Engineering:Air-to-surface missile

Short description: Missile designed to be launched from aircraft

A pilot inspects an AGM-65 Maverick missile on his A-10 Thunderbolt II.

The RAF's Brimstone missile is a fire and forget anti-tank missile.

A Taurus KEPD 350 cruise missile of the German German Air Force .

An air-to-surface missile (ASM) or air-to-ground missile (AGM) is a missile designed to be launched from military aircraft at targets on land or sea. There are also unpowered guided glide bombs not considered missiles. The two most common propulsion systems for air-to-surface missiles are rocket motors, usually with shorter range, and slower, longer-range jet engines. Some Soviet-designed air-to-surface missiles are powered by ramjets, giving them both long range and high speed.

Guidance for air-to-surface missiles is typically via laser guidance, infrared guidance, optical guidance or via satellite guidance signals. The type of guidance depends on the type of target. Ships, for example, may be detected via passive radar or active radar homing, which is less effective against multiple, small, fast-moving land targets.

There is some cross-over between air-to-surface missiles and surface-to-surface missiles. For example, there was an air-launched version of the Tomahawk missile, superseded by the AGM-86 ALCM. Other missiles used in both roles include the Penguin and AGM-84 Harpoon anti-ship missiles. Many air-to-surface missiles can be used against both ships and land targets, although some must be modified to perform a different role; for example, the AGM-84E Standoff Land Attack Missile is a land-attack version of the Harpoon.

A major advantage of air-to-surface missiles for ground attack by aircraft is the standoff distance they provide: missiles can be launched from a distance without coming within range of the target's air defences. Most air-to-surface missiles are fire-and-forget from a standoff distance, allowing the attacker to withdraw without approaching further after launch. Some missiles (typically cruise missiles or anti-ship missiles) have long enough range to be launched over the horizon, finding the target autonomously.

Sub-categories of air-to-surface missiles include:

air-launched anti-tank guided missiles (typically launched from helicopters)
air-launched cruise missiles
air-launched anti-ship missiles
anti-radiation missiles

Typically, the higher and faster the launching aircraft is flying, the longer the reach of a particular missile is. For long-range missiles this difference can be relatively small, but short-range missiles (like the AGM-65 Maverick) have a much longer range when launched at altitude.

There have been examples of air-launched ballistic missiles (Air Launched ICBM, GAM-87 Skybolt), but they are rare. Sometimes air-to-surface missiles are divided into the categories of tactical and strategic. Typically missiles with chemical explosive or small nuclear warheads are classed as tactical, and large nuclear warheads as strategic.

List of air-to-surface missiles

Japan

Argentina

MP-1000 Martín Pescador
AS-25K

Brazil

MAR-1 Anti-radiation missile
FOG-MPM Fiber Optics Guided Multiple Purpose Missile.
AVTM-300 Cruise missile.

China

C-101
C-601
C-602
C-611
C-701
C-704
C-705
C-801
C-802
C-805
Changfeng (missile) (Chang Feng 1)
Changfeng (missile) (Chang Feng 2)
DH-10
FL series (missile)
FL-8
FL-9
FL-10
FL-7
HJ-8
HJ-9
HJ-10
HJ-73
HN-1
HN-3
HN-2
HY series
KD1 (missile)
KD2 (missile)
KD-63
KD-88
LMD-002 (missile)
LMD-003 (missile)
Sky Arrow (missile)
Sky Arrow 90
SY series (missile)
TBI (missile)
TL-6
TL-10
YJ-12
YJ-22
YJ-62
YJ-63
YJ-82
YJ-83
YJ-91
ZD1 (missile)

France

AS.11
AS.12
AS.15TT
AS.20
AS.30
AS.30 TCA
AS.30 Laser
AS.37 Martel
ARMAT
HOT
Exocet
Mistral
SCALP EG
TRIGAT LR
Apache
ASMP
ASMP-A
AASM
MLP
ANL

Germany

Taurus KEPD 350
ARMIGER
PARS 3 LR
HOT (missile)
AS.34 Kormoran
RBS-15 (in cooperation with Sweden)

Greece

HSC-1 Makedon

India

The Indian Air Force's Rudram-1 is an Anti-radiation missile.

