Philosophy:Human rights in Dubai

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Dubai has many workers from foreign countries, who have worked on real estate development projects such as the Dubai Marina.

Human rights in Dubai are based on the Constitution and enacted law, which supposedly promise equitable treatment of all people, regardless of race, nationality or social status, per Article 25 of the Constitution of the United Arab Emirates. Despite this, Freedom House has stated: "Extreme forms of self-censorship are widely practiced, particularly regarding issues such as local politics, culture, religion, or any other subject the government deems politically or culturally sensitive. The Dubai Media Free Zone (DMFZ), an area in which foreign media outlets produce print and broadcast material intended for foreign audiences, is the only arena in which the press operates with relative freedom."[1]

Human rights organizations have complained about violation of human rights in Dubai.[2] Most notably, some of the 250,000 foreign laborers in the city have been alleged to live in conditions charitably described by Human Rights Watch as being "less than humane".[3][4][5] The mistreatment of foreign workers was a subject of the 2009 documentary, Slaves of Dubai.[6]

Foreign workers and labour rights

Construction workers from Asia on top floor of the Angsana Tower

Article 25 of the Constitution of the UAE provides for the equitable treatment of persons with regard to race, nationality, religious beliefs or social status. Foreign laborers in Dubai often live in conditions described by Human Rights Watch as being "less than humane",[4][5] and was the subject of the documentary, Slaves of Dubai.[6] A 2006 NPR report quoted Baya Sayid Mubarak, the Indian consul for labor and welfare in Dubai, as saying: "the city's economic miracle would not be possible without armies of poorly paid construction workers from the Indian sub-continent". The NPR report stated that foreign construction workers lived "eight and ten to a room in labor camps" and that "many are trapped in a cycle of poverty and debt, which amounts to little more than indentured servitude."[7]

BBC News has reported that: "local newspapers often carry stories of construction workers allegedly not being paid for months on end. They are not allowed to move jobs and if they leave the country to go home they will almost certainly lose the money they say they are owed."[8] Additionally, some of the workers have allegedly been forced to give up their passports upon entering Dubai, making it difficult to return home. In September 2005, the Minister of Labour ordered one company to pay unpaid salaries within 24 hours after workers protested and published the name of the offending company.[9]

In December 2005, the Indian consulate in Dubai submitted a report to the Government of India detailing labor problems faced by Indian expatriates in the emirate. The report highlighted delayed payment of wages, substitution of employment contracts, premature termination of services and excessive working hours as being some of the challenges faced by Indian workers in the city.

On 21 March 2006, workers at the construction site of Burj Khalifa, upset over bus timings and working conditions, rioted, damaging cars, offices, computers, and construction tools.[10][11][12][13] The global financial crisis has caused the working class of Dubai to be affected especially badly, with many workers not being paid but also being unable to leave the country.[14]

The city's discriminatory legal system and unequal treatment of foreigners has been brought to light by its attempts to cover up information on the 2007 rape of a 15-year-old French-Swiss national, by three locals, one of whose HIV-positive status was hidden by the authorities for several months;[15] and by the recent mass imprisonment of migrant laborers, most of whom were from Asia, on account of their protests against poor wages and living conditions.[16] Despite protests by Human Rights Watch and several governments, companies allegedly continue to take the passports of workers and refuse to pay promised salaries. These practices have been labeled as "modern slavery" by some organizations.[17] In 2013, a European national by the name of Marte Dalelv, was arrested and jailed on trumped up charges.

In 2012, a workers' camp in Sonapur had their water cut for 20 days and electricity for 10 days, as well as no pay for three months. They were told that they had been forewarned that the lease was about to expire, and their option was to go to the Sharjah camp, which the workers did not want to do because it was "very dirty and [had] a foul smell.[18]

Prior to the mid 2000s, camel owners made use of child jockeys, most of whom were kids kidnapped from other parts of the world. After international outcry, the country decided to slowly put an end to this practice.[19] There are still, however, some violations of this ban.[20]

There are various examples of local folk ill-treating people, just on the basis of nationality or race. In one instance, a local taxi passenger caused a serious injury to a foreign driver. The passenger would not follow the driver's instructions to wear his seatbelt and not eat in taxi, and gave the reason that he was an Emirati (Emiratis being the native population and citizens of the United Arab Emirates).[21]

