Medicine:Human body weight

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Short description: Person's mass or weight


Human body weight is a person's mass or weight.

Strictly speaking, body weight is the measurement of weight without items located on the person. Practically though, body weight may be measured with clothes on, but without shoes or heavy accessories such as mobile phones and wallets, and using manual or digital weighing scales. Excess or reduced body weight is regarded as an indicator of determining a person's health, with body volume measurement providing an extra dimension by calculating the distribution of body weight.

Average adult human weight varies by continent, from about 60 kg (130 lb) in Asia and Africa to about 80 kg (180 lb) in North America, with men on average weighing more than women.

Estimation in children

An example of a half unfolded Broselow tape

There are a number of methods to estimate weight in children for circumstances (such as emergencies) when actual weight cannot be measured. Most involve a parent or health care provider guessing the child's weight through weight-estimation formulas. These formulas base their findings on the child's age and tape-based systems of weight estimation. Of the many formulas that have been used for estimating body weight, some include the Advanced Pediatric Life Support formula, the Leffler formula, and Theron formula.[1] There are also several types of tape-based systems for estimating children's weight, with the best-known being the Broselow tape.[2] The Broselow tape is based on length with weight read from the appropriate color area. Newer systems, such as the PAWPER tape, make use of a simple two-step process to estimate weight: the length-based weight estimation is modified according to the child's body habitus to increase the accuracy of the final weight prediction.[3]

The Leffler formula is used for children 0–10 years of age.[1] In those less than a year old, it is

[math]\displaystyle{ m = \tfrac{1}{2}a_m + 4 }[/math]

and for those 1–10 years old, it is

[math]\displaystyle{ m = 2a_y + 10 }[/math]

where m is the number of kilograms the child weighs and am and ay respectively are the number of months or years old the child is.[1]

The Theron formula is

[math]\displaystyle{ m = e^{0.175571a_y + 2.197099} }[/math]

where m and ay are as above.[1]

Fluctuation

Body weight varies in small amounts throughout the day, as the amount of water in the body is not constant. It changes due to activities such as drinking, urinating, or exercise.[4] Professional sports participants may deliberately dehydrate themselves to enter a lower weight class, a practice known as weight cutting.[5]

Ideal body weight

Ideal body weight (IBW) was initially introduced by Ben J. Devine in 1974 to allow estimation of drug clearances in obese patients;[6] researchers have since shown that the metabolism of certain drugs relates more to IBW than total body weight.[7] The term was based on the use of insurance data that demonstrated the relative mortality for males and females according to different height-weight combinations.

The most common estimation of IBW is by the Devine formula; other models exist and have been noted to give similar results.[7] Other methods used in estimating the ideal body weight are body mass index and the Hamwi method. The IBW is not the perfect fat measurement, as it does not show the fat or muscle percentage in one's body. For example, athletes' results may show that they are overweight when they are actually very fit and healthy. Machines like the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry can accurately measure the percentage and weight of fat, muscle, and bone in a body.

Devine formula

The Devine formula for calculating ideal body weight in adults is as follows:[7]

  • Male ideal body weight = 50 kilograms (110 lb) + 0.9 kilograms (2.0 lb) × (height (cm) − 152)
  • Female ideal body weight = 45.5 kilograms (100 lb) + 0.9 kilograms (2.0 lb) × (height (cm) − 152)

Hamwi method

The Hamwi method is used to calculate the ideal body weight of the general adult:[8]

  • Male ideal body weight = 48 kilograms (106 lb) + 1.1 kilograms (2.4 lb) × (height (cm) − 152)
  • Female ideal body weight = 45.4 kilograms (100 lb) + 0.9 kilograms (2.0 lb) × (height (cm) − 152)

Usage

Sports

Participants in sports such as boxing, mixed martial arts, wrestling, rowing, judo, sambo, Olympic weightlifting, and powerlifting are classified according to their body weight, measured in units of mass such as pounds or kilograms. See, e.g., wrestling weight classes, boxing weight classes, judo at the 2004 Summer Olympics, and boxing at the 2004 Summer Olympics.

