Engineering:HAL Tejas Mk2

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Short description: Indian multirole fighter


Tejas Mark 2/Medium Weight Fighter
HAL LCA MK2.png
An artistic rendition of Tejas Mark II
Role Multirole fighter
National origin India
Manufacturer Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
Design group Aeronautical Development Agency
Aircraft Research and Design Centre (HAL)[1]
Aeronautical Development Establishment
Status Prototype development
Primary user Indian Air Force (intended)
Developed from HAL Tejas

The HAL Tejas Mark 2 (lit. 'Radiance'), or Medium Weight Fighter (MWF),[2] is an Indian single-engine, canard delta wing, multirole combat aircraft designed by the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) in collaboration with Aircraft Research and Design Centre (ARDC)[3] of Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for the Indian Air Force (IAF). It is a further development of the HAL Tejas, with an elongated airframe, close coupled canards, new sensors, and a more powerful engine.

The fighter is being designed and developed to replace multiple strike fighters of IAF viz, the SEPECAT Jaguar, Dassault Mirage 2000, and Mikoyan MiG-29.[4][5][6] The indigenous content of the fighter will be 82% initially and will cross 90% after the licensed production of its engine.[7]

Development

MWF Programme

Dr. V. Madhusudana Rao is the Project Director of Tejas Mark 2.[8] The development of Tejas Mark 2 or MWF was initiated to address all the shortcomings in Tejas Mark 1 and Mark 1A, and to meet the original air staff requirements set out for the LCA programme by the IAF. The development of Tejas Mark 2 was authorised in November 2009 as a continuation of LCA programme, under the phase 3 of full-scale engineering development (FSED) process.[N 1][9] The FSED phase 3 consisted of design, development and manufacturing of two prototypes.[10] Initially planned as an upsized Tejas, with a 0.5 m fuselage plug to accommodate more fuel and a more powerful engine, the Tejas Mark 2 design has evolved over years into a completely new medium-weight class fighter.[10]

The preliminary design studies for the Tejas Mark 2 was completed in 2014 and was in the detailed design phase as of 2015.[10] The redesigned fighter was first unveiled at the Aero India air show 2019, it was a 17.5-tonne-class fighter with close-coupled canards and integrated IRST system.[11] Metal-cutting for the Tejas Mark 2 started in February 2021. The "roll out" of the first prototype was scheduled for August 2022, but has been postponed to end of 2022. Its first flight is expected to be in late 2023. In total, four prototypes are being planned initially.[12]

The ADA completed its critical design review on 15 November 2021, with a total of 20 subsystems for the aircraft cleared by IAF for production. From 62% in Tejas Mark 1A, the plan is to touch the 70% mark in indigenization for Mark 2. More foreign components are replaced by locally developed ones that are sufficiently matured as ADA and DRDO will carry forward some of the critical technologies from the LCA programme. Private suppliers of line-replaceable units also increased from 344 during Tejas Mark 1A development to 410. HAL had already outsourced 25% of the work share to the private sector.[13]

On September 1, 2022, Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) cleared ₹10,000 crore for Tejas Mark 2 that includes prototype development and flight testing.[14] The cost of fighter jet development will take ₹6,500 crore in addition to ₹2,500 crore sanctioned previously through internal funding.[15] HAL planned high speed taxi trials from 2023 and limited series production from 2025.[16] The entire development process will be completed by 2027 with serial production from 2030.[17] Tejas Mark 2 will become operationally available from 2028. Apart from current commitment of 110-120 aircraft that will form six squadrons, expectations include an additional order of 210 aircraft.[14]

After an initial plan to involve foreign partners failed with delegations from 16 countries invited to view the aircraft plans at Defexpro 2022 but attracting no new backers the Indian government was speeding up efforts to identify Indian private sector companies to become program partners instead to increase the production rate and decrease the cost for exports.[18] HAL is planning to form its own consortium to fast track the manufacturing process.[19] It was maintained in 2022 and as late as June 2023 that despite previous delays the first prototype would roll out by December 2023[20] and the first flight would happen by December 2024 with four prototypes expected to be completed by 2027 for testing purpose.[21] However, in December 2023 a revised schedule with a fresh four-year delay was announced due to waiting upon the government to provide development funding for the program and the government increasing the requirement for parts indigenization from 65% to 80%, these factors resulted in the first aircraft rollout now not being expected until late 2026 or early 2027 and the first test flight now not expected to occur until 2028.[22]