The problem of stateless people (known as Bidoon) has been around for many years. Many have languished without proper care, even though many of them are natives of the land. These people have not been able to complete their education, secure jobs and have found it hard to marry. A small number of them have been able to acquire UAE nationality or that of Comoros Island.[22][23]

Dubai law

Homosexuality is illegal. The death penalty is one of the punishments for homosexuality. Kissing in some public places is illegal and can result in deportation.[24] Expats in Dubai have been deported for kissing in public.[25][26][27]

Dubai has a modest dress code. The dress code is part of Dubai's criminal law.[28] Sleeveless tops and short dresses are not allowed at Dubai's malls.[29][30] Clothes must be in appropriate lengths.[28] Expats and tourists are not allowed to consume alcohol outside of licensed venues.

Apostasy is a crime punishable by death in the UAE; in practice this has never been applied. UAE incorporates hudud crimes of Sharia law into its Penal Code - apostasy being one of them.[31] Article 1 and Article 66 of UAE's Penal Code requires hudud crimes to be punished with the death penalty,[31][32] therefore apostasy is punishable by death in the UAE.

Non-Muslim expatriates can be liable to Sharia rulings on marriage, divorce and child custody.[33] Emirati women must receive permission from male guardian to marry and remarry.[34] The requirement is derived from Sharia, and has been federal law since 2005.[34] In all emirates, it is illegal for Muslim women to marry non-Muslims.[35] In the UAE, a marriage union between a Muslim woman and non-Muslim man is punishable by law, since it is considered a form of "fornication".[35]

During the month of Ramadan, it is illegal to publicly eat, drink, or smoke between sunrise and sunset. Exceptions are made for pregnant women and children. The law applies to both Muslims and non-Muslims, and failure to comply may result in arrest.[36] In 2008 a Russian woman was put on trial for drinking juice in public during the month of Ramadan.[37]

Sharing a hotel room with the opposite sex is prohibited under Dubai's law unless married or closely related. There is to be no display of public affection. Taking pictures of women without their consent is also prohibited.[38]

Religious freedom

Further information: Freedom of religion in the United Arab Emirates

Islam is the official religion in Dubai. A policy of religious toleration allows non-Muslims to practice their faith in a private residence or official place of worship, or they can petition the government for a land grant and permission to build a religious institution to hold religious services, which may be a slow process.[39]

Thirteen Christian Churches exist,[40] along with facilities for Hindus, Sikhs, and Bahá'ís. Non-Muslim groups are generally allowed to meet and advertise their events, but the law prohibits and punishes proselytizing.[39]

There are no known Jewish places of worship in the UAE, but a synagogue is scheduled to be complete by 2022.[41][42]

Freedom of expression

Further information: Emirates Discussion Forum

Human rights groups have expressed concerns about freedom of expression in Dubai, which is often limited by enacted laws or Ministerial edicts in the name of protecting traditional Islamic morality or the image and reputation of Dubai and its leaders.

In 2007, the Dubai government shut down two Pakistani television channels, Geo News and ARY One. Their entertainment, but not news and political programming, were eventually permitted to broadcast in Dubai.[43] The Dubai Ministry of Culture and Media banned the exhibition of a play, "Kholkhal", just hours before it was scheduled to be performed at the 8th annual Gulf Theater Festival.[43] While journalists can no longer be jailed for doing their job, other legal actions can be taken against them. Several members of the Dubai press remain on a government list as being banned from being published within the Emirate. There is also reportedly a degree of self-censorship that occurs, for fear of governmental sanctions, of certain topics that are critical of government policy, the royal family, or may offend traditional Islamic morality.[43]

In July 2013, a video was uploaded onto YouTube, which depicted a local driver hitting an expatriate worker, following a road related incident. Using part of his local head gear, the local driver whips the expatriate and also pushes him around, before other passers-by intervene. A few days later, Dubai Police announced that both the local driver and the person who filmed the video have been arrested. It was also revealed that the local driver was a senior UAE government official.[44] The video once again brings into question the way that lower classes of foreign workers are treated. Police in November 2013 also arrested a US citizen and some UAE citizens, in connection with a YouTube parody video which allegedly portrayed Dubai and its youth in a bad light.[45] The video was shot in areas of Satwa, Dubai and featured gangs learning how to fight each other using simple weapons, including shoes, the aghal, etc. Eventually, the US citizen was released; in a later interview with the BBC, the Sheikh of Dubai, Sheikh Mohammad mentioned that his treatment was unfair.[46]