Medicine

Ideal body weight, specifically the Devine formula, is used clinically for multiple reasons, most commonly in estimating renal function in drug dosing, and predicting pharmacokinetics in morbidly obese patients.[9][10]

Average weight around the world

By region

Data from 2005:

Region Adult population
(millions) 		Average weight Overweight population /
total population 		Source
Africa 535 60.7 kg (133.8 lb) 28.9% [11]
Asia 2,815 57.7 kg (127.2 lb) 24.2% [11]
Europe 606 70.8 kg (156.1 lb) 55.6% [11]
Latin America and the Caribbean 386 67.9 kg (149.7 lb) 57.9% [11]
North America 263 80.7 kg (177.9 lb) 73.9% [11]
Oceania 24 74.1 kg (163.4 lb) 63.3% [11]
World 4,630 62.0 kg (136.7 lb) 34.7% [11]

By country

Country Average male weight Average female weight Sample population /
age range 		Methodology Year Source
 Afghanistan 69.2 kg (152.6 lb) 62.6 kg (138.0 lb) 18–69 Measured 2018 [12]
 Algeria 68.7 kg (151.5 lb) 65.1 kg (143.5 lb) 25–64 Measured 2005 [13]
 Armenia 74.6 kg (164.5 lb) 66.4 kg (146.4 lb) 18–69 Measured 2016 [14]
 Australia 87.0 kg (191.8 lb) 71.8 kg (158.3 lb) 18+ Measured 2018 [15]
 Azerbaijan 72.1 kg (159.0 lb) 65.7 kg (144.8 lb) 16+ Measured 2005 [16]
 Bangladesh 55.2 kg (121.7 lb) 49.8 kg (109.8 lb) 25+ Measured 2009–2010 [17]
 Belarus 69 kg (152.1 lb) 56 kg (123.5 lb) 18+ Measured 2008 [18]
 Belize 74.2 kg (163.6 lb) 70.5 kg (155.4 lb) 20+ Measured 2010 [19]
 Benin 63.7 kg (140.4 lb) 60.9 kg (134.3 lb) 18–69 Measured 2015 [20]
 Bhutan 63.2 kg (139.3 lb) 57.4 kg (126.5 lb) 18–69 Measured 2014 [21]
 Botswana 63.6 kg (140.2 lb) 64.3 kg (141.8 lb) 15–69 Measured 2014 [22]
 Brazil 72.7 kg (160.3 lb) 62.5 kg (137.8 lb) 20–74 Measured 2008–2009 [23]
 Brunei 74.1 kg (163.4 lb) 62.9 kg (138.7 lb) 19+ Measured 2010–2011 [24]
 Bulgaria 81.0 kg (178.6 lb) 67.0 kg (147.7 lb) 15+ Self-reported 2014 [25]
 Burkina Faso 65.2 kg (143.7 lb) 59.0 kg (130.1 lb) 25–64 Measured 2013 [26]
 Cambodia 56.8 kg (125.2 lb) 50.8 kg (112.0 lb) 25–64 Measured 2010 [27]
 Cameroon 68.3 kg (150.6 lb) 67.0 kg (147.7 lb) 15+ Measured 2003 [28]
 Canada 84.6 kg (187 lb) 70.1 kg (155 lb) 18–79 Measured 2007–2009 [29]
 Chile 77.3 kg (170.4 lb) 67.5 kg (148.8 lb) 15+ Measured 2009–2010 [30]
 Costa Rica - San José 76.6 kg (168.9 lb) 64.9 kg (143.1 lb) 20+ Measured 2010 [31]
 Czech Republic 92.1 kg (203.0 lb) 73.8 kg (162.7 lb) 25–64 Measured 2016–2017 [32]
 Estonia 84.4 kg (186.1 lb) 71.2 kg (157.0 lb) 18+ Measured 2003–2010 [33]