Design

Apart from design commonalities and a few critical systems from its predecessor Tejas Mark 1A, most of the technologies are to be borrowed from whatever has been developed so far for Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft programme. Several radar cross-section-reducing measures will be incorporated in the airframe design so that a degree of frontal stealth can be achieved, including radar-absorbent material coating and composites making up its skin and twisted air-intake ducts. It has a tail-less compound delta-wing configuration with a single vertical stabilizer and close-coupled canards to provide static instability and high manoeuvrability, and is equipped with fly-by-wire systems to control instability.

This MWF is also to feature an indigenous integrated life-support system-onboard oxygen generation system (ILSS-OBOGS), from Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory, aircraft health and usage monitoring system to integrate various sensors onboard Tejas Mark 2 from Defence Institute of Advanced Technology and a built-in integrated electro-optic electronic warfare suite, among other improvements to avionics.[23][24][25] Utilizing extra fuselage space, ADA designed larger air-intake for GE's F414 INS6 engine.[26]

It will have an infra-red search and track (IRST) system and a missile approach warning system.[27] An increase in payload capacity to 6,500 kg (14,300 lb) and internal fuel capacity to over 3,400 kg (7,500 lb), will allow it to carry more weapons with a longer range.[28]

Sensors and avionics

The avionics of Tejas Mark 2 will be centered on multisensor data fusion incorporating both active and passive sensors on board. The Tejas Mark 2 would be equipped with a variant of Uttam AESA Radar developed by Electronics and Radar Development Establishment, while the combat aircraft will also have an integrated IRST system for passive target acquisition. The Tejas Mark 2 will have indigenous software-defined radio-based tactical data link for secured communication and network-centric warfare capabilities supported by Air Force Network digital information grid.[29][30]

Cockpit

The Tejas Mark 2 will have a night vision goggles-compatible glass cockpit dominated by a touch-sensitive wide area display placed in panoramic orientation and a wide-angle holographic head-up display system.[31] The Tejas Mark 2 will have hands-on throttle-and-stick arrangement with right-hand-on-stick and left-hand-on-throttle settings to ease the pilot workload.

Propulsion

In 2008, HAL issued a fresh request for proposal for the procurement of 95- to 100-kilonewton (kN) (21,000–23,000 lbf) thrust-class engine to power the Tejas Mark 2.[32] In 2010, after extensive evaluation of both the Eurojet EJ200 and the General Electric F414, GE's F414 INS6 afterburning turbofan engine was declared as the lowest bidder. The deal covered the purchase of 99 GE F414 engines, with the initial batch supplied directly by GE, while the remainder is to be manufactured in India by HAL under a transfer-of-technology agreement.[33][34][35]

The GE F414 INS6 engine has a maximum thrust output of 98 kN and also offers improved specific fuel consumption over the F404 IN20 engine selected to power both Mark 1 and Mark 1A variants of Tejas.[36] The aircraft is designed keeping in mind that GE's F414 will be replaced once an Indian powerplant is available.[37][38] Therefore, the future engine replacement should make minimal changes in the configuration.

On 18 November 2023, Dr. Samir V. Kamat of DRDO announced that the United States has provided the necessary permits, opening the door for GE Aerospace and HAL to jointly produce the General Electric F414 engine in India for Tejas Mark 2 and HAL AMCA.[39][40]

Operators

 India

Indian Air Force – 10 squadrons[41]

  • Phase 1 – 6 squadrons[42]
  • Phase 2 – 4 squadrons[43]

Specifications (Projected)

Data from Jane's Defence Weekly,[11] Onmanorama,[29] Defexpo 2020 and Aero India 2021