The Expo 2020 Dubai was cited as being used by the government as a front to clean the country’s public image on the global platform in October 2021. The Human Right Watch called out the systematic violation of human rights committed by the Emirate. As per the report by HRW, critics of the government and human rights activists have been a constant target of the government and have been arrested and tortured in prisons, especially since 2015. Expo 2020 postponed to 2021 following the Covid-19 pandemic was organized to be held from October 1, 2021 to March 31, 2022, with a theme of “Connecting Minds, Creating the Future.” In September 2021, the European Parliament in condemnation of the UAE government’s repeated abuse of human rights pushed participating states to avoid taking part in the Expo.[47]

A Citizen Lab report following the forensic analysis of the smartphones owned by Jamal Khashoggi’s wife, Hanan Elatr, in December 2021 revealed that her devices were infected by spyware in April 2018. Hanan was detained as soon as she landed at the Dubai airport and interrogated for hours by the authorities. Her Android phones confiscated during interrogation were amongst other things like her laptop and passwords, which was infected with Israeli NSO Group spyware application, Pegasus, by the authorities to further spy on her in the months that followed. Allegedly, she was hacked exactly a few months before Khashoggi was murdered at the Saudi Arabian consulate in Istanbul, Turkey. Khashoggi, a renowned journalist at The Washington Post who wrote critical articles about the Saudi regime and its leadership, was murdered in October 2018, a few months after the reported hacking and spying of his wife.[48]

The 2007 censorship of two Pakistani satellite channels

On 16 November 2007 Tecom stopped broadcast of two major Pakistan i satellite news channels, uplinked from Dubai Media City, which was initially marketed by Tecom under the tagline "Freedom to Create." The Dubai government had ordered Tecom to shut down the popular independent Pakistani news channels Geo News and ARY One World on the demand of Pakistan's military regime led by General Pervez Musharraf. This was implemented by du Samacom disabling their SDI & ASI streams. Later, policy makers in Dubai permitted these channels to air their entertainment programs, but news, current affairs and political analysis were forbidden. Although subsequently the conditions were removed, marked differences have since been observed in their coverage. This incident has had a serious impact on all organizations in the media city with Geo TV and ARY OneWorld considering relocation.[49][50][51]

Zero tolerance drug policy

Drugs found in urine or blood testing count as "possession" under UAE law. Raymond Bingham, BBC's DJ Grooverider, was sentenced to four years in prison after a pair of jeans in his luggage was found to contain just over 2 grams of marijuana.[52] The Dubai authorities have been known to stop tourists on layovers at the airport and are now using extremely sensitive electronic detection equipment, including urine and blood screening, to search for traces of illegal substances. Keith Brown, a British national, was arrested on September 17, 2007 after authorities claim to have discovered a speck of cannabis on the bottom of one of his shoes. He has also been sentenced to four years in prison. Other tourists and residents have been sentenced to execution for selling cannabis.[53] However, there are no reports of anyone being executed in the UAE for solely drug offences, unlike neighboring Saudi Arabia. Another UK citizen, Tracy Wilkinson, was arrested and accused of being a "drugs baroness" in 2005 after authorities found codeine in her blood.[54] Wilkinson has a bad back and received an injection of codeine at a Dubai hospital. She ended up spending two months in a cell where she contracted dysentery, head lice and an infestation of fleas before she was eventually released on bail. German television producer Cat Le-Huy was arrested in January 2008 for possessing a bottle of the over-the-counter hormone sleep aid Melatonin.[55] Authorities claimed that some dirt in Mr. Le-Huy's luggage was hashish. A Vancouver resident named Bert Tatham was arrested at Dubai International Airport returning home from Afghanistan (where he was working with farmers to try to convince them not to grow poppies). The anti-narcotics officer was found to have two dead poppy bulbs and a tiny amount of hashish melted into the seams of one of his trouser pockets.[56] After spending more than 10 months in prison, he was eventually pardoned by U.A.E. President Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan.