 France 77.1 kg (170 lb) 62.7 kg (138 lb) 15+ Measured 2005 [34]
 Georgia 84.4 kg (186.1 lb) 73.6 kg (162.3 lb) 18–69 Measured 2016 [35]
 Germany 85.9 kg (189.4 lb) 69.2 kg (152.6 lb) 18+ Self-reported 2021 [36]
 India 65.0 kg (143.3 lb) 55.0 kg (121.3 lb) 16+ Measured 2020 [37]
 Norway 86.6 kg (190.9 lb) 71.6 kg (157.9 lb) 18+ Self-reported 2020 [38]
 Oman 74.9 kg (165.1 lb) 68.1 kg (150.1 lb) 18+ Measured 2017 [39]
 Pakistan 66.0 kg (145.5 lb) 59.0 kg (130.1 lb) 18–69 Measured 2013–2014 [40]
 Papua New Guinea 62.5 kg (137.8 lb) 56.8 kg (125.2 lb) 15–64 Measured 2007–2008 [41]
 Qatar 84.6 kg (186.5 lb) 73.4 kg (161.8 lb) 18–64 Measured 2012 [42]
 Russia 70.6 kg (155.6 lb) 60.2 kg (132.7 lb) 19+ Measured 2018 [43]
 Rwanda 58.4 kg (128.7 lb) 55.9 kg (123.2 lb) 15–64 Measured 2012–2013 [44]
 Saint Kitts and Nevis 84.5 kg (186.3 lb) 83.0 kg (183.0 lb) 25–64 Measured 2007–2008 [45]
 Saudi Arabia 77.3 kg (170.4 lb) 71.7 kg (158.1 lb) 25–64 Measured 2005 [46]
 Serbia 84.6 kg (186.5 lb) 70.0 kg (154.3 lb) 20+ Measured 2013 [47]
 Sierra Leone 62.0 kg (136.7 lb) 59.0 kg (130.1 lb) 25–64 Measured 2009 [48]
 Solomon Islands 75.3 kg (166.0 lb) 70.4 kg (155.2 lb) 25–64 Measured 2006 [49]
 South Korea 73.34 kg (161.7 lb) 58.29 kg (128.5 lb) 18+ Measured 2019 [50]
 Spain 82.4 kg (181.7 lb) 66.6 kg (146.8 lb) 18–64 Measured 2013 [51]
 Sri Lanka 61.4 kg (135.4 lb) 54.6 kg (120.4 lb) 18–69 Measured 2014–2015 [52]
 Sudan 65.4 kg (144.2 lb) 61.6 kg (135.8 lb) 18–69 Measured 2016 [53]
 Sweden 81.9 kg (180.6 lb) 66.7 kg (147.0 lb) 16–84 Measured 2003–2004 [54]
 Togo 63.2 kg (139.3 lb) 60.0 kg (132.3 lb) 15–64 Measured 2010 [55]
 Tonga 99.4 kg (219.1 lb) 97.7 kg (215.4 lb) 25–64 Measured 2012 [56]
 Trinidad and Tobago 76.7 kg (169.1 lb) 71.1 kg (156.7 lb) 15–64 Measured 2011 [57]
 Turkey 78.0 kg (172.0 lb) 70.1 kg (154.5 lb) 15+ Measured 2017 [58]
 Turkmenistan 76.6 kg (168.9 lb) 67.4 kg (148.6 lb) 18–69 Measured 2018 [59]
 United Kingdom – England 85.4 kg (188.3 lb) 72.1 kg (159.0 lb) 16+ Measured 2019 [60]
 United Kingdom – Wales 84.0 kg (185.2 lb) 69.0 kg (152.1 lb) 16+ Measured 2009 [61]
 Ukraine 80.0 kg (176.4 lb) 71.0 kg (156.5 lb) 18+ Measured 2020 [62]
 United States 90.6 kg (199.7 lb) 77.5 kg (170.9 lb) 20+ Measured 2015–2018 [63]

Global statistics

Researchers at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine published a study of average weights of adult humans in the journal BMC Public Health and at the United Nations conference Rio+20.[64]