Israel

Popeye (missile)
Nimrod (missile)
Luz (missile)

Iran

Ghased 3
Zoobin
Bina
Sadid-1
Fajr-4
Sattar 1
Sattar 2
Sattar 3
Sattar 4
Ghaem

Norway

Penguin missile
Naval Strike Missile

Pakistan

Baktar-Shikan Air Launched variant
H-2 SOW
H-4 SOW
Ra'ad
Ra'ad-II
Barq
Takbir
GIDS REK
HAFR-1
HAFR-2
RPB-1

South Africa

Denel ZT3 Ingwe laser guided anti-tank guided missile
Denel Mokopa air-to-ground missile
Kentron TORGOS air launched sub-sonic cruise missile (development cancelled)
Denel Small Guided Missile (in development)

Sweden

Rb 05
RBS 15

Taiwan

Hsiung Feng II
Sky Sword IIA anti-radiation missile
Wan Chien

Turkey

Cirit
UMTAS
MAM (Smart Micro Munition)
- MAM-C
- MAM-L
- MAM-T
SOM (Air-Launched Cruise Missile)
Akbaba Anti-radiation missile (Currently in development)
TUBITAK-SAGE KUZGUN (Modern Modular Mutual Cost-effective Munition)^[1]^[2]
- KUZGUN-TJ: Turbojet-powered variant.
- KUZGUN-SS: Gliding variant.
- KUZGUN-KY: Solid fuel rocket-powered variant.
- BOZOK: Mini version of KUZGUN, specifically designed for UAVs.

UK

Blue Steel missile
Brimstone missile
Green Cheese missile (canceled in 1956)
ALARM
Storm Shadow
BAe Sea Eagle
GAM-87 Skybolt (air-launched ballistic missile; canceled)
Lightweight Multirole Missile
SPEAR 3

United States

AGM-12 Bullpup (no longer in service)
AGM-22 (project ceased in 1980s, still in limited use)
AGM-28 Hound Dog (no longer in service)
AGM-45 Shrike (no longer in service)
AGM-53 Condor (project cancelled)
AGM-62 Walleye (no longer in service)
AGM-63 (project cancelled)
AGM-64 Hornet (project cancelled)
AGM-65 Maverick (in service)
AGM-69 SRAM (no longer in service)
AGM-76 Falcon (project cancelled)
AGM-78 Standard ARM (no longer in service)
AGM-79 Blue Eye (project cancelled)
AGM-80 Viper (project cancelled)
AGM-83 Bulldog (project cancelled)
AGM-84 Harpoon (in service)
AGM-86 ALCM (in service)
AGM-87 Focus (no longer in service)
AGM-88 HARM (in service)
AGM-112 (reserved when program renamed GBU-15)
AGM-114 Hellfire (in service)
AGM-119 Penguin (in service)
AGM-122 Sidearm (no longer in service)
AGM-123 Skipper (out of service/no longer in service)
AGM-124 Wasp (project cancelled)
AGM-129 ACM (no longer in service)
AGM-130 (no longer in service)
AGM-131 SRAM II (project cancelled)
AGM-136 Tacit Rainbow (project cancelled)
AGM-137 TSSAM (project cancelled)
AGM-142 Have Nap (in service)
AGM-153 (project cancelled)
AGM-154 JSOW (in service)
AGM-158 JASSM (in service)
AGM-159 JASSM (project cancelled)
AGM-169 Joint Common Missile (project cancelled)
AGM-176 Griffin (in service)
AGM-X^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] (in development)
Small Advanced Capabilities Missile (SACM) (in development)
Bold Orion (prototype)
GAM-87 Skybolt (air-launched ballistic missile; project cancelled)
High Virgo (prototype)
Hypersonic Air-breathing Weapon Concept (in development)
AGM-179 JAGM (in development)
AGM-183A ARRW (project cancelled)
LRSO (in development)

USSR/Russian Federation

R-82
S-5
S-8
S-13
S-24
S-25
Kh-15
Kh-20
Kh-22 (NATO: AS-4 Kitchen; Russian: Х-22)
Kh-23/Kh-66 Grom (AS-7 Kerry; Russian: Х-23 Гром, "Thunder")
Kh-25 (AS-10 Karen)
Kh-29 (AS-14 Kedge)
Kh-31^[8] (AS-17 Krypton)
Kh-32 (AS-4 Krypton)
Kh-38
Kh-45
Kh-59 (AS-13 Kingbolt)
Kh-90 (AS-X-19 Koala)
KS-1 Komet (AS-1 Kennel)
K-10S (AS-2 Kipper)
Kh-20 (AS-3 Kangaroo)
Kh-22 (AS-4 Kitchen)
KSR-2 (AS-5 Kelt)
KSR-5 (AS-6 Kingfish)
Kh-23 Grom (AS-7 Kerry)
9K114 Shturm (AT-6 Spiral)
Kh-28 (AS-9 Kyle)
Kh-25 (AS-10 Karen)
Kh-58 (AS-11 Kilter)
Kh-25 (AS-12 Kegler)
Kh-59 (AS-13 Kingbolt)
Kh-29 (AS-14 Kedge)
Kh-47M2 Kinzhal (AS-24 Killjoy)
Kh-55 (AS-15 Kent)
Kh-15 (AS-16 Kickback)
Kh-31 (AS-17 Krypton)
AS-18 Kazoo (Kh-59M Ovod-M)
Kh-80 (AS-19 Koala)
Kh-35 (AS-20 Kayak)
Hermes-A