Women's rights

Further information: Women in the United Arab Emirates

In 2006, less than 20% of Emirati women were part of the national labor force.[57] UAE has the second lowest percentage of local women working in the GCC.[58] In 2008–2009, only 21% of Emirati women were part of the labor force.[58] UAE has the highest percentage of total female labor participation in the GCC (including expatriate women). However, Kuwait has the highest percentage of local female labor participation in the GCC because more than 45% of Kuwaiti women are part of the national labor force.[58] 80% of women in UAE are classified as household workers (maids).[59]

The UAE's judicial system is derived from the civil law system and Sharia law. The court system consists of civil courts and Sharia courts. According to Human Rights Watch, UAE's civil and criminal courts apply elements of Sharia law, codified into its criminal code and family law, in a way which discriminates against women.[60]

In June 2019, Princess Haya bint Hussein, the 45-year-old wife of Dubai's ruler Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, reportedly fled from the royal family to Germany seeking political asylum, for an undisclosed reason.[61] In July 2019, The Telegraph reported Sheikh Rashid Al Maktoum was fighting a divorce case in London. This is the third case in recent years of a close relative of Sheikh Mohammed escaping the royal family. Two of Sheikh Mohammed's daughters from another wife, Sheikha Latifa bint Mohammed Al Maktoum and Shamsa Al Maktoum, attempted an escape, with the former fleeing due to alleged abuse and house arrest at the royal palace.[62]

After being last seen in a 16 February 2021 leaked video where Princess Latifa claimed of being held hostage by her father and Dubai’s ruler Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, a photo of her surfaced online in May 2021 from a shopping mall with two women. Sources later claimed that the women who posted regarding the night out with the princess were ‘paid’ to do so. A total of three photographs emerged on social media showing Latifa at a restaurant called Bice Mare, as per the location tagged on social media. The United Nations human rights office had been demanding proof of her life from the UAE rulers since her disappearance and surfacing of the February 2021 video. According to the Dubai's law a husband is also permitted to beat his children and wife. [63] [64]

Rape victims

Rape victims are at risk of punishment for other “crimes” in Dubai.[65][66][67] In a small number of cases, the courts of the UAE have jailed women after they reported being raped and it was proven that the accusations were false.[68][69] A British woman, after she reported being gang raped by three men, was fined AED 1000 after confessing to consuming alcohol without a license;[66][69] her attackers are currently serving ten years in prison.[70] Another British woman was charged with public intoxication and extramarital sex (with her fiancé, not the accused) after she reported being raped;[68][69] in one final case, an 18-year-old Emirati woman withdrew her complaint of gang rape inside a car by 6 men when faced with a flogging and jail term."U.A.E. Woman Withdraws Gang-Rape Claim to Avoid Lashes, Prison Sentence". Bloomberg. 7 June 2010. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-06-07/u-a-e-woman-withdraws-gang-rape-claim-to-avoid-lashes-prison-sentence.html.  The woman served one year in jail for having consensual sex outside marriage with one of the men on a separate occasion.[71]

In July 2013, a Norwegian woman, Marte Dalelv, reported rape to the police and received a prison sentence for "illicit sex and alcohol consumption"[68] she was subsequently pardoned.[72] The Emirates Center for Human Rights expressed concern over Dubai's treatment of rape victims.

LGBT rights

Further information: LGBT rights in the United Arab Emirates

Both Federal and Emirate law prohibit homosexuality and cross-dressing with punishment ranging from death, life in prison, floggings,[73] fines, deportation, chemical castration,[74][75] forced psychological treatments,[76] honor killings,[77] vigilante executions,[78][79] beatings,[80][81] forced anal examinations,[82] forced hormone injections,[83] and torture.[80][84]

Prostitution

Prostitution in Dubai is illegal but still exists. Dubai is considered to have the most popular sex industry out of the UAE.[85] Prostitution starts with pimps luring women from different parts of the world, like Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, East Africa, Iraq, Iran, and Morocco.[86] Pimps tell them they are going to be maids and then force them into prostitution. Each family is allowed a certain number of visas in order to hire foreign workers and the 'extra' foreign workers not needed by the family are sold to a middle man. Women have their passports taken away after they reach Dubai. It was reported that there were over 25,000 foreign prostitutes in the country. Women cannot report being forced into prostitution to the police because they would be arrested for engaging in illegal sex acts. In some cases, there are minors involved in the prostitution rings.[86] In 2007, a news report reported that a total of 170 prostitutes were arrested, along with 12 pimps and 65 clients most of whom were from China.[85]

