Chemistry:Sesquioxide
A sesquioxide is an oxide of an element (or radical), where the ratio between the number of atoms of that element and the number of atoms of oxygen is 2:3. For example, aluminium oxide Al
2O
3 and phosphorus(III) oxide P
4O
6 are sesquioxides.
Many sesquioxides contain a metal in the +3 oxidation state and the oxide ion O2−, e.g., aluminium oxide Al
2O
3, lanthanum(III) oxide La
2O
3 and iron(III) oxide Fe
2O
3. Sesquioxides of iron and aluminium are found in soil. The alkali metal sesquioxides are exceptions because they contain both peroxide O2−
2 and superoxide O−
2 ions, e.g., rubidium sesquioxide Rb
4O
6 is formulated (Rb+
)
4(O2−
2)(O−
2)
2.[1] Sesquioxides of metalloids and nonmetals are better formulated as covalent, e.g. boron trioxide B
2O
3, dinitrogen trioxide N
2O
3 and phosphorus(III) oxide P
4O
6; chlorine trioxide Cl
2O
3 and bromine trioxide Br
2O
3 do not have oxidation state +3 on the halogen.
Many transition metal oxides crystallize in the corundum structure type, with space group R3c. Sesquioxides of rare earth elements crystalize into one or more of three crystal structures: hexagonal (type A, space group P3m1), monoclinic (type B, space group C2/m), or body-centered cubic (type C, space group Ia3).[2][3]
Sesquioxidizing, meaning the creation of a sesquioxide, is the highest scoring word that would fit on a Scrabble board,[4] though it does not actually appear in any official Scrabble dictionary.[5] Though the Oxford English Dictionary already listed the noun and the past participle adjective — sesquioxidation and sesquioxidized, respectively — the verb, sesquioxidize, and its conjugated forms, have been absent from the dictionaries used as sources for the official Scrabble word lists. An early appearance of the noted present participle had occurred in the 1860 publication of the State of New York's Legislative Assembly's Transactions of the State Medical Society,[6] yet the word's first appearance in a dictionary was in the 1976 edition of Josepha Heifetz Byrne's Mrs. Byrne's Dictionary of Unusual, Obscure, and Preposterous Words (ISBN:0806504986),[7] One could theoretically score 2044 points in a single move, when otherwise only words from the official Scrabble word list are used.[8]
List of sesquioxides
| H | He | ||||||||||||||||
| Li | Be | B 2O 3 |
C | N 2O 3 |
O | F | Ne | ||||||||||
| Na | Mg | Al 2O 3 |
Si | P 4O 6 |
S | Cl 2O 3 |
Ar | ||||||||||
| K | Ca | Sc 2O 3 |
Ti 2O 3 |
V 2O 3 |
Cr 2O 3 |
Mn 2O 3 |
Fe 2O 3 |
Co 2O 3 |
Ni 2O 3 |
Cu 2O 3 |
Zn | Ga 2O 3 |
Ge | As 2O 3 |
Se | Br 2O 3 |
Kr |
| Rb 4O 6 |
Sr | Y 2O 3 |
Zr | Nb | Mo 2O 3 |
Tc | Ru | Rh 2O 3 |
Pd | Ag | Cd | In 2O 3 |
Sn | Sb 2O 3 |
Te | I | Xe |
| Cs 4O 6 |
Ba | Lu 2O 3 |
Hf | Ta | W 2O 3 |
Re | Os | Ir 2O 3 |
Pt | Au 2O 3 |
Hg | Tl 2O 3 |
Pb 2O 3 |
Bi 2O 3 |
Po | At | Rn |
| Fr | Ra | Lr | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Nh | Fl | Mc | Lv | Ts | Og |
| ↓ | |||||||||||||||||
| La 2O 3 |
Ce 2O 3 |
Pr 2O 3 |
Nd 2O 3 |
Pm 2O 3 |
Sm 2O 3 |
Eu 2O 3 |
Gd 2O 3 |
Tb 2O 3 |
Dy 2O 3 |
Ho 2O 3 |
Er 2O 3 |
Tm 2O 3 |
Yb 2O 3 | ||||
| Ac 2O 3 |
Th | Pa | U | Np 2O 3 |
Pu 2O 3 |
Am 2O 3 |
Cm 2O 3 |
Bk 2O 3 |
Cf 2O 3 |
Es 2O 3 |
Fm | Md | No | ||||
References
- ↑ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
- ↑ Eyring, LeRoy; Holmberg, Bo (1963-01-01). "Ordered Phases and Nonstoichiometry in the Rare Earth Oxide System". Advances in Chemistry. Washington, D. C.: American Chemical Society. pp. 46–57. doi:10.1021/ba-1964-0039.ch004. ISBN 978-0-8412-0040-1.
- ↑ Marezio, M. (1966-11-01). "Refinement of the crystal structure of In2O3 at two wavelengths". Acta Crystallographica (International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)) 20 (6): 723–728. doi:10.1107/s0365110x66001749. ISSN 0365-110X.
- ↑ The Scrabble Omnibus, Gyles Brandreth, ISBN:0-00-218081-2
- ↑ [1], David K. Israel, "Scrabble Word Records", March 22, 2010, accessed March 31, 2018
- ↑ New York State, Legislature, Assembly (1860). Documents of the Assembly of the State of New York, Eighty-third Session. — 1860. Volume IV ; No. 111: Transactions of the State Medical Society, p. 19
- ↑ Keith W. Smith Total scrabble, page 67
- ↑ Record for the Highest Scoring Scrabble Move at scrabulizer.com, accessed 2008-05-30
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