General characteristics

  • Crew: One or two
  • Length: 14.65[41] m (48 ft 1 in)
  • Wingspan: 8.50 m (27 ft 11 in)
  • Height: 4.87 m (16 ft 0 in)
  • Wing area: 44 m2 (470 sq ft)
  • Empty weight: 7,850 kg (17,306 lb) (expected)
  • Gross weight: 11,300 kg (24,912 lb) (expected)
  • Max takeoff weight: 17,500 kg (38,581 lb) (expected)[44][45]
  • Fuel capacity: 3,400 kg (7,500 lb) internal; 3,500 kg (7,700 lb) with drop tank[46]
  • Payload: 6,500 kg (14,300 lb) external stores[47]
  • Powerplant: 1 × General Electric F414-INS6 afterburning turbofan with FADEC, 98 kN (22,000 lbf) with afterburner[48] (Indigenous 110kn engine to be used in future)[38][37]

Performance

  • Maximum speed: Mach 1.8[49]
  • Range: 3,000 km (1,900 mi, 1,600 nmi)
  • Combat range: 1,500 km (930 mi, 810 nmi)
  • Ferry range: 3,500 km (2,200 mi, 1,900 nmi) with 3 external fuel tanks
  • Service ceiling: 17,300 m (56,758 ft)
  • g limits: +9/−3.5

Armament

Avionics

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

Related lists

Notes

  1. ↑ The FSED process of the LCA programme was begun in 1993 with first two phases completed so far, which resulted in the development of Tejas Mark 1, Mark 1A, LCA trainer, LCA Navy Mark 1 and LCA Navy trainer variants