Forced disappearances and torture

UAE has escaped the Arab Spring; however, more than 100 Emirati activists were jailed and tortured because they sought reforms.[87][88] Since 2011, the UAE government has increasingly carried out forced disappearances.[89][90][91][92][93][94] Many foreign nationals and Emirati citizens have been arrested and abducted by the state, the UAE government denies these people are being held (to conceal their whereabouts), placing these people outside the protection of the law.[88][91][95] According to Human Rights Watch, the reports of forced disappearance and torture in the UAE are of grave concern.[89]

The Arab Organisation of Human Rights has obtained testimonies from many defendants, for its report on "Forced Disappearance and Torture in the UAE", who reported that they had been kidnapped, tortured and abused in detention centres.[91][95] The report included 16 different methods of torture including severe beatings, threats with electrocution and denying access to medical care.[91][95]

In 2013, 94 Emirati activists were held in secret detention centres and put on trial for allegedly attempting to overthrow the government.[96] Human rights organizations have spoken out against the secrecy of the trial. An Emirati, whose father is among the defendants, was arrested for tweeting about the trial. In April 2013, he was sentenced to 10 months in jail.[97]

Repressive measures were also used against people in order to justify the UAE government's claim that there is an "international plot" in which UAE citizens and foreigners were working together to destabilize the country.[95] Foreign nationals were also subjected to a campaign of deportations.[95] There are many documented cases of Egyptians and other foreign nationals who had spent years working in the UAE and were then given only a few days to leave the country.[95]

Foreign nationals subjected to forced disappearance include two Libyans[98] and two Qataris.[95][99] Amnesty reported that the Qatari men have been abducted by the UAE government and the UAE government has withheld information about the men's fate from their families.[95][99] Amongst the foreign nationals detained, imprisoned and expelled is Iyad El-Baghdadi, a popular blogger and Twitter personality.[95] He was arrested by UAE authorities, detained, imprisoned and then expelled from the country.[95] Despite his lifetime residence in the UAE, as a Palestinian citizen, El-Baghdadi had no recourse to contest this order.[95] He could not be deported back to the Palestinian territories, therefore he was deported to Malaysia.[95]

In 2012, Dubai police subjected three British citizens to beatings and electric shocks after arresting them on drugs charges.[100] The British Prime Minister, David Cameron, expressed "concern" over the case and raised it with the UAE President, Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, during his 2013 state visit to the UK.[101] The three men were pardoned and released in July 2013.[102]

In April 2009, a video tape of torture smuggled out of the UAE showed Sheikh Issa bin Zayed Al Nahyan torturing a man with whips, electric cattle prods, wooden planks with protruding nails and running him over repeatedly with a car.[103] In December 2009 Issa appeared in court and proclaimed his innocence.[104] The trial ended on 10 January 2010, when Issa was cleared of the torture of Mohammed Shah Poor.[105] Human Rights Watch criticised the trial and called on the government to establish an independent body to investigate allegations of abuse by UAE security personnel and other persons of authority.[106] The US State Department has expressed concern over the verdict and said all members of Emirati society "must stand equal before the law" and called for a careful review of the decision to ensure that the demands of justice are fully met in this case.[107]

