andrew J. (November 21, 2019). "Tesla made an ATV to complement its futuristic Cybertruck". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2019/11/21/20977300/tesla-atv-electric-features-range-price-release-date-announcement-elon-musk-all-terrain. 
  26. ↑ McFarland, Matt (November 22, 2019). "Tesla's Cybertruck has become the butt of every internet joke". CNN (US). https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/22/tech/cybertruck-tesla-pickup-truck-jokes/index.html. 
  27. ↑ Szymkowski, Sean (June 19, 2020). "Tesla Cybertruck to make public debut at Petersen Museum". Road/Show (CNet). https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/tesla-cybertruck-public-debut-petersen-automotive-museum/. 
  28. ↑ Torchinsky, Jason (November 21, 2022). "I Saw The Prototype Tesla Cybertruck Up-Close. Here's What I Thought". The Autopian. https://www.theautopian.com/i-saw-the-prototype-tesla-cybertruck-up-close-heres-what-i-thought/. 
  29. ↑ Klender, Joey (January 6, 2020). "Tesla Cybertruck wins Concept Car of the Year award for its insanely unique design". Teslarati. https://www.teslarati.com/tesla-cybertruck-concept-car-of-the-year-award. 
  30. ↑ Hawkins, Andrew J. (November 21, 2019). "Tesla's Cybertruck is available for preorder with a $100 deposit". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2019/11/22/20977320/tesla-cybertruck-preorder-how-to-buy-online-price-date-electric-truck-pickup. 
  31. ↑ Klebnikov, Sergei (November 25, 2019). "Tesla Cybertruck Hits 200,000 Orders Just Days After Botched Launch". Forbes (Forbes Media). https://www.forbes.com/sites/sergeiklebnikov/2019/11/25/tesla-cybertruck-hits-200000-orders-just-days-after-botched-launch/amp/. Retrieved January 3, 2024. 
  32. ↑ Browne, Ryan (November 27, 2019). "Elon Musk suggests Tesla has received 250,000 pre-orders for its Cybertruck". CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/amp/2019/11/27/elon-musk-suggests-tesla-received-250000-pre-orders-for-cybertruck.html. 
  33. ↑ Blanco, Sebastian (October 16, 2021). "Tesla Removes Cybertruck Specs from Website, Still Taking Deposits". Car and Driver (Hearst Autos). https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a37979446/tesla-cybertruck-specs-removed/. Retrieved October 16, 2021. 
  34. ↑ Torchinsky, Jason (December 13, 2021). "Tesla Cybertruck Spotted With Hilariously Huge Windshield Wiper". Jalopnik. https://jalopnik.com/tesla-cybertruck-spotted-with-hilariously-huge-windshie-1848206658. 
  35. ↑ Beckford, Andrew (October 24, 2023). "The $40,000 Tesla Cybertruck Isn't Happening and We're Not Surprised at All". Motor Trend. https://www.motortrend.com/news/elon-musk-tesla-cybertruck-price-increase/. 
  36. ↑ Valdes-Dapena, Peter (November 30, 2023). "Tesla’s Cybertruck hits the market with a higher price tag and plenty of challenges". CNN Business. https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/30/business/tesla-delivers-first-cybertruck-into-a-tougher-new-world/index.html. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Shakir, Umar (November 30, 2023). "Tesla delivered the Cybertruck: here's how to preorder one". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2023/11/30/23979812/tesla-cybertruck-order-price-how-to-buy. 
  38. ↑ Sriram, Akash; Jin, Hyunjoo; Roy, Abhirup. "Starting at $60,990, Tesla's Cybertruck is priced 50% higher than initial estimate". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/tesla-deliver-cybertrucks-after-musk-tempers-expectations-2023-11-30/. 
  39. ↑ Motavalli, Jim (January 4, 2024). "Tesla's Cybertruck Is Finally With Us". Barron's. https://www.barrons.com/amp/articles/teslas-cybertruck-is-finally-with-us-f288059f. 
  40. ↑ Agatie, Cristian (June 26, 2023). "Production-Ready Tesla Cybertruck Shows Off Power Tailgate, Rear-Wheel Steering, and More". Auto Evolution. https://www.autoevolution.com/news/production-ready-tesla-cybertruck-shows-off-power-tailgate-rear-wheel-steering-and-more-217103.html. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Lawler, Richard (July 15, 2023). "Tesla's Texas plant has built (at least) one Cybertruck". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2023/7/15/23795843/teslas-texas-plant-has-built-at-least-one-cybertruck. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 "Q3 2023 Update". October 18, 2023. https://digitalassets.tesla.com/tesla-contents/image/upload/IR/TSLA-Q3-2023-Update-3.pdf. 