References

  1. ↑ M, Anantha Krishnan (6 August 2020). "Upgraded Tejas fighter, touted as 'real desi game-changer', to fly in 2022–23". The Week. https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/08/06/upgraded-tejas-jet-touted-as-real-desi-game-changer-to-fly-in-2022-23.html. 
  2. ↑ "India's Medium Weight Fighter set to fly into detail design phase" (in en). https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/nation/2020/02/03/india-defence-expo-medium-weight-fighter.html. 
  3. ↑ "With expected 83 Tejas MK1A orders, ARDC shapes India's upgraded fighter" (in en). https://www.onmanorama.com/news/nation/2020/08/05/with-expected-83-tejas-mk1a-orders-ardc-shapes-india-upgraded-fi.html. 
  4. ↑ Krishnan, Raghu (18 May 2018). "Post upgradation Tejas' Mark-2 to become a medium weight fighter". The Economic Times. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/tejas-mk-2-is-a-medium-weight-fighter/articleshow/64214939.cms. 
  5. ↑ "HAL Ramps Up LCA Production and Looks to the Mk2". Aviation International News. 11 March 2019. https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2019-03-11/hal-ramps-lca-production-and-looks-mk2. 
  6. ↑ "Metal-cutting for single-engined Tejas fighter planes to begin in February" (in en). 2019-12-08. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/metal-cutting-job-for-tejas-to-begin-in-feb/story-wyYM6Iwz0HsC1XHkDUlX3K.html. 
  7. ↑ Kumar, Anish (19 October 2022). "DefExpo 2022: IAF to phase out Mig-29, Mirage and Jaguar fighter jets by 2035; LCA Mk2 will replace them" (in en). https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india-defence/defexpo-2022-iaf-to-phase-out-mig-29-mirage-and-jaguar-fighter-jets-by-2035-lca-mk2-will-replace-them-rjzimx. 
  8. ↑ Peri, Dinakar (2022-10-28). "Fifth gen fighter AMCA can be rolled out in three years after project sanction: scientists" (in en-IN). The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/fifth-gen-fighter-amca-can-be-rolled-out-in-three-years-after-project-sanction-scientists/article66066386.ece. 
  9. ↑ "Long-awaited indigenous light combat aircraft Tejas Mk II targeted by 2022" (in en). 2019-08-23. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indigenous-light-combat-aircraft-targeted-by-2022/story-MGy2MXsapn8H6IDjUNt12H.html. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 ADA annual report 2015-16 (Report). https://www.ada.gov.in/images/Annual%20Report%202015-16.pdf. Retrieved 14 June 2021. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Tauro, Caron Natasha (20 February 2019). "Aero India 2019: ADA unveils Tejas AF Mk 2 Medium Weight Fighter". https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/aero-india-2019-ada-unveils-tejas-af-mk-2-medium-weight-fighter. 
  12. ↑ "India's Medium Weight Fighter set to fly into detail design phase". Manoramaonline. 2020-02-03. https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/nation/2020/02/03/india-defence-expo-medium-weight-fighter.amp.html. 
  13. ↑ Kadidal, Akhil (2021-11-22). "Boon for Indian industries waiting in wings of LCA Mark II" (in en). https://www.deccanherald.com/business/technology/boon-for-indian-industries-waiting-in-wings-of-lca-mark-ii-1053378.html. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Singh, Rahul (2022-08-31). "Govt clears LCA-Mk2 fighter's development" (in en). https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/govt-clears-lca-mk2-fighter-s-development-101661969910161.html. 
  15. ↑ Pandit, Rajat (1 September 2022). "Cabinet Committee on Security approves Tejas 2.0 mega project" (in en). https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cabinet-committee-on-security-approves-tejas-2-0-mega-project/articleshow/93914219.cms. 
  16. ↑ "Tejas Mark II to roll out next year; high-speed trials in 2023: HAL Chief Madhavan" (in en-IN). The Hindu. PTI. 2021-01-31. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tejas-mark-ii-to-roll-out-next-year-high-speed-trials-in-2023-hal-chief-madhavan/article33708634.ece. 
  17. ↑ "Centre gives nod to Tejas Mark-2 development project - Details" (in en). 1 September 2022. https://www.timesnownews.com/india/centre-gives-its-nod-to-tejas-mark-2-project-details-article-93921205. 
  18. ↑ Dutta, Amrita Nayak (2022-10-22). "16 Countries Interested in LCA Tejas Mk2, Efforts on to Identify Private Agencies to Speed Up Production" (in en). https://www.news18.com/news/india/16-countries-interested-in-lca-tejas-mk2-efforts-on-to-identify-private-agencies-to-speed-up-production-6222199.html. 
  19. ↑ Linganna, Girish (2022-10-16). "LCA Mk2 maybe be delayed, HAL to form a consortium after the private sector backs off" (in en-GB). https://frontierindia.com/lca-mk2-maybe-be-delayed-hal-to-form-a-consortium-after-the-private-sector-backs-off/. 
