Engineering:Montagu whaler
 Montagu Whaler within Chatham Dockyard
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| Class overview | |
|---|---|
| Name: | Montagu whaler |
| Builders: | Numerous |
| Operators: | |
| In commission: | 1900s–1970s |
| General characteristics | |
| Type: | Ship's boat |
| Length: | 27 feet (8.2 m); some built at 25 feet (7.6 m) |
| Beam: | 6 feet (1.8 m) |
| Draught: | 1 foot 5 inches (0.43 m) |
| Sail plan: | standing lug yawl |
| Complement: | 6 |
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The Montagu whaler was the standard seaboat of the Royal Navy between 1910–1970, it was a clinker built 27 by 6 feet (8.2 m × 1.8 m) open boat, which could be pulled by oars or powered by sail – a shorter version of 25 feet (7.6 m) was also built. It was double-ended; having a pointed stem and stern. Retired Rear Admiral The Honourable Victor Montagu proposed the design.
The Royal Navy - and associated Commonwealth navies such as the Royal Australian Navy, Royal New Zealand Navy - used the whalers until the 1960s. They were used for service, training and recreation. Whaler races were organised between ships and ports; minor royalty often handed out the trophies.[1] After service, some were passed on to other groups, including the Sea Cadets.[2]
The whaler was later fitted with outboard motors; a less successful derivative had an on-board petrol motor. When rowed, it had had five oarsmen and a coxwain; in all it could carry 27 men.[3]
History
The Naval whaler was derived from commercial whaleboats, which were successful sea boats that whalers launched from whaleships to pursue whales. The whaleboats were clinker-built craft that were propelled by oars or two sails, a foresail, and a mainsail.
The first reference to ‘whaleboats’, was in 1756. They were introduced into Royal Naval service around 1810, when they were called ‘whale-gigs’. They were used to take boarding parties to enemy ships. They were fitted with buoyancy tanks to make then unsinkable, and so had a secondary role as lifeboats.
During the mid-19th century, they were used in vessels suppressing the slave trade off Africa, in the surf conditions that prevailed in this work. By 1862 they were officially called 'whalers'.[4]
At the turn of the 20th century, retired The Hon. Rear Admiral Victor Alexander Montagu (1841–1915) proposed a few changes to the standard whaler. It was to come in two lengths, 27 ft and 25 ft, and the beam was widened making it more stable. A drop keel was added, which altered the balance so the rig was changed, to mainsail and mizzen. This became known as the Montagu whaler. In this configuration, it continued in service until the 1970s in New Zealand[4]
After 1956 the Montagu was gradually replaced with the 27-foot Motor Whaler, a three-in-one whaler[5] with an inboard petrol engine: this could also be pulled or sailed. They were heavy and handled poorly, and were superseded by the Motor Whaler Mod 1. which abandoned the sailing rig.[5] They continued until the 1990s.
Description[6]
The Montagu whaler is a 27 feet (8.2 m) clinker built boat with a generous 6 feet (1.8 m) beam, fitted with a drop keel. In England they were built from wych elm or sand elm. In Malta they used mahogany.[7]
Length: 27 feet (8.2 m)
Beam: 6 feet (1.8 m)
Draught: 1 foot 5 inches (0.43 m)
Weight: (Normal load) 20.5cwt (1020 kg)
Life Saving Capacity: 27
K type rig
This is a yawl rig with a (standing lug) mainsail. The main mast is stepped on the keelson and it is secured by an iron clamp to the second thwart. It is held by a forestay and two shrouds. The mizzen is stepped abaft the stern benches in a shoe on the hog. [7]
Main masts: 16 feet 6 inches (5.0 m)
Mizzen mast: 13 feet (4.0 m)
Yard: 15 feet 3 inches (4.65 m) (standing lug)
Boom: 6 feet 10 inches (2.08 m)
K type canvas
Mainsail: 142 square feet (13.2 m2) This is loose footed and laced to the yard which is raised on a traveller on the mainmast. The sheets are rove to the rear thwart. Throat brails are fitted, and used when gybing.[7]
Jib 32 square feet (3.0 m2)
Trisail 68 square feet (6.3 m2)
Mizzen 30 square feet (2.8 m2)
Oars: 4 x 17 feet (5.2 m)
- 1 x 16 feet (4.9 m)
Victor Alexander Montagu
Victor Alexander Montagu was the second son of the seventh Earl of Sandwich.[8] His mother, a daughter of the Marquis of Anglesea, who commanded cavalry at Waterloo. His ancestor, the fourth Earl of Sandwich, John Montagu, served as First Lord of the Admiralty and sponsored the voyages of Captain James Cook.