See also


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Evaluation of the accuracy of different methods used to estimate weights in the pediatric population". Pediatrics 123 (6): e1045–51. June 2009. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-1968. PMID 19482737. 
  2. ↑ Lubitz, Deborah; Seidel, JS; Chameides, L; Luten, RC; Zaritsky, AL; Campbell, FW (1988). "A rapid method for estimating weight and resuscitation drug dosages from length in the pediatric age group". Ann Emerg Med 17 (6): 576–81. doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(88)80396-2. PMID 3377285. 
  3. ↑ Wells, Mike (2011). "Clinical: The PAWPER Tape". Sanguine 1 (2). http://www.ecssa.org.za/sanguine-2011-2.aspx#. Retrieved 13 June 2013. 
  4. ↑ Smith, Jessica (16 May 2013). "Stop Hating the Scale". http://www.shape.com/lifestyle/mind-and-body/when-your-weight-fluctuates-whats-normal-and-whats-not. 
  5. ↑ Lee, Orion (4 August 2013). "Making Weight: Why Fighters Cut Weight and 3 Tips for Doing It". https://breakingmuscle.com/learn/making-weight-why-fighters-cut-weight-and-3-tips-for-doing-it. 
  6. ↑ McCarron, Margaret M.; Devine, Ben J. (November 1, 1974). "Clinical Pharmacy: Case Studies: Case Number 25 Gentamicin Therapy". Drug Intell Clin Pharm 8 (11): 650–5. doi:10.1177/106002807400801104. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Pai, Manjunath P; Paloucek, Frank P (September 2000). "The Origin of the "Ideal" Body Weight Equations". The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 34 (9): 1066–1069. doi:10.1345/aph.19381. PMID 10981254. 
  8. ↑ Bartlett, Stephen; Marian, Mary; Taren, Douglas; Muramoto, Myra L. (30 November 1997). Geriatric Nutrition Handbook. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 15. ISBN 978-0412136412. 
  9. ↑ Jones, Graham RD (2011). "Estimating Renal Function for Drug Dosing Decisions". The Clinical Biochemist Reviews 32 (2): 81–88. PMID 21611081. 
  10. ↑ van Kraligen, S; van de Garde, EMW; Knibbe, CAJ; Diepstraten, J; Wiezer, MJ; van Ramshorst, B; Dongen, EPA (2011). "Comparative evaluation of atracurium dosed on ideal body weight vs. total body weight in morbidly obese patients". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 71 (1): 34–40. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03803.x. PMID 21143499. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 Walpole, Sarah C et al. (18 June 2012). "The weight of nations: an estimation of adult human biomass". BMC Public Health (BMC Public Health 2012, 12:439) 12 (1): 439. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-439. PMID 22709383. 
  12. ↑ "Afghanistan - STEPS 2018, National Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factors Survey". 2018. p. 40. https://extranet.who.int/ncdsmicrodata/index.php/catalog/782. 
  13. ↑ "Algeria STEPS Survey 2002". 2005. p. 70. https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/steps/STEPS_Report_Algeria.pdf. 
  14. ↑ "Prevalence of noncommunicable disease risk factors in the Republic of Armenia, STEPS National Survey 2016". 2018. p. 167. https://nih.am/assets/pdf/researches/2604c2a887a03ce09072199727916a9a.pdf. 
  15. ↑ "National Health Survey: First results, Body Mass Index, waist circumference, height and weight - Australia". 2018. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/health-conditions-and-risks/national-health-survey-first-results/latest-release. 
  16. ↑ "Azerbaijan State Statistics Committee, 2005". Today.az. 7 May 2005. http://www.today.az/news/society/19273.html. 
  17. ↑ "Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Survey Bangladesh". 2010. p. 120. https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/steps/2010_STEPS_Report_Bangladesh.pdf. 
