Engineering:Tupolev Tu-134

Short description: Twin-engined, narrow-body jet airliner

Tu-134
A Tretyakovo Air Transport Tu-134 at Domodedovo International Airport
Role	Airliner
National origin	Soviet Union
Design group	Tupolev
Built by	Kharkov Aviation Production Association
First flight	29 July 1963
Introduction	9 September 1970
Status	In limited use
Primary users	Aeroflot (historical) Soviet Air Force (historical) Air Koryo ALROSA (historical)
Produced	1966–1989
Number built	854 (852 + 2 prototypes)
Developed from	Tupolev Tu-124

The Tupolev Tu-134 (NATO reporting name: Crusty) is a twin-engined, narrow-body jet airliner built in the Soviet Union for short and medium-haul routes from 1966 to 1989. The original version featured a glazed-nose design and, like certain other Russian airliners (including its sister model the Tu-154), it can operate from unpaved airfields.

One of the most widely used aircraft in former Comecon countries, the number in active service is decreasing because of operational safety concerns and noise restrictions. The model has seen long-term service with some 42 countries, with some European airlines having scheduled as many as 12 daily takeoffs and landings per plane. In addition to regular passenger service, it has also been used in various air force, army and navy support roles; for pilot and navigator training; and for aviation research and test projects. In recent years, a number of Tu-134s have been converted for use as VIP transports and business jets. A total of 854 Tu-134s were built of all versions (including test bed examples) with Aeroflot as the largest user; by 1995, the Tu-134 had carried 360 million passengers for that airline.

Design and development

Tu-134UBL cockpit

Following the introduction of engines mounted on pylons on the rear fuselage by the French Sud Aviation Caravelle, airliner manufacturers around the world rushed to adopt the new layout. Its advantages included clean wing airflow without disruption by nacelles or pylons and decreased cabin noise. At the same time, placing heavy engines that far back created challenges with the location of the centre of gravity in relation to the centre of lift, which was at the wings. To make room for the engines, the tailplanes had to be relocated to the tail fin, which had to be stronger and therefore heavier, further compounding the tail-heavy arrangement.

Looking through the nose of an Aeroflot-Nord Tu-134 (2009)

During a 1960 visit to France, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev was so impressed by the quiet cabin of the Caravelle, that on 1 August 1960 the Tupolev OKB received an official directive to create the Tu-124A with a similar engine arrangement. The requirement was also driven by the need to replace slow, aging piston-engined Il-14s on domestic routes. In 1961, the Soviet state airline, Aeroflot, updated its requirement specifications to include greater payload and passenger capacity.

The first Tu-124A prototype, SSSR-45075, first flew on 29 July 1963. On 22 October 1963, the prototype British BAC One-Eleven, which had a similar layout, crashed with the loss of all crew while testing its stalling properties. The aircraft had entered pitch-up: the high-mounted tailplane became trapped in the turbulent wake produced by the wings (deep stall), which prevented recovery from the stall. As a result, the tailplane on Tu-124A was enlarged by 30% for greater control authority. Since Aeroflot's requirements dictated a larger aircraft than initially planned, the Soloviev Design Bureau developed the more powerful D-30 low-bypass turbofan engines. On 20 November 1963, the new airliner was designated Tu-134.

Design curiosities of the Tu-134 included a sharp wing sweepback of 35 degrees, compared to 25–28 degrees in its counterparts. The engines on early production Tu-134s lacked thrust reversers, which made the aircraft one of the few airliners to use a brake parachute for landing. The majority of onboard electronics operated on direct current. The lineage of early Soviet airliners could be traced directly to the Tupolev Tu-16 strategic bomber, and the Tu-134 carried over the glass nose for the navigator and the landing gear fitted with low-pressure tires to permit operation from unpaved airfields.

Serial production began in 1966 at the Kharkov Aviation Production Association, and production of the Tu-124 was discontinued. The Tu-134 was designed for short-haul lines with low passenger traffic. Originally the aircraft had 56 seats in a single class configuration, or 50 seats in a two-class configuration.

In 1968, Tupolev began work on an improved Tu-134 variant with a 76-seat capacity. The fuselage received a 2.1-metre (6 ft 11 in) plug for greater passenger capacity and an auxiliary power unit in the tail. As a result, the maximum range was reduced from 3,100 kilometers to 2,770 kilometers. The upgraded D-30 engines now featured thrust reversers, replacing the parachute. The first Tu-134A, converted from a production Tu-134, flew on 22 April 1969. The first airline flight was on 9 November 1970. An upgraded version, the Tu-134B began production in 1980, with the navigator position abandoned, and seating capacity increased to 96 seats. Efforts subsequently began to develop a Tu-134D with increased engine thrust, but the project was cancelled.

Operational history

In September 1967, the Tu-134 made its first scheduled flight from Moscow to Adler. The Tu-134 was the first Soviet airliner to receive international certification from the International Civil Aviation Organization, which permitted it to be used on international routes. Due to this certification, Aeroflot used most of its Tu-134s on international routes. In 1968, the first export customers, Interflug of East Germany, LOT Polish Airlines and Malév Hungarian Airlines purchased the Tu-134. In 1969, the Tu-134 was displayed at the Paris Air Show.

From 1972, Aeroflot began placing the Tu-134 in domestic service to Baku, Yerevan, Kyiv, Kishinev, Krasnodar, Leningrad, Omsk, Riga, and Sochi from Sheremetyevo International Airport in Moscow.

