Chemistry:Peroxide
Peroxides are a group of molecules with the structure R–O–O–R, where each R represents a radical (a portion of a complete molecule; not a free radical[1]) and the O's are single oxygen atoms.[2][page needed][3][page needed] Oxygen atoms are joined to each other and to adjacent elements through single covalent bonds, denoted by dashes or lines. The O–O group in a peroxide is often called the peroxide group, though some nomenclature discrepancies exist. This linkage is recognized as a common polyatomic ion, and exists in many molecules.
General structure
Common forms
The most common peroxide is hydrogen peroxide (H
2O
2), colloquially known simply as "peroxide".[4] Many organic peroxides are known as well.
In addition to hydrogen peroxide, some other major classes of peroxides are:
- Peroxy acids, the peroxy derivatives of many familiar acids, examples being peroxymonosulfuric acid and peracetic acid, and their salts, one example of which is potassium peroxydisulfate.
- Main group peroxides, compounds with the linkage E–O–O–E (E = main group element).
Structure and dimensions of H
2O
2 in gas phase. - Metal peroxides, examples being barium peroxide (BaO
2), sodium peroxide (Na
2O
2) and zinc peroxide (ZnO
2). - Organic peroxides, compounds with the linkage C–O–O–C or C–O–O–H. One example is tert-butylhydroperoxide.
Nomenclature
The linkage between the oxygen molecules is known as a peroxy group (sometimes called peroxo group, peroxyl group, of peroxy linkage). The nomenclature of the peroxy group is somewhat variable,[5] and exists as an exception to the rules of naming polyatomic ions. This is because, when it was discovered, it was believed to be monatomic.[6] The term was introduced by Thomas Thomson in 1804 for a compound combined with as much oxygen as possible,[7] or the oxide with the greatest quantity of oxygen.[8]
References
- ↑ "Illustrated Glossary of Organic Chemistry". http://www.chem.ucla.edu/~harding/IGOC/R/r_group.html.
- ↑ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
- ↑ Smith, Michael B.; March, Jerry (2007), Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure (6th ed.), New York: Wiley-Interscience, ISBN 978-0-471-72091-1, https://books.google.com/books?id=JDR-nZpojeEC&printsec=frontcover
- ↑ "Hydrogen Peroxide | Hydrite.com". https://www.hydrite.com/Product/industrial/Hydrogen-Peroxide.htm.
- ↑ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "peroxides". doi:10.1351/goldbook.P04510
- ↑ "Nomenclature". 2004. https://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch2/names.html.
- ↑ Thomson, Thomas (1804). "4" (in English). A System of Chemistry. 1 (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Bell and Bradfute. pp. division 1, page 103.
- ↑ Harper, Douglas.. "Peroxide". https://www.etymonline.com/word/peroxide#:~:text=peroxide%20(n.),effective%20bleaching%20agent%20for%20hair)..
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