  18. ↑ Отдел антропологии и экологии Института истории НАН Беларуси (2012-09-21). "Чем отличаются "вчерашние" белорусы от "сегодняшних"?". news.tut.by. https://news.tut.by/society/311809.html. 
  19. ↑ "The Central America Diabetes Initiative (CAMDI), Survey of Diabetes, Hypertension and Chronic Disease Risk Factors". 2011. pp. 25–26,61. https://www.paho.org/hq/dmdocuments/2012/PAHO-CAMDI-English2-2012.pdf. 
  20. ↑ "Rapport final de l'enquête pour la surveillance des facteurs de risque des maladies non transmissibles par l'approche STEPSwise de l'OMS ENQUETE STEPS 2015 au Bénin" (in fr). 2016. p. 90. https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/steps/Benin_2015_STEPS_Report_FR.pdf. 
  21. ↑ "National survey for noncommunicable disease risk factors and mental health using WHO STEPS approach in Bhutan". 2014. p. 103. https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/steps/Bhutan_2014_STEPS_Report.pdf. 
  22. ↑ "Botswana STEPS survey report on non-communicable disease risk factors". 2014. p. 94. https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/steps/STEPS_BOTSWANA_2014_Report_Final.pdf. 
  23. ↑ Do G1, em São Paulo (2010-08-27). "G1 - Metade dos adultos brasileiros está acima do peso, segundo IBGE - notícias em Brasil". G1.globo.com. http://g1.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2010/08/metade-dos-adultos-brasileiros-esta-acima-do-peso-segundo-ibge.html. 
  24. ↑ "The 2nd National Health and Nutritional Status Survey (NHANSS)". 2014. p. 59. http://www.ppkk.gov.bn/Shared%20Documents/DOCUMENT%2013%20(The%20Report%202nd%20Phase%20NHANSS%205-75%20years%20old%20Brunei%20Darussalam).pdf. 
  25. ↑ "Европейско здравно интервю - втора вълна, 2014 година (основни резултати)" (in bg). 2014. p. 10. https://www.nsi.bg/sites/default/files/files/pressreleases/EHIS2014.pdf. 
  26. ↑ "Rapport de L'enquete Nationale sur la prevalence des principaux facteurs de risques communs aux maldies non transmissibles au Burkina Faso" (in fr). 2014. p. 38. https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/steps/BurkinaFaso_2013_STEPS_Report.pdf. 
  27. ↑ "Prevalence of Non-communicable Disease Risk Factors in Cambodia". 2010. p. 157. https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/steps/2010_STEPS_Report_Cambodia.pdf. 
  28. ↑ Kamadjeu, Raoul M; Edwards, Richard; Atanga, Joseph S; Kiawi, Emmanuel C; Unwin, Nigel; Mbanya, Jean-Claude (December 2006). "Anthropometry measures and prevalence of obesity in the urban adult population of Cameroon: an update from the Cameroon Burden of Diabetes Baseline Survey" (in en). BMC Public Health 6 (1): 228. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-6-228. ISSN 1471-2458. PMID 16970806. 
  29. ↑ Shields, Margot; Connor Gorber, Sarah; Janssen, Ian; Tremblay, Mark S. (November 2011). "Bias in self-reported estimates of obesity in Canadian health surveys: an update on correction equations for adults". Health Reports 22 (3): 35–45. ISSN 0840-6529. PMID 22106788. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22106788. 
  30. ↑ Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2009–2010 (p. 81)
  31. ↑ "The Central America Diabetes Initiative (CAMDI), Survey of Diabetes, Hypertension and Chronic Disease Risk Factors". 2011. pp. 25–26,61. https://www.paho.org/hq/dmdocuments/2012/PAHO-CAMDI-English2-2012.pdf. 
  32. ↑ Cífková, Renata; Bruthans, Jan; Wohlfahrt, Peter; Krajčoviechová, Alena; Šulc, Pavel; Jozífová, Marie; Eremiášová, Lenka; Pudil, Jan et al. (2020-05-11). Shimosawa, Tatsuo. ed. "30-year trends in major cardiovascular risk factors in the Czech population, Czech MONICA and Czech post-MONICA, 1985 – 2016/17" (in en). PLOS ONE 15 (5): e0232845. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0232845. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 32392239. Bibcode: 2020PLoSO..1532845C. 