In its early years, the Tu-134 developed a reputation for reliability and efficiency, especially when compared with previous Soviet designs. After the establishment of tougher noise standards in the ICAO regulations in 2002, the Tu-134 was banned from most western European airports for its high noise levels. In early 2006, 245 Tu-134s were still in operation, 162 of which were in Russia. After a fatal accident in March 2007, and at the instigation of Russian Minister of Transportation Igor Levitin, Aeroflot announced that it would be retiring its fleet, and the last Tu-134 was removed from service on 1 January 2008. Some were still in operations with Aeroflot subsidiaries on local routes within Russia. The Tu-134 also found a new life as a business jet with many having an expensive business interior installed. High fuel and maintenance costs are increasingly limiting the number used today.

In June 2011, as a response to RusAir Flight 9605 which resulted in 47 fatalities, Russian president Dmitry Medvedev ordered preparations for taking the Tu-134 out of use by 2012.

On 22 May 2019, the final passenger flight of the Tu-134 in Russia took place.

Many Tu-134s have been preserved as memorials at airports throughout the former Soviet Union. A former Malév Tu-134A (registration HA-LBE) is on display at the Aeropark at Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport in Hungary.

Variants

Tu-134

The glass-nosed version. The first series could seat up to 64 passengers, and this was later increased to 72 passengers. The original designation was Tu-124A.

Tupolev Tu-134A with its radar and glass nose

Tu-134UBL "Volga" from 1449th Airbase in Tambov city

Tu-134A

Second series, with upgraded engines, improved avionics, seating up to 84 passengers. All Tu-134A variants have been built with the distinctive glass nose and chin radar dome, but some were modified to the B standard with the radar moved to the nose radome.

Tu-134A-2

The glass nose was replaced.

Tu-134A-3

Second series, powered by two updated Soloviev D-30 turbofan engines.

Tu-134A-5

Most recent version.

Tu-134B

Second series, 80 seats, radar moved to the nose radome, eliminating the glazed nose. Some Tu-134B models have long-range fuel tanks fitted under the fuselage; these are visible as a sizable bulge.

Tu-134BV

Space shuttle work model.

Tu-134LK

Cosmonaut training version.

Tu-134A of the Hungarian People's Republic at Helsinki Vantaa Airport in 1978.

Tu-134M

Projected modernized version of Tu-134B, powered by Progress D-436T1-134 engines.

Tu-134S

Projected cargo version based on Tu-134A.

Tu-134UBL

Tu-160 crew training version, with Tu-160 nose cone.

Tu-134UBK

Naval version of Tu-134UBL. Only one was ever built.

Tu-134BSh

Tu-22M crew trainer, fitted with a Tu-22M radar in the nose.

Tu-134Sh-1

Crew trainer with bomb racks for heavy bomber crews

Tu-134Sh-2

navigator trainer for tactical bomber crews

Tu-134SKh

Crop survey version.

Current operators

Current civil operators

As of 2022, just two Tupolev Tu-134s remain in civil passenger airline service worldwide:

Syria

• Syrian Air Force

Ukraine

• Ukrainian Air Force - 15th Transport Aviation Brigade "Aircraft Designer Oleg Antonov" located at Boryspil International Airport

Former operators

The following airlines, states and other entities at one point operated at least one Tu-134 aircraft:

Specifications (Tu-134A)

Data from OKB Tupolev, OAO Tupolev

General characteristics

• Crew: 3–5 flight crew + 3–4 flight attendants
• Capacity: 72–84 passengers / 8,200 kg (18,078 lb)
• Length: 37.1 m (121 ft 9 in)
• Wingspan: 29.01 m (95 ft 2 in)
• Diameter: 2.9 m (9 ft 6 in) fuselage diameter
• Height: 9.02 m (29 ft 7 in)
• Wing area: 127.3 m² (1,370 sq ft)
• Airfoil: root: PR-1-10S-9 (15.7%); tip: PR-1-10S-9 (12%)
• Empty weight: 27,960 kg (61,641 lb)
• Gross weight: 47,000 kg (103,617 lb)
• Max takeoff weight: 47,600 kg (104,940 lb)
• Fuel capacity: 13,200 L (3,500 US gal; 2,900 imp gal)
• Powerplant: 2 × Soloviev D-30-II turbofan engines, 66.68 kN (14,990 lbf) thrust each

Performance

• Maximum speed: 950 km/h (590 mph, 510 kn)
• Cruise speed: 850 km/h (530 mph, 460 kn)
• Range: 1,900–3,000 km (1,200–1,900 mi, 1,000–1,600 nmi)
• Ferry range: 3,200 km (2,000 mi, 1,700 nmi)
• Service ceiling: 12,100 m (39,700 ft)

See also

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

• BAC One-Eleven
• Fokker F28 Fellowship
• Fokker 100
• McDonnell Douglas DC-9

Related lists

• List of civil aircraft
• List of jet airliners

Sources

• Fontanellaz, Adrien; Cooper, Tom; Matos, Jose Augusto (2020). War of Intervention in Angola, Volume 3: Angolan and Cuban Air Forces, 1975-1985. Warwick, UK: Helion & Company Publishing. ISBN 978-1-913118-61-7. 
• Healey, John K. (January–February 2004). "Retired Warriors: 'Cold War' Bomber Legacy". Air Enthusiast (109): 75–79. ISSN 0143-5450. 
• Kingsley-Jones, Max (27 August – 2 September 2002). "World airliner census: Running to Stand Still". Flight International 162 (4846): 30–55. ISSN 0015-3710. https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2002/2002%20-%202558.html.