References

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-to-surface missile. Read more

[1] "Kuzgun Modular Joint Ammunition Developed by TÜBİTAK SAGE Displayed" (in en). 2021-08-17. https://www.raillynews.com/2020/09/The-raven-modular-ammunition-developed-by-the-tubitak-sage-displayed/.

[2] "KUZGUN Modular Munition Family at IDEF 2021." (in tr). 2021-08-17. https://www.savunmatr.com/savunma-sanayii/kuzgun-gudumlu-moduler-muhimmat-ailesi-idefte-sergileniyor-h13769.html.

[3] "USAF reveals slimmed-down SACM air-to-air missile concept". Flightglobal.com. 2016-02-25. https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/usaf-reveals-slimmed-down-sacm-air-to-air-missile-co-422413/.

[4] "Raytheon selected to deliver next-generation tactical air-to-air missile solutions | IHS Jane's 360". http://www.janes.com/article/57493/raytheon-selected-to-deliver-next-generation-tactical-air-to-air-missile-solutions.

[5] "Raytheon to research tactical missile capabilities". http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2016/01/21/Raytheon-to-research-tactical-missile-capabilities/7671453398070/.

[6] "Textron explores capabilities for next-generation GBU-X munition". 19 November 2015. https://insidedefense.com/inside-air-force/textron-explores-capabilities-next-generation-gbu-x-munition.

[7] "Small Advanced Capabilities Missile - Cord Master Engineering". 29 February 2016. http://cordmaster.com/small-advanced-capabilities-missile/.

[8] "Next Gen Kh-32 ant-ship cruise missile tests drawing to a close in Russia". http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/2016/august-2016-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/4306-next-gen-kh-32-ant-ship-cruise-missile-tests-drawing-to-a-close-in-russia.html.

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v t e Types of missiles
By platform	Cruise missile Air-launched cruise missile (ALCM) Submarine-launched cruise missile (SLCM) Air-to-air missile (AAM) Air-to-surface missile (ASM) Surface-to-air missile (SAM) Surface-to-surface missile (SSM) Ballistic missile Air-launched ballistic missile (ALBM) Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) Intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) Medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM) Short-range ballistic missile (SRBM) Tactical ballistic missile Theatre ballistic missile Submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) Standoff missile Loitering munition Shoulder-fired missile Hypersonic glide vehicle Beyond-visual-range missile (BVR)
By target type	Anti-ballistic missile (ABM) Anti-satellite weapon (ASAT) Anti-ship ballistic missile (ASBM) Anti-ship missile (AShM) Anti-submarine missile Anti-tank missile (ATGM) Land-attack missile (LACM) Man-portable air-defense systems (MANPADS)
By guidance	Unguided Radar guidance Radar altimeter Active radar guidance (ARH) Semi-active radar guidance (SAHR) Passive radar Passive homing Track-via-missile (TVM) Anti-radiation (ARM) Command guidance Command to line-of-sight guidance (CLOS) Command off line-of-sight guidance (COLOS) Manual command to line of sight (MCLOS) Semi-automatic command to line of sight (SACLOS) Automatic command to line-of-sight (ACLOS) Pursuit guidance Q-guidance Beam riding (LOSBR) Infrared guidance Laser guidance Wire guidance Satellite guidance Inertial guidance Astro-inertial guidance Terrestrial guidance TERPROM TERCOM DSMAC Terminal guidance Automatic target recognition (ATR) Radio guidance TV guidance Contrast seeker Compass Fire-and-forget
Lists	List of military rockets List of missiles List of missiles by country List of anti-ship missiles List of anti-tank missiles List of ICBMs List of surface-to-air missiles
See also: Sounding rocket

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