See also

  • LGBT rights in United Arab Emirates
  • Human Rights
  • Labor rights

References

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  2. ↑ Murphy, Brian (22 July 2013). "Dubai Pardons Woman at Center of Rape Dispute". The Seattle Times. Associated Press. https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/dubai-pardons-woman-at-center-of-rape-dispute/. 
  3. ↑ "Building Towers, Cheating Workers: Exploitation of Migrant Construction Workers in the United Arab Emirates". Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/uae1106/. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "UAE to allow construction unions". BBC News. 30 March 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4861540.stm. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Dubai fire investigation launched". BBC News. 19 January 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6277613.stm. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Slaves of Dubai documentary". VICE. 2009. https://documentary.net/video/slaves-of-dubai/. 
  7. ↑ "Dubai Economic Boom Comes at a Price for Workers". Morning Edition (NPR). 8 March 2006. https://www.npr.org/transcripts/5250718. 
  8. ↑ Wheeler, Julia (27 September 2004). "Workers' safety queried in Dubai". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3694894.stm. 
  9. ↑ Menon, Sunita; Hadid, Diaa (20 September 2005). "Ministry cracks the whip". Gulf News. http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/05/09/20/182637.html. 
  10. ↑ "Labour unrest hampers Burj Dubai work". Khaleej Times. Associated Press. 22 March 2006. https://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20060322/ARTICLE/303229921/1002. 
  11. ↑ Riyasbabu; Al Baik, Eman (24 March 2006). "Burj Dubai workers who protested may be sued". Khaleej Times. https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/general/burj-dubai-workers-who-protested-may-be-sued. 
  12. ↑ Labour in the UAE Gulf News
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  14. ↑ Hari, Johann (7 April 2009). "The dark side of Dubai". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/johann-hari/the-dark-side-of-dubai-1664368.html. 
  15. ↑ Cambanis, Thanassis (1 November 2007). "In Rape Case, a French Youth Takes On Dubai". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/01/world/middleeast/01dubai.html. 
  16. ↑ Fareed, M.A.R. (2 November 2007). "Indian workers strike for better deal". The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Indian-workers-strike-for-better-deal/articleshow/2510594.cms. 
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  21. ↑ "Man jailed for beating driver who asked him to use seat belt". Gulf News. 16 August 2015. http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/courts/man-jailed-for-beating-driver-who-asked-him-to-use-seat-belt-1.1567599. 
  22. ↑ "Citizenship hope for UAE's stateless" (in en). The National. http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/citizenship-hope-for-uaes-stateless. 
  23. ↑ "Sheikh Khalifa grants UAE citizenship to 500 children of Emirati mothers" (in en). The National. http://www.thenational.ae/uae/government/sheikh-khalifa-grants-uae-citizenship-to-500-children-of-emirati-mothers. 
  24. ↑ "Public kissing can lead to deportation". The National. 7 July 2008. https://www.thenational.ae/uae/public-kissing-can-lead-to-deportation-1.233748. 
  25. ↑ "Women get jail and deportation for kissing on Dubai public beach". Gulf News. 25 May 2008. http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/crime/women-get-jail-and-deportation-for-kissing-on-dubai-public-beach-1.106824. 
  26. ↑ "Dubai kissing Britons lose appeal". BBC. 4 April 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8602449.stm. 
  27. ↑ "Dubai kiss man recalls jail shock". BBC. 5 July 2010. https://www.bbc.com/news/10507147. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 "Know more about the Criminal Law of Dubai". 23 October 2012. http://www.lawyersuae.com/court-cases/criminal-law-of-dubai. 
  29. ↑ "Dubai Mall dress code". http://www.alceis.com/sites/default/files/images/dress%20code%20mall.jpg. 
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  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Butti Sultan Butti Ali Al-Muhairi (1996), The Islamisation of Laws in the UAE: The Case of the Penal Code, Arab Law Quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 4 (1996), pp. 350-371
  32. ↑ Al-Muhairi (1997), Conclusion to the Series of Articles on the UAE Penal Law. Arab Law Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 4
  33. ↑ "Britons 'liable to Sharia divorces' in UAE". BBC News. 4 August 2014. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-28638553. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "Divorcees, widows concerned about receiving 'permission' before remarrying". 6 August 2014. https://www.thenational.ae/uae/divorcees-widows-concerned-about-receiving-permission-before-remarrying-1.341200. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "United Arab Emirates". 31 October 2009. http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2009/127360.htm. 