  20. ↑ https://www.livemint.com/news/world/by-2024-end-indian-ada-to-roll-tejas-mark-ii-prototype-with-f-414-engine-report-11687365603448.html
  21. ↑ Siddiqui, Huma (2022-10-20). "Atmanirbhar Bharat: LCA 'Tejas' Mk2 variant expected to roll out next December" (in en). https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/atmanirbhar-bharat-lca-tejas-mk2-variant-expected-to-roll-out-next-december/2722034/. 
  22. ↑ https://defence.in/threads/first-aircraft-rollout-of-tejas-mkii-postponed-due-to-delays-in-funding-and-focus-on-self-reliance.1126/
  23. ↑ "Tejas Mk-II: India may avail consultancy from European manufacturers who bid for MMRCA deal". The Economic Times. Press Trust of India. 11 July 2018. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/tejas-mk-ii-india-may-avail-consultancy-from-european-manufacturers-who-bid-for-mmrca-deal/articleshow/48347892.cms. 
  24. ↑ "LCA Tejas to level up with on-board oxygen system by early 2020, says DRDO". https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/sep/20/lca-tejas-to-level-up-with-on-board-oxygen-system-by-early-2020-says-drdo-2036300.html. 
  25. ↑ "DIAT system soon to monitor in-flight health of Tejas Mk-II - Indian Express". http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/diat-system-soon-to-monitor-inflight-health-of-tejas-mkii/831436/. 
  26. ↑ Shukla, Ajai (2022-08-30). "Cabinet likely to take up Tejas Mark 2 case soon to grant permission". Business Standard India. https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/cabinet-likely-to-take-up-tejas-mark-2-case-soon-to-grant-permission-122082901307_1.html. 
  27. ↑ Tauro, Caron Natasha (20 February 2019). "Aero India 2019: ADA unveils Tejas AF Mk 2 Medium Weight Fighter". Jane's Defence Weekly (Bangalore). https://www.janes.com/article/86671/aero-india-2019-ada-unveils-tejas-af-mk-2-medium-weight-fighter. 
  28. ↑ "The Tejas Mark 2 fighter has been bulked up into medium fighter category". https://www.ajaishukla.com/2019/03/the-tejas-mark-2-fighter-has-been.html. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Krishnan M, Anantha (3 February 2020). "India's Medium Weight Fighter set to fly into detail design phase" (in en). https://www.onmanorama.com/news/india/2020/02/03/india-defence-expo-medium-weight-fighter.html. 
  30. ↑ "'Make in India' Software Defined Radio: 'Mother' of all solutions for tactical communications of armed forces". https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/make-in-india-software-defined-radio-mother-of-all-solutions-for-tactical-communications-of-armed-forces/1680536/. 
  31. ↑ ADA Annual report 2015-16 (Report). https://www.ada.gov.in/images/Annual%20Report%202015-16.pdf. Retrieved 14 June 2021. 
  32. ↑ Sharma, Ravi. "Kaveri engine programme delinked from the Tejas." The Hindu, (Chennai, India), 27 September 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  33. ↑ "GE F414 Engines Selected to Power India Light Combat Aircraft Program | GE News". https://www.ge.com/news/press-releases/ge-f414-engines-selected-power-india-light-combat-aircraft-program. 
  34. ↑ Shukla, Ajai. "American engine to power LCA." Bharat-Rakshak.com, 1 October 2010. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  35. ↑ "India picks GE's F414 for Tejas MkII fighter." Flight International, 1 October 2010. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  36. ↑ "F414 turbofan engines specification". https://www.geaviation.com/sites/default/files/datasheet-F414-Family.pdf. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Jha, Manish Kumar (11 March 2021). "DRDO's Light Tank Will Be Power Pack As "The Highest Altitude Operable Tank In The Globe": G. Satheesh Reddy, Chairman DRDO". BW BusinessWorld. https://www.businessworld.in/article/DRDO-s-Light-Tank-Will-Be-Power-Pack-As-The-Highest-Altitude-Operable-Tank-In-The-Globe-G-Satheesh-Reddy-Chairman-DRDO/09-03-2021-383371/. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 "Tejas done, focus on three other fighter jets: two for IAF, one Navy". The Indian EXPRESS. https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aero-india-2021-tejas-done-focus-on-three-other-fighter-jets-two-for-iaf-one-navy-7175125/. 
  39. ↑ "All US clearances received: HAL, GE to produce jet engines for LCA Mark2, AMCA fighter jets in India". The Economic Times. 2023-11-18. ISSN 0013-0389. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/all-us-clearances-received-hal-ge-to-produce-jet-engines-for-lca-mark2-amca-fighter-jets-in-india/articleshow/105314974.cms. 
  40. ↑ "General Electric F414 engine to be Made in India with 100% technology transfer, but without IPR; To be used for Tejas Mk2 and AMCA Mk1". India's growing Military power. 2022-10-21. https://theigmp.org/general-electric-f414-engine-to-be-made-in-india-with-100-technology-transfer-but-without-ipr-to-be-used-for-tejas-mk2-and-amca-mk1/. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Kadidal, Akhil (2022-09-06). "Update: India sanctions Tejas Mk 2 fighter project" (in en). https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/update-india-sanctions-tejas-mk-2-fighter-project. 
