Medicine:Stenosis
| Stenosis | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Stenoses |
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| CT scan of a bronchial stenosis (arrow) that resulted from tracheobronchial injury | |
| Pronunciation | |
Stenosis (from grc στενός (stenós) 'narrow') is the abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure such as foramina and canals. It is also sometimes called a stricture (as in urethral stricture).[3]
Stricture as a term is usually used when narrowing is caused by contraction of smooth muscle (e.g. achalasia, prinzmetal angina); stenosis is usually used when narrowing is caused by lesion that reduces the space of lumen (e.g. atherosclerosis).[4] The term coarctation is another synonym,[5] but is commonly used only in the context of aortic coarctation.[6][7]
Restenosis is the recurrence of stenosis after a procedure.[8]
Examples
Examples of vascular stenotic lesions include:
- Intermittent claudication (peripheral artery stenosis)
- Angina (coronary artery stenosis)
- Carotid artery stenosis which predispose to (strokes and transient ischaemic episodes)[9]
- Renal artery stenosis
Types
In heart valves
The types of stenoses in heart valves are:
- Pulmonary valve stenosis, which is the thickening of the pulmonary valve, therefore causing narrowing
- Mitral valve stenosis, which is the thickening of the mitral valve (of the left heart), therefore causing narrowing
- Tricuspid valve stenosis, which is the thickening of the tricuspid valve (of the right heart), therefore causing narrowing
- Aortic valve stenosis, which is the thickening of the aortic valve, therefore causing narrowing
Elsewhere
Stenoses/strictures of other bodily structures/organs include:
- Pyloric stenosis (gastric outflow obstruction)
- Lumbar, cervical or thoracic spinal stenosis
- Subglottic stenosis (SGS)
- Tracheal stenosis
- Obstructive jaundice (biliary tract stenosis)
- Bowel obstruction
- Phimosis
- Non-communicating hydrocephalus due to aqueductal stenosis
- Stenosing tenosynovitis
- Atherosclerosis
- Esophageal stricture
- Achalasia
- Prinzmetal angina
- Vaginal stenosis
- Meatal stenosis
Causes
- alcohol
- atherosclerosis
- birth defects
- calcification
- diabetes
- headbanging
- iatrogenic
- infection
- inflammation
- ischemia
- neoplasm
- smoking
- ureteral
- urethral
Diagnosis
Stenoses of the vascular type are often associated with unusual blood sounds resulting from turbulent flow over the narrowed blood vessel. This sound can be made audible by a stethoscope, but diagnosis is generally made or confirmed with some form of medical imaging (such as ultrasound).[10]
See also
References
- ↑ OED 2nd edition, 1989, as /stɪˈnəʊsɪs/.
- ↑ "Definition of STENOSIS" (in en). https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stenosis.
- ↑ "Dorlands Medical Dictionary:stenosis". www.mercksource.com. http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/seven/000100588.htm#000100588.
- ↑ "Atherosclerosis - What Is Atherosclerosis?". National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. 24 March 2022. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/atherosclerosis.
- ↑ "coarctation" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
- ↑ "Coarctation of the Aorta (CoA)". American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-defects/coarctation-of-the-aorta-coa.
- ↑ Groenemeijer, B. E.; Bakker, A.; Slis, H. W.; Waalewijn, R. A.; Heijmen, R. H. (July 2008). "An unexpected finding late after repair of coarctation of the aorta". Netherlands Heart Journal 16 (7): 260–263. doi:10.1007/bf03086158. PMID 18711614.
- ↑ Forgos, Richard N. (August 2004). "Restenosis After Angioplasty and Stenting". http://heartdisease.about.com/cs/angioplastystents/a/restenosis.htm.
- ↑ "Carotid Artery Stenosis". 15 March 2021. https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/carotid-artery-stenosis/.
- ↑ Takekawa, Hidehiro; Tsukui, Daisuke; Kobayasi, Saro; Suzuki, Keisuke; Hamaguchi, Hirotoshi (October 2022). "Ultrasound diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis and occlusion". Journal of Medical Ultrasonics 49 (4): 675–687. doi:10.1007/s10396-022-01259-7. PMID 36175716.
External links
- "Tracheal Stenosis Audio and Video". http://homepage.mac.com/changcy/voicebreathing.htm.
- "Symptoms of Urethral Stricture" (in en). 20 May 2011. http://www.uretra.it/sintomi-generici-pazienti/?lang=en.
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