  36. ↑ Riazat Butt (31 July 2011). "Britons warned to respect Ramadan while holidaying in Dubai". The Guardian (London, UK). OCLC 60623878. https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/jul/31/dubai-tourists-must-respect-ramadan. 
  37. ↑ "Russian woman put on jail in Dubai for drinking juice in public", Pravda, 23 September 2008, http://english.pravda.ru/society/stories/23-09-2008/106429-dubai-0 
  38. ↑ "Ten things you can't do in Dubai". BBC. 19 August 2016. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-37131490. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 "United Arab Emirates" (in en-US). U.S. Department of State. https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2002/14017.htm. 
  40. ↑ "Places of Worship | Churches Directory" (in en-US). Expat Echo Dubai. http://www.expatechodubai.com/new-to-dubai/places-of-worship-directory/. 
  41. ↑ "UAE's first official synagogue to be complete by 2022". https://www.dw.com/en/uaes-first-official-synagogue-to-be-complete-by-2022/a-50537493. 
  42. ↑ "A tolerant UAE is welcoming Jews into the country". https://gulfnews.com/uae/a-tolerant-uae-is-welcoming-jews-into-the-country-1.1574598576257. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 "United Arab Emirates: Freedom of expression is missing despite a decision banning imprisonment for press crimes". http://www.anhri.net/en/reports/2007/pr1127.shtml. 
  44. ↑ "Senior UAE official arrested over driver attack" (in en). Arabian Business. http://www.arabianbusiness.com/senior-uae-official-arrested-over-driver-attack-509289.html. 
  45. ↑ "Three held for parody video on Satwa streets". Khaleej Times. http://www.khaleejtimes.com/kt-article-display-1.asp?xfile=data/crime/2013/December/crime_December24.xml&section=crime. 
  46. ↑ "Dubai Ruler speaks to BBC about UAE's legal system, Syria and Egypt" (in en). The National. http://www.thenational.ae/uae/government/dubai-ruler-speaks-to-bbc-about-uaes-legal-system-syria-and-egypt. 
  47. ↑ "UAE: Tolerance Narrative a Sham". October 2021. https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/10/01/uae-tolerance-narrative-sham-0. Retrieved 1 October 2021. 
  48. ↑ "A UAE agency put Pegasus spyware on phone of Jamal Khashoggi's wife months before his murder, new forensics show". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/interactive/2021/hanan-elatr-phone-pegasus/. Retrieved 21 December 2021. 
  49. ↑ Gulf News - Pakistani TV channels may move out of Dubai Media City
  50. ↑ Gulf News - Geo TV also plans to move out of Dubai
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  52. ↑ "Radio 1 DJ jailed on drug charge". BBC News. 19 February 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7253514.stm. 
  53. ↑ Briton faces execution after UAE drugs bust, Yahoo News
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  55. ↑ Amol Rajan (22 February 2008). "TV executive faces jail in Dubai for barely visible cannabis speck". The Independent (London). https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/tv-executive-faces-jail-in-dubai-for-barely-visible-cannabis-speck-785595.html. 
  56. ↑ "AOL Canada: Canadian jailed in drug case in Dubai is pardoned by ruler of the emirate". http://money.aol.ca/article/uae-canadian-pardoned-2nd-writethru-bgt/101850/. 
  57. ↑ The Emirati Workforce Page 30
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 Kuwait: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix. 2012. pp. 43. ISBN 9781475527414. https://books.google.com/books?id=BfZR8SNg0bwC&pg=PA43. 
  59. ↑ Glass, Amy. "Working women contribute US$3.4bn to the UAE’s economy" . Arabian Business (December 2007).
  60. ↑ Elizabeth Roberts (15 February 2016). "Human Rights Watch warns expat women about the UAE". The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/news/human-rights-watch-warns-expat-women-about-the-uae/. 
  61. ↑ "Dubai's ruler battles wife in UK court after she fled emirate". The Guardian. July 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/01/dubais-ruler-battles-wife-in-uk-court-after-she-fled-emirate. 
  62. ↑ Ensor, Josie; Dixon, Hayley (3 July 2019). "Dubai's Princess Haya battles billionaire ruler husband in UK High Court". The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/07/03/dubais-princess-haya-flees-uk-learning-disturbing-facts-return/. 
  63. ↑ "Dubai Princess Latifa: 'I'm a hostage'". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-middle-east-56084768. Retrieved 16 February 2021. 
  64. ↑ "Women who posted about nights out with Princess Latifa on social media 'were ordered to do so'". https://uk.movies.yahoo.com/women-posted-nights-princess-latifa-090702513.html?guccounter=1. Retrieved 29 May 2021. 
  65. ↑ "Dubai's Progressive Charade". The Daily Beast. http://www.thedailybeast.com/witw/articles/2013/07/30/dubai-s-progressive-charade.html. 
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 "Gang-rape victim in Dubai arrested for drinking alcohol: report". New York Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/dubai-rape-vic-arrested-drinking-article-1.1214682. 
