Physics:Quantum speed limit

Short description: Limitation on the minimum time for a quantum system to evolve between two distinguishable states

In quantum mechanics, a quantum speed limit (QSL) is a limitation on the minimum time for a quantum system to evolve between two distinguishable states. QSL are closely related to time-energy uncertainty relations. In 1945, Leonid Mandelstam and Igor Tamm derived a time-energy uncertainty relation that bounds the speed of evolution in terms of the energy dispersion. Over half a century later, Norman Margolus and Lev Levitin showed that the speed of evolution cannot exceed the mean energy, a result known as the Margolus–Levitin theorem. Realistic physical systems in contact with an environment are known as open quantum systems and their evolution is also subject to QSL. Quite remarkably it was shown that environmental effects, such as non-Markovian dynamics can speed up quantum processes, which was verified in a cavity QED experiment.

QSL have been used to explore the limits of computation and complexity. In 2017, QSLs were studied in a quantum oscillator at high temperature. In 2018, it was shown that QSL are not restricted to the quantum domain and that similar bounds hold in classical systems. In 2021, both the Mandelstam-Tamm and the Margolus-Levitin QSL bounds were concurrently tested in a single experiment which indicated there are "two different regimes: one where the Mandelstam-Tamm limit constrains the evolution at all times, and a second where a crossover to the Margolus-Levitin limit occurs at longer times."

Mandelstam-Tamm limit

Let [math]\displaystyle{ ds^2 }[/math] be the Bures metric, defined by[math]\displaystyle{ ds(\rho, \rho+d\rho)^2 = \frac 12 \sum_{jk} \frac{|\langle j|d\rho |k\rangle|^2}{p_j + p_k} }[/math]If a quantum system is evolving under a time-dependent Hamiltonian [math]\displaystyle{ H }[/math], then its velocity according to Bures metric is upper bounded by[math]\displaystyle{ ds \leq \frac{\sigma_H(t)}{\hbar}dt }[/math]where [math]\displaystyle{ \sigma_H(t) }[/math] is the uncertainty in energy at time [math]\displaystyle{ t }[/math].

Two corollaries:

• The time taken to evolve from [math]\displaystyle{ \rho }[/math] to [math]\displaystyle{ \rho' }[/math] is [math]\displaystyle{ \tau \geq \frac{\hbar}{\bar\sigma_H}dist(\rho, \rho') }[/math], where is [math]\displaystyle{ \bar \sigma_H := \frac{1}{\tau}\int_0^\tau \sigma_H(t)dt }[/math] the time-averaged uncertainty in energy.
• The time taken to evolve from one pure state to another pure state orthogonal to it is [math]\displaystyle{ \tau \geq \frac\pi 2 \frac{\hbar}{\bar\sigma_H} }[/math].

Applications

Computation machinery is constructed out of physical matter that follows quantum mechanics, and each operation, if it is to be unambiguous, must be a transition of the system from one state to an orthogonal state. Suppose the computing machinery is a physical system evolving under Hamiltonian that does not change with time. Then according to the Margolus–Levitin theorem, its operations per time per energy obey [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{1/\delta t_{\perp}}{E} \le \frac{1}{\hbar \frac\pi 2} = 6 \times 10^{33} \mathrm{s}^{-1}\cdot \mathrm{J}^{-1}. }[/math] That is, the processing rate of all forms of computation cannot be higher than about 6 × 10³³ operations per second per joule of energy. This includes "classical" computers since even classical computers are still made of matter that follows quantum mechanics.