  33. ↑ "Cohort Profile: Estonian Biobank of the Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu". International Journal of Epidemiology 44: 1142. https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/44/4/1137/666872. 
  34. ↑ "Commission européenne, Eurobaromètre EB64.3 - calculs SPF Économie Direction générale Statistique et Information économique". http://statbel.fgov.be/figures/d25_fr.asp. 
  35. ↑ "Non-communicable diseases risk-factor steps survey, Georgia, 2016. Executive summary". https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/steps/STEPS_Georgia_2016_ENG_summary_2016_final.pdf. 
  36. ↑ Statistisches Bundesamt. "Körpermaße nach Altersgruppen und Geschlecht" (in de). Statistisches Bundesamt. https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Gesundheit/Gesundheitszustand-Relevantes-Verhalten/Tabellen/liste-koerpermasse.html#119168. 
  37. ↑ "Summary of RDA for Indians - 2020, p. 7". nin.res.in. https://www.nin.res.in/nutrition2020/RDA_short_report.pdf. 
  38. ↑ "Resultater fra Den nasjonale folkehelseundersøkelsen 2020". p. 7. https://www.fhi.no/globalassets/dokumenterfiler/rapporter/2021/rapport-nhus-2020.pdf. 
  39. ↑ "WHO STEPS Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factor Surveillance, Data Book For Oman". 2017. p. 65. https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/steps/Oman_STEPS_2017_Data_Book.pdf. 
  40. ↑ Non‐Communicable Diseases Risk Factors Survey Pakistan. Pakistan Health Research Council 2016.. 2016. p. 25. ISBN 9789694990088. https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/steps/2014_Pakistan_STEPS_Report.pdf. 
  41. ↑ "Papua New Guinea NCD Risk Factors STEPS Report". February 2014. p. 43. https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/steps/PNG_2007-08_STEPS_Report.pdf. 
  42. ↑ "Chronic Disease Risk Factor Surveillance: Qatar STEPS Report 2012. The Supreme Council of Health. Qatar.". 2013. p. 53. https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/steps/Qatar_2012_STEPwise_Report.pdf. 
  43. ↑ Martinchik, A N; Laikam, K E; Kozyreva, N A; Keshabyants, E E; Mikhailov, N A; Baturin, A K; Smirnova, E A (2021). "Распространение ожирения в различных социально-демографических группах населения России". Вопросы питания 90 (3): 67–76. doi:10.33029/0042-8833-2021-90-3-67-76. PMID 34264558. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34264558/. Retrieved 2022-01-16. "The body weight and height of respondents with a BMI of 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 can be considered as the average normal body weight and height of the adult population in Russia, which amounted to 70.6 kg and 175.4 cm for men, and 60.2 kg and 164 cm for women, respectively.". 
  44. ↑ "Rwanda Non-communicable Diseases Risk Factors Report". 2015. p. 81. https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/steps/Rwanda_2012_STEPS_Report.pdf. 
  45. ↑ "2008 STEPwise Approach to Chronic Disease Risk Factor Survey Report". 2008. https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/steps/2007_Report_StKitts.pdf. 
  46. ↑ "WHO STEPwise Approach to NCD Surveillance, Country‐Specific Standart Report, Saudi Arabia 2005". 2005. p. 40. https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/steps/2005_SaudiArabia_STEPS_Report_EN.pdf. 
  47. ↑ Maksimović, Miloš Ž; Gudelj Rakić, Jelena M.; Vlajinac, Hristina D.; Vasiljević, Nadja D.; Nikić, Marina I.; Marinković, Jelena M. (2016). "Comparison of different anthropometric measures in the adult population in Serbia as indicators of obesity: data from the National Health Survey 2013". Public Health Nutrition 19 (12): 2246–2255. doi:10.1017/S1368980016000161. ISSN 1475-2727. PMID 26865391. 