  67. ↑ "Alleged victim of gang rape sentenced to one year in prison". 17 June 2010. https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/babylonbeyond/2010/06/the-court-in-abu-dhabi-ruled-today-that-the-18-year-old-emirati-woman-who-accused-six-men-of-gang-rape-will-serve-a-one-year.html. 
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 "Dubai ruler pardons Norwegian woman convicted after she reported rape". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/22/world/meast/uae-norway-rape-controversy/index.html. 
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 Amena Bakr (21 July 2013). "Woman jailed in Dubai after reporting rape hopes to warn others". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-emirates-courts-norway-idUSBRE96K0AK20130721. 
  70. ↑ "Dubai men who raped Briton sentenced to 10-year jail terms" (in en). The National. http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/courts/dubai-men-who-raped-briton-sentenced-to-10-year-jail-terms. 
  71. ↑ "Court jails Emirati woman in gang rape case". Arabian Business. https://www.arabianbusiness.com/court-jails-emirati-woman-in-gang-rape-case-290257.html. 
  72. ↑ "Facts behind the headlines of the Marte Deborah Dalelv Dubai sex case" (in en). The National. http://www.thenational.ae/uae/courts/facts-behind-the-headlines-of-the-marte-deborah-dalelv-dubai-sex-case. 
  73. ↑ Guzman, Chaveli (2018-06-26). "Nader Tabsh: From suppressing his sexuality to living unapologetically" (in en-US). https://www.usforacle.com/2018/06/26/nader-tabsh-from-suppressing-his-sexuality-to-living-unapologetically/. 
  74. ↑ "REPORT: 30 GAYS ARRESTED AT DUBAI PARTY". 18 March 2012. https://www.mambaonline.com/2012/03/18/report-30-gays-arrested-at-dubai-party/. 
  75. ↑ Bollinger, Alex (17 August 2019). "The 1975's lead singer kissed a man on stage in Dubai to protest anti-gay laws". https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2019/08/1975s-lead-singer-kissed-man-stage-dubai-protest-anti-gay-laws/. 
  76. ↑ "United Arab Emirates - Executive Summary". https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/186665.pdf. 
  77. ↑ "REPORT: 30 GAYS ARRESTED AT DUBAI PARTY" (in en-US). 2012-03-18. https://www.mambaonline.com/2012/03/18/report-30-gays-arrested-at-dubai-party/. 
  78. ↑ Woodcock, Zara (2020-05-10). "Matt Healy feels 'irresponsible' after kissing male fan at Dubai concert" (in en). https://metro.co.uk/2020/05/10/1975s-matt-healy-feels-pretty-irresponsible-kissing-male-fan-dubai-concert-12682673/. 
  79. ↑ "Pride at ESUC" (in en-US). 2021-06-02. https://esuc.org/pride-at-esuc/. 
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 Mendos, Lucas Ramón (2019). "State-Sponsored Homophobia 13 Edition". https://ilga.org/downloads/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2019.pdf. 
  81. ↑ Duffy, Nick (22 December 2015). "Judge blocks extradition of gay British man to UAE, where gays can face death penalty". PinkNews. https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2015/12/22/judge-blocks-extradition-of-gay-british-man-to-uae-where-gays-can-face-death-penalty/. 
  82. ↑ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Together, Apart: Organizing around Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Worldwide" (in en). https://www.refworld.org/docid/4a30b4f42.html. 
  83. ↑ Douglas, Benji (2012-09-14). "Gays In The United Arab Emirates Face Flogging, Hormone Injections, Prison". https://www.queerty.com/gays-in-the-united-arab-emirates-face-flogging-hormone-injections-prison-20120914. 
  84. ↑ Duffy, Nick (2015-12-22). "Judge blocks extradition of gay British man to UAE, where gays can face death penalty". https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2015/12/22/judge-blocks-extradition-of-gay-british-man-to-uae-where-gays-can-face-death-penalty/. 
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  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 Nicholas Cooper (2013). "City of Gold, City of Slaves: Slavery and Indentured Servitude in Dubai". Journal of Strategic Security 6 (3): 65–71. doi:10.5038/1944-0472.6.3S.7. ISSN 1944-0464. 
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  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 "UAE: Enforced Disappearance and Torture". 14 September 2012. https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/09/14/uae-enforced-disappearance-and-torture. 
  90. ↑ "Silencing dissent in the UAE". Amnesty International. pp. 16–29 & 35–45. https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde25/018/2014/en/. 
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  92. ↑ "UAE: Enforced Disappearances Continue". http://www.ic4jhr.net/en/activites/statements/19-uae-enforced-disappearances-continue.html. 
  93. ↑ "Emirates Center for Human Rights". http://www.echr.org.uk/en?p=1214. 
  94. ↑ "UAE must reveal whereabouts of 'disappeared' Libyans and Emiratis: HRW". Middle East Eye. http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/uae-must-reveal-whereabouts-disappeared-libyans-and-emiratis-hrw. 
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