  43. ↑ Tracy, David (November 26, 2023). "I Saw A Production-Spec Tesla Cybertruck And It Looks Good. Here Are A Bunch Of Pics So You Can Judge For Yourself". The Autopian. https://www.theautopian.com/i-saw-a-production-spec-tesla-cybertruck-and-it-looks-decent-here-are-a-bunch-of-pics-so-you-can-judge-for-yourself/. 
  44. ↑ Torchinsky, Jason (November 6, 2023). "Tesla's Head Designer Drove A Black Cybertruck To A Car Show And Everyone's Making Fun Of It. Here Are All The Pics So You Can Judge For Yourself". The Autopian. https://www.theautopian.com/tesla-drove-a-black-cybertruck-to-a-car-show-and-everyones-making-fun-of-it-here-are-all-the-pics-so-you-can-judge-for-yourself/. 
  45. ↑ Schulz, Bailey (November 30, 2023). "What we learned from the Tesla Cybertruck delivery event about price, range and more". USA Today (US). https://eu.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2023/11/30/tesla-cybertruck-event-livestream-how-to-watch/71754394007/. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 Krisher, Tom (November 30, 2023). "Tesla delivers about a dozen stainless steel Cybertruck pickups as it tries to fix production woes". AP News. https://apnews.com/article/tesla-cybertruck-delivery-stainless-steel-production-delay-f3654502027935dfcb325ac762be86ce. 
  47. ↑ "Watch: Musk attempts Cybertruck window stunt again". BBC. December 2, 2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/av/technology-67586213. 
  48. ↑ Silvestro, Brian. "Watch The Tesla Cybertruck Beat A Porsche 911 In A Drag Race While Towing A 911". Motor1.com. Motorsport Network. https://www.motor1.com/news/698773/tesla-cybertruck-porsche-911-drag-race/. 
  49. ↑ Stumpf, Rob (December 4, 2023). "Tesla Cybertruck's Race Against A Porsche 911 Was Apparently An 1/8-Mile Run". Inside EVs. https://insideevs.com/news/699260/tesla-cybertruck-porsche-race/. 
  50. ↑ Hawkins, Andrew J. (December 1, 2023). "How the Tesla Cybertruck has changed since 2019". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/23984025/tesla-cybertruck-specs-price-change-2019-vs-2023. 
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Huddleston, Tom (November 22, 2019). "This is the James Bond sports car Elon Musk bought for nearly $1 million that inspired Tesla Cybertruck" (in en). https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/22/james-bond-lotus-sports-car-elon-musk-bought-inspired-tesla-cybertruck.html. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Kolodny, Lora (June 11, 2019). "Elon Musk says Tesla has designed a submarine car like the one in 'The Spy Who Loved Me'". CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/amp/2019/06/11/elon-musk-says-tesla-has-designed-a-james-bond-inspired-submarine-car.html. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 Kierstein, Alex (November 30, 2023). "Is the Cybertruck the Electric Pickup That Tesla Promised Us?". Motor Trend (Motor Trend Group). https://www.motortrend.com/news/tesla-cybertruck-fact-checking-claims-reveal/amp/. Retrieved January 1, 2024. 
  54. ↑ Landy, Heather (September 15, 2023). "Tesla's Cybertruck speaks to a thoughtful question asked by Elon Musk's son Saxon". Quartz. https://qz.com/teslas-cybertruck-speaks-to-a-thoughtful-question-asked-1850840420. 
  55. ↑ Klee, Miles (November 30, 2023). "Tesla Fans Frustrated by Musk's Reveal of More Expensive, Less Impressive Cybertruck". Rolling Stone. https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/tesla-elon-musk-cybertruck-delivery-event-1234906506/. Retrieved December 3, 2023. "In his remarks, Musk stressed that 'experts' had called the Cybertruck 'impossible,' adding, 'I think it’s the most unique thing on the road. And finally, the future will look like the future.'". 
  56. ↑ Sonnemaker, Tyler; Holmes, Aaron (November 22, 2019). "Blade Runner's art director Syd Mead is a huge fan of Tesla's new Cybertruck". Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/blade-runners-syd-mead-says-cybertruck-exceeds-expectations-2019-11. 
  57. ↑ Berg, Nik (December 15, 2020). "Design guru Frank Stephenson rips into Tesla Cybertruck". Hagerty. https://www.hagerty.com/media/news/design-guru-frank-stephenson-rips-into-tesla-cybertruck/. 
  58. ↑ Diaz, Jesus (August 28, 2023). "Tesla's Cybertruck has a serious problem that only a complete redesign can fix". Fast Company. https://www.fastcompany.com/90945689/teslas-cybertruck-has-a-serious-problem-that-only-a-complete-redesign-can-fix. 