  48. ↑ "The prevalence of the common risk factors of non-communicable diseases in Sierra Leone". 2009. p. 12, 34. https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/steps/2009_STEPS_Report_SierraLeone.pdf. 
  49. ↑ "Solomon Islands NCD Risk Factors STEPS Report". 2010. p. 43. https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/steps/2006_Solomon_Islands_STEPS_Report.pdf. 
  50. ↑ "시도별 성별 연령별 평균 체중 분포 현황 : 일반" (in Korean). KOSIS – Korean Statistical Information Service. 2021-12-23. https://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=350&tblId=DT_35007_N132. 
  51. ↑ López-Sobaler, Ana M.; Aparicio, Aránzazu; Aranceta-Bartrina, Javier; Gil, Ángel; González-Gross, Marcela; Serra-Majem, Lluis; Varela-Moreiras, Gregorio; Ortega, Rosa M. (2016). "Overweight and General and Abdominal Obesity in a Representative Sample of Spanish Adults: Findings from the ANIBES Study" (in en). BioMed Research International 2016: 1–11. doi:10.1155/2016/8341487. ISSN 2314-6133. PMID 27382572. 
  52. ↑ "Non Communicable Disease Risk Factor Survey Sri Lanka". 2015. p. 81. https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/steps/STEPS-report-2015-Sri-Lanka.pdf. 
  53. ↑ "Sudan STEPwise survey for non-communicable diseases risk factors 2016 report". 2016. p. 73. https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/steps/Sudan_STEPwise_SURVEY_final_2016.pdf. 
  54. ↑ "6 kilo mer man och 4 kilo mer kvinna" (in sv). http://www.scb.se/sv_/Hitta-statistik/Statistik-efter-amne/Levnadsforhallanden/Levnadsforhallanden/Undersokningarna-av-levnadsforhallanden-ULFSILC/12202/2012A02B/Behallare-for-Press/6-kilo-mer-man-och-4-kilo-mer-kvinna/. 
  55. ↑ "Rapport final de l'enquête STEPS Togo 2010, Togo STEPS survey report" (in fr). 2012. p. 61. https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/steps/2010STEPS_Report_Togo_FR.pdf. 
  56. ↑ "Kingdom of Tonga NCD Risk Factors STEPS Report". 2014. p. 122. https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/steps/2012_Tonga_STEPSReport.pdf. 
  57. ↑ "Panamerican STEPS chronic non-communicable disease risk factor survey". 2012. p. 99. https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/steps/TrinidadAndTobago_2011_STEPS_Report.pdf. 
  58. ↑ "National household health survey in Turkey prevalence of noncommunicable disease risk factors 2017". 2018. pp. 28, 78. https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/steps/WHO-Turkey-Risk-Factors-A4_ENG.08_10_2018.pdf. 
  59. ↑ ""Распространненость факторов риска неинфекционных заболеваний в Туркменистане STEPS 2018"" (in ru). 2018. p. 62. https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/steps/Final_Report_Steps_2018_TKM.pdf. 
  60. ↑ "Health Survey for England 2019 Overweight and obesity in adults and children". Nhs.uk. 2010-09-15. https://files.digital.nhs.uk/9D/4195D5/HSE19-Overweight-obesity-rep.pdf. 
  61. ↑ "The Welsh Health Survey 2009, p. 58". Wales.gov.uk. 2010-09-15. http://wales.gov.uk/docs/statistics/2010/100915healthsurvey09en.pdf. 
  62. ↑ "Social and Demographic Characteristics of Households of Ukraine". http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/druk/publicat/kat_u/2020/zb/07/zb_cdhd_20.pdf. 
  63. ↑ "Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults: United States, 2015–2018". https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_03/sr03-046-508.pdf. 
  64. ↑ Data extracted from "The world's fattest countries: how do you compare?". The Daily Telegraph. 21 June 2012. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/earthnews/9345086/The-worlds-fattest-countries-how-do-you-compare.html. 

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