  42. ↑ "IAF committed to induct 6 LCA Mark2 fighter squadrons: Air Chief VR Chaudhari". ANI. 18 July 2022. https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/iaf-committed-to-induct-6-lca-mark2-fighter-squadrons-air-chief-vr-chaudhari20220718100828/. 
  43. ↑ Dutta, Amrita Nayak (2022-10-22). "16 Countries Interested in LCA Tejas Mk2, Efforts on to Identify Private Agencies to Speed Up Production" (in en). https://www.news18.com/news/india/16-countries-interested-in-lca-tejas-mk2-efforts-on-to-identify-private-agencies-to-speed-up-production-6222199.html. 
  44. ↑ Sagar, Pradip R (5 January 2021). "20 years since LCA Tejas's first flight: What's next for India's indigenous fighter programme?". The Week. https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/01/05/20-years-since-lca-tejass-first-flight-whats-next-for-indias-indigenous-fighter-programme.html. 
  45. ↑ "Tejas Mk2Light Combat Aircraft". GlobalSecurity.org. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/lca-mk2.htm. 
  46. ↑ Shukla, Ajai (30 December 2021). "Here's how Tejas Mark 2 is evolving into a bigger, powerful fighter". Business Standard India. https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/here-s-how-tejas-mark-2-is-evolving-into-a-bigger-powerful-fighter-121122901540_1.html. 
  47. ↑ Peri, Dinakar (12 September 2021). "LCA-Mk2 to roll out next year, first flight in 2023, says scientist". The Hindu. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lca-mk2-to-roll-out-next-year-first-flight-in-2023-says-scientist/article36419325.ece. 
  48. ↑ "F414turbofan engines". General Electric. https://www.geaviation.com/sites/default/files/datasheet-F414-Family.pdf. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Singh, Rahul (18 September 2022). "LCA Mk-2 set to have heavier payload capacity, better range". Hindustan Times. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lca-mk-2-set-to-have-heavier-payload-capacity-better-range-101663525099790.html. 
  50. ↑ "Tracking The Tejas: How The Tejas Mk2 Design Became The Medium Weight Fighter". Delhi Defence Review. 23 February 2019. https://delhidefencereview.com/2019/02/23/tracking-the-tejas-the-tejas-mk2-grows-a-pair-becomes-the-medium-weight-fighter/. 
  51. ↑ "MWF Tejas :-Why Tejas Mk2 (MWF) Will be Important — Indian Defence News". https://defenceupdate.in/mwf-tejas-tejas-mk2-mwf-will-important/. 
  52. ↑ "HAL Plans to Certify Astra Mk1 and ASRAAM Air to Air Missile". Eletimes. https://www.eletimes.com/hal-plans-to-certify-astra-mk1-and-asraam-air-to-air-missile. 
  53. ↑ M, Tushar (19 August 2021). "Bharat Dynamics, MBDA missiles deal to help indigenous programs in India". Global Data. https://globaldata.com/bharat-dynamics-mbda-missiles-deal-help-indigenous-programs-india-says-globaldata/. 
  54. ↑ "BrahMos to make a generational leap, become lighter, faster and more lethal supersonic cruise missile". ZEENEWS. https://zeenews.india.com/india/brahmos-to-make-a-generational-leap-become-lighter-faster-and-more-lethal-supersonic-cruise-missile-2182681.html. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Krishnan M, Anantha. "Inspiring ADA; LCAAFMk2 will roll out by August 2022: Dr Madhusudana Rao". Tarmak. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G30L78MSdQk. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 "Tejas Mark II to have ability to conduct Balakot-like operations". Hindustan Times. 19 March 2020. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tejas-mark-ii-to-have-ability-to-conduct-balakot-like-ops/story-kMUDWj7o7GkrK2WTsAsGEM.html. 
  57. ↑ "New Improved Uttam AESA Mk2". Alpha Defence. 13 May 2021. https://alphadefense.in/new-improved-uttam-aesa-lca-mk2/. 
  58. ↑ Chopra (Retd), AM Anil (25 August 2020). "Electronic Warfare -Trends – Time For India to Become Atamnirbhar". https://airpowerasia.com/2020/08/25/electronic-warfare-trends-time-for-india-to-become-atamnirbhar/. 
  59. ↑ "Dual Colour Missile Approach Warning System for Fighter Aircraft". https://www.drdo.gov.in/dual-colour-missile-approach-warning-system-dcmaws-fighter-aircraft. 
  60. ↑ "Tejas fighter to get indigenous Laser Designator Pod to target the enemy". Zee News. 22 January 2019. https://zeenews.india.com/india/tejas-fighter-to-get-indigenous-laser-designator-pod-to-target-the-enemy-2172996.html. 
  61. ↑ "EXCLUSIVE: How A Secretive DRDO Lab Is Saving The IAF Su-30MKI". Livefist. 16 February 2017. https://www.livefistdefence.com/how-a-secretive-drdo-lab-is-saving-the-iaf-su-30mki/. 

Bibliography

External links



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