  59. ↑ Alfonso III, Fernando (November 14, 2023). "The legendary designer of the DeLorean has something to say about Tesla's Cybertruck". NPR. https://www.npr.org/2023/11/14/1212575764/tesla-cybertruck-design-delorean-designer-giorgetto-giugiaro-interview. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 60.3 60.4 60.5 60.6 Westbrook, Justin (November 30, 2023). "Tracking Tesla's Cybertruck Changes from Concept to Prototype(s) to Production". Motor Trend (Motor Trend Group). https://www.motortrend.com/features/2024-tesla-cybertruck-electric-pickup-design-changes-concept-prototype-production/amp/. Retrieved January 6, 2024. 
  61. ↑ Day, Lewin (December 18, 2023). "Exclusive Tesla Cybertruck Factory Tour Shows How The Engineers Made it Buildable". The Autopian. https://www.theautopian.com/exclusive-tesla-cybertruck-factory-tour-shows-how-the-engineers-made-it-buildable/. 
  62. ↑ Brooke, Lindsay (June 19, 2020). "Tesla's Cybertruck is audaciously austenitic". SAE News (SAE International). https://www.sae.org/news/2020/06/tesla-cybertruck-stainless-steel. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Elliott, Rebecca (November 27, 2023). "Behind Tesla's Challenges in Making the Cybertruck: Ultrahard Stainless Steel". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/business/autos/behind-teslas-challenges-in-making-the-cybertruck-ultrahard-stainless-steel-8cb4c1b9. 
  64. ↑ Evers, Andrew (December 13, 2023). "Why Tesla's Cybertruck is so hard to mass produce". https://www.cnbc.com/2023/12/13/why-the-cybertruck-is-so-hard-to-manufacture.html. 
  65. ↑ Ireson, Nelson (November 30, 2023). "Is the Tesla Cybertruck *Really* Bulletproof?". Motor Trend (Motor Trend Group). https://www.motortrend.com/news/tesla-cybertruck-electric-pickup-bulletproof-stainless-steel-body/amp/. Retrieved December 31, 2023. 
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  67. ↑ Hawkins, Andrew J. (November 30, 2023). "Tesla Cybertruck is here: electric truck will start at $60,990 and get up to 340 miles of range". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2023/11/30/23982569/tesla-cybertruck-delivery-price-specs-features-elon-musk. 
  68. ↑ "Tesla Cybertruck Design Studio". December 1, 2023. https://www.tesla.com/cybertruck/design. 
  69. ↑ Stafford, Eric. "2024 Tesla Cybertruck: What We Know So Far". Car and Driver (Hearst Communications). https://www.caranddriver.com/tesla/cybertruck. Retrieved December 30, 2023. 
  70. ↑ Agatie, Cristian (December 5, 2023). "People Are Wary About Tesla Cybertruck's Steer-by-Wire System". Softpedia. https://www.autoevolution.com/news/people-are-wary-about-tesla-cybertruck-s-steer-by-wire-system-225607.html. 
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  72. ↑ Hood, Bryan (February 6, 2023). "Watch the Tesla Cybertruck Use 4-Wheel Steering to Make a Super-Tight Turn". Robb Report (Penske Media Corporation). https://robbreport.com/motors/cars/watch-video-tesla-cybertruck-four-wheel-steering-1234804370/amp/. Retrieved January 3, 2024. 
  73. ↑ "Certificate Summary Information for TESLA, INC. 2024 model year test group RTSLD00.0L2C evaporative family not listed" (in en-us). December 6, 2023. https://dis.epa.gov/otaqpub/display_file.jsp?docid=58895&flag=1. 
  74. ↑ Stafford, Eric. "2024 Tesla Cybertruck". Car and Driver (Hearst Communications). https://www.caranddriver.com/tesla/cybertruck. Retrieved January 1, 2024. 
  75. ↑ Mihalascu, Dan (November 30, 2023). "The Tesla Cybertruck's Range Extender Is Something Very Different" (in en-us). https://insideevs.com/news/698791/tesla-cybertruck-optional-range-extender-is-something-very-different/. 
  76. ↑ Smith, Fred (November 30, 2023). "Tesla's Cybertruck Can Output 11.5 kW of Power to Your Home". Road & Track. https://www.roadandtrack.com/news/a46001614/teslas-cybertruck-can-output-115-kw-of-power-to-your-home/. 
  77. ↑ Dow, Jameson (November 30, 2023). "Tesla releases Powershare bidirectional charging – on Cybertruck only, so far". ElecTrek. https://electrek.co/2023/11/30/tesla-releases-powershare-bidirectional-charging-on-cybertruck-only-so-far/. 
  78. ↑ "Tesla PowerShare". December 3, 2023. https://www.tesla.com/powershare. 
  79. ↑ Hawkins, Andrew J. (November 30, 2023). "Tesla Cybertruck will usher in a new 'Powershare' bidirectional charging feature". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2023/11/30/23983226/tesla-cybertruck-powershare-bidirectional-vehicle-to-load. 
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  82. ↑ "Tesla Parts Catalogue, Cybertruck, Electrical". https://epc.tesla.com/en-US/catalogs/2816. 
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