External storage
In computing, external storage refers to non-volatile (secondary) data storage outside a computer's own internal hardware, and thus can be readily disconnected and accessed elsewhere. Such storage devices may refer to removable media (e.g. punched paper, magnetic tape, floppy disk and optical disc), compact flash drives (USB flash drive and memory card), portable storage devices (external solid state drive and enclosured hard disk drive), or network-attached storage.[1][2] Web-based cloud storage is the latest technology for external storage.[3][4]
History
Today the term external storage most commonly applies to those storage devices external to a personal computer.[5] The terms refer to any storage external to the computer.
Storage as distinct from memory in the early days of computing was always external to the computer as for example in the punched card devices and media. Today storage devices may be internal or external to a computer system.
In the 1950s, introduction of magnetic tapes and hard disk drives allowed for mass external storage of information, which played the key part of the computer revolution.[6] Initially all external storage, tape and hard disk drives are today available as both internal and external storage.
In the 1964 removable disk media was introduced by the IBM 2310 disk drive with its 2315 cartridge used in IBM 1800 and IBM 1130 computers.[7] Magnetic disk media is today not removable; however disk devices and media such as optical disc drives and optical discs are available both as internal storage and external storage.[8]
Earlier adoption of external storage
As a consequence of rapid development of electronic computers, capability for integration of existing input, output, and storage devices was a determinant factor in their adoption.[8] IBM 650 was a first mass-produced electronic computer that encompassed wide range of existing in technologies for input-output and memory devices, and it also included tape-to-card and card-to-tape conversion units.[8] Earlier "transportable personal storage" was introduced by IBM's 2315 disk cartridges, which were used in IBM 1800 and IBM 1130 computers.[9] Operating systems of the earlier 1960s provided a general-purpose file system for external storage, which included hierarchical directories, symbolic links, and access control to time-sharing mainframe computers.[10] Some of such earlier examples include UNIVAC, MULTICS, and UNIX.[11]
Types of external storage
Paper data storage
Magnetic storage
Optical storage
Optical storage devices have media that use laser light technology for data storage and retrieval.
Compact disc
Types of Compact Discs (CDs) include:
- CD-ROM: (Compact Disc Read Only Memory) It can only be read through the drive. And are usually manufactured by in bulk by a stamp type system.
- CD-R: (Compact Disc Recordable) was invented in the 1990s. Using CD-R, it is possible to write data once on a disc at home without the stamping equipment required for CD-ROMs. These are considered write once, read many disks.
- CD-RW: (Compact Disc Re-Writable) same as the CD-R but can be erased and reused. There is a limit on how many times a CD-RW can be written. Presently this limit is 1,000 times. CD-RW drives are compatible with CD-ROM and CD-R.
DVD
DVD stands for Digital Versatile Disc. Its speed is much faster than CD but not as fast as hard disk. The standard DVD-5 technology has a storage capacity of 4.7 GB per layer; most DVDs have a single layer but up to four layers are specified. Also DVD storage capacity changes with recording format.
Blu-ray
Blu-ray storage capacity is up to 50 gigabytes (or even 100 GB) of data.[12] The Blu-ray Disc (BD) is a digital optical disc format. It was originally created to take the place of the DVD format due to its expanded storage capacity. The name "Blu-ray" is derived from the use of a blue laser that is used to read the disc. This would be in contrast to the red laser used to read DVD Discs.
M-DISC
M-Discs are available as DVD or Blu-ray discs. They are supposed to preserve data up to 1,000 years.
Flash memory
Memory card
Memory cards are flash memory storage media used to store digital information in many electronics products. The types of memory cards include: CompactFlash, PCMCIA, secure digital card, multimedia card, memory stick, etc.
Memory stick
Sony introduced memory stick standard in 1998. Memory stick is an integrated circuit designed to serve as a storage and transfer medium for digital data. It can store data in various form as text, graphics, digital images etc. transfer of data is possible between devices having memory stick slots. Memory sticks are available in various storage sizes ranging from 4 GB to 64 GB. The dimensions of a memory stick are 50 mm long, 21.5 mm wide and 2.8 mm thick (in case of pro format). The transfer speed of memory stick is 160 Mbit/s.
USB drives
A USB flash drive, also variously known as a, thumb drive, pen drive, jump drive, disk key, disk on key, flash-drive, memory stick or USB memory, is a data storage device that includes flash memory with an integrated USB interface.
Solid-state drive
Portable solid-state drive (SSD) is a common solid-state storage device that uses semiconductor cells on integrated circuit assemblies for mass storage. Compared to hard disk drives and similar electromechanical disk storage that use moving physical parts to spin a platter or disc, SSDs are typically more compact, quieter, more resistant to physical shock, and have higher input/output rates, lower latency[13] and less power consumption.
See also
References
- ↑ "External storage systems". IBM. 3 March 2021. https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/flashsystem-9x00/8.2.x?topic=overview-external-storage-systems.
- ↑ Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., ed. (2023), "Storage Basics in Cloud Computing" (in en), Cloud Computing Technology (Singapore: Springer Nature): pp. 197–250, doi:10.1007/978-981-19-3026-3_5, ISBN 978-981-19-3026-3, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3026-3_5, retrieved 2022-12-07
- ↑ Guardiola-Múzquiz, Gorka; Soriano-Salvador, Enrique (2022-12-06). "SealFSv2: combining storage-based and ratcheting for tamper-evident logging" (in en). International Journal of Information Security. doi:10.1007/s10207-022-00643-1. ISSN 1615-5270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10207-022-00643-1.
- ↑ Lin, Yuheng; Wang, Zhiqiang; Zhao, Jinyang; Chen, Ying; Chi, Yaping (2022). Qian, Zhihong; Jabbar, M.A.; Li, Xiaolong. eds. "FSTOR: A Distributed Storage System that Supports Chinese Software and Hardware" (in en). Proceeding of 2021 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Applications. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering (Singapore: Springer Nature): 342–350. doi:10.1007/978-981-19-2456-9_36. ISBN 978-981-19-2456-9. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-19-2456-9_36.
- ↑ "PCMag Encyclopedia external storage". Computer Language Co Inc.. https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/external-storage. "A hard drive, optical disc or solid state drive (SSD) that resides outside of the computer's case"
- ↑ "Timeline of Computer History". Computer History Museum. https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/memory-storage/.
- ↑ "IBM 2315 disk cartridge". https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/1964/#169ebbe2ad45559efbc6eb357200737a.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Blanchette 2011, p. 1050.
- ↑ "IBM 2315 disk cartridge IBM 2315 disk cartridge". https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/1964/#169ebbe2ad45559efbc6eb357200737a.
- ↑ Blanchette 2011, p. 1050-1051.
- ↑ Blanchette 2011, p. 1051.
- ↑ "Blu-ray Disc for Data". Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA). http://www.blu-raydisc.com/en/technical/faqs/blu-raydiscfordata.aspx.
- ↑ Kasavajhala, Vamsee (May 2011). "SSD vs HDD Price and Performance Study, a Dell technical white paper". Dell PowerVault Technical Marketing. http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/products/pvaul/en/ssd_vs_hdd_price_and_performance_study.pdf.
Bibliography
- Blanchette, Jean-François (20 April 2011). "A material history of bits". Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology 62 (6): 1042–1057. doi:10.1002/asi.21542. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/asi.21542.
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