Victor Alexander entered naval college in September 1853 at the age of twelve. In December 1853 he joined HMS Princess Royal, a 91-gun screw-propelled second-rate, as a midshipman junior officer, where he became A.D.C. to his uncle. He was given his first command, his uncle's 12-oared cutter.[5]
He saw active service during the Crimean War, 1854–1856, the 2nd China War where he survived the shipwreck of frigate HMS Raleigh (1845), and the Indian Mutiny in 1857, Winning five service medals he retired as a captain in 1886.[5] and was promoted to rear admiral on the retired list on 14 February 1892[9]
Service Use
The whaler was often the largest boat on many of the smaller warships. Therefore it usually had the job of seaboat. This is a boat kept ready for immediate lowering whilst at sea. It is equipped with water, food and other stores in case the boat should be separated from the ship for any length of time. There is one seaboat on each side of a ship, so that the leeward boat may be lowered. The falls from the davits attach to a patent disengaging gear so that they may be detached from the boat simultaneously, with the boat just above the water. This allows the seaboat to be lowered whilst the ship still has way on. Each watch had an assigned seaboat crew and a team of lowerers to get the boat away. This meant there was no delay in assembling a crew if a boat was needed immediately.[10]:33, 244-252
The role of the seaboat was varied, including transfer of personnel between ships whilst at sea and recovering a man overboard. During wartime, this list extended with the rescue of survivors from sunken ships and crash-landed aircraft, gathering the (sometimes gory) evidence of the destruction of a U-boat and, in several instances, boarding of German vessels to capture code books and other associated material. The coding material captured by the boarding party dispatched from HMS Griffin in a Montagu whaler enabled the first breaking of the German naval enigma code. Whilst the break was retrospective, it taught the Bletchley Park cryptographers a great deal and facilitated future breaks – in which other boarding parties in whalers had an essential role as use of the Enigma code system was improved.[11]:110, 184, 252, 287, 354[12]:passim
In port, an important function was to maintain communication with the shore when a vessel was anchored off. The desire to hook up to the shore electricity has caused warships go alongside a jetty, wharf, or quay. The whaler was used to help set or weigh anchor, and fetch water. In addition it was used for training and numerous competitive activities.
This would have a six-man crew:
- Coxswain – Pilots boat and issues command from afore the Mizzen mast.
- Stroke (rearmost)
- Bowman- the lookout (referred to as ‘Bow’)
- No. 2 – stationed near mast
- No. 3 – stationed midships
- No. 4 – stationed before stroke
Preparing the whaler to sail was a co-operative process involving all members of the crew, at the command UP MAST, RIG THE BOAT, the mast had to be set and secured, the centreboard lowered. The sails have to be raised and trimmed.[3]
Pulling races
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Leisure Use
When whalers were replaced by rigid inflatables, some were passed down to auxiliary reserves and sea cadet units as training vessels. Others were abandoned and some rescued by enthusiasts, two were seen for many years decaying at Sunderland Point, Lancaster. The Swan took part in the 2019 Great River Race in London, completing the course in 3 hr 15 min 10 sec.[13]
The Swan was a typical Montagu, she was badly burnt then was acquired by Bernie Bruing in the 1960s and towed to Cornwall Beach where she was restored and used for family boat trips. It was sold to Brown of Falmouth and consequently donated to a ferry company but left to rot. Falmouth boat builders recovered her and repaired her so she could be used again, but had no further use for her. Bernie Bruing wrote the folk song ‘The Lament to the Passing of the Montagu Whaler’[14]
Steve Evans, of the Bristol Charity All Aboard Watersports, came across her while doing internet research, and obtained her for a few pounds and brought her to Bristol to be fully restored at Underfall Yard then to join the All Aboard Watersports fleet.[14]
References
- ↑ "Service vessel; Whaler; Montagu whaler". Royal Museums Greenwich. https://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/67460.html.
- ↑ Forster. "Montagu Whaler 536 - lbt". http://lbt.rforster.org/about-us/boats/montagu-whaler.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Reference Guide For Rigging and Sailing the 27 ft Service Whaler. Canada: Défense nationale. https://www.1nelson.ca/uploads/1/4/2/3/14230335/service_whaler_manual.pdf. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Naval Whalers". 1 October 2015. http://navymuseum.co.nz/naval-whalers/.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "surfresearch". https://www.surfresearch.com.au/JBWC_Whaleboat_R.html#Vic_Montagu.
- ↑ Admiralty Manual of Seamanship, 1922, pp. 277-8.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Folkard, H C. The Sailing boat. pp. 273–276.
- ↑ The Reminiscences of Admiral Montagu published London 1910
- ↑ Navy List January 1914
- ↑ Admiralty Manual of Seamanship (1941 abridged reprint ed.). London: HMSO. 1937.
- ↑ Sebag-Montefiore, Hugh (2000). Enigma : the battle for the code. New York: J. Wiley. ISBN 978-1620456347.
- ↑ Burn, Alan (2006). The fighting Captain : Frederic John Walker RN and the Battle of the Atlantic. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military Classics. ISBN 978-1-84415-439-5.
- ↑ "The Great River Race Results 2019". https://www.greatriverrace.co.uk/text_files/2019Prov_Results.htm.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Yard, Underfall (21 January 2019). "The Montagu Whaler". http://www.underfallyard.co.uk/2019/01/21/the-montagu-whaler/.
External links
- Canadian Montagu Whaler manual
- [1] Royal Navy training film on the Montagu whaler (poor video quality)
- [2] racing in Montagu whalers
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