Software:Battlefield 1

From HandWiki
Revision as of 15:33, 9 February 2024 by Scavis2 (talk | contribs) (correction)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Short description: 2016 first-person shooter video game
Battlefield 1
Battlefield 1 cover art.jpg
Developer(s)DICE[lower-alpha 1]
Publisher(s)Electronic Arts
Director(s)
  • Stefan Strandberg
  • Eric Holmes
Producer(s)
  • Aleksander Svendsen Grøndal
  • Andreas Morell
  • Jamie Keen
Designer(s)
  • Lars Gustavsson
  • Alan Kertz
  • Fia Tjernberg
  • Daniel Berlin
Programmer(s)Vidar Nygren
Artist(s)Gustav Tilleby
Writer(s)
  • Christofer Emgård
  • Mikael Säker
  • Steven Hall
Composer(s)
  • Patrik Andrén
  • Johan Söderqvist
SeriesBattlefield
EngineFrostbite 3
Platform(s)
ReleaseOctober 21, 2016
Genre(s)First-person shooter
Mode(s)Single-player, multiplayer

Battlefield 1 is a first-person shooter game developed by DICE and published by Electronic Arts. It is the tenth installment in the Battlefield series[1] and the first main entry in the series since Battlefield 4 in 2013.[2] It was released for PlayStation 4, Windows, and Xbox One in October 2016.

Battlefield 1 received positive reviews from critics, who saw it as an improvement over the series' previous installments, Battlefield 4 and Battlefield Hardline. Most of the praise was directed towards its World War I setting, single-player campaigns, multiplayer modes, visuals, and sound design. The game was a commercial success, selling over 15 million copies,[3][4] and was followed by Battlefield V in 2018.[5]

Gameplay

Similar to its predecessors, Battlefield 1 is a first-person shooter game that emphasizes teamwork. It is set in the period of World War I, and is inspired by historical events. Players can make use of World War I weapons, including bolt-action rifles, submachine guns, automatic and semi-automatic rifles, artillery, flamethrowers, and poison gas to combat opponents.[6][7][8][9] Melee combat was reworked, with DICE introducing new melee weapons such as sabres, trench clubs, and shovels into the game. These melee weapons were divided into three groups: heavy, medium and light.[10] Players can also take control of various armored vehicles, including light and heavy tanks, armored trucks, cars, torpedo boats, bi- and tri-plane aircraft, an armored train, reconnaissance vehicles, a dreadnought and an M-class zeppelin, as well as ride horses into battle.[11] Destructible environments and weapon customization, features present in the previous games, returned in Battlefield 1 and are more dynamic.[12]

The game's world designer, Daniel Berlin, said the campaign mode has larger and more open environments than those in previous installments in the franchise, with more options and choices in terms of paths to completing levels and how to approach combat.[13] Players can control several characters in the campaign. If the player dies in the prologue, they will then take control of another soldier and role instead of reloading from a checkpoint. These roles can range from tank gunner to rifleman. Unlike its predecessors, the game features a collection of war stories, similar to an anthology.[14]

The game's multiplayer mode supports up to 64 players.[15] The new squad system allows a group of players to enter and leave game servers together.[8] According to Berlin, playing without joining a squad would make gameplay significantly more difficult.[16] Multiplayer maps are based on several fronts of WWI around the world, including the Middle East, the Western Front, Gallipoli, and the Alps.[17] Further expansions introduced the Eastern Front and Russian Civil War, as well as naval battles in the North Sea. The game launched with nine maps and six modes, which include Conquest, Domination, Operations, Rush, Team Deathmatch, and War Pigeons, a mode in which players must secure war pigeons and use them to call for an artillery strike.[18]

Multiplayer modes

Battlefield 1's multiplayer mode features numerous game types seen in previous entries in the franchise, as well as new modes;

  • Conquest: One of the standard game modes in the Battlefield series. Teams capture objectives across the map, earning points based on the number of objectives they hold. If a team is suffering from a major point deficit, a Behemoth-class vehicle (such as a Zeppelin L 30, an armoured train, a Dreadnought, or a Char 2C) becomes available for their use.
  • Domination: a version of Conquest with a smaller map and fewer control points.
  • Rush: another standard game mode in the series, played between a defending and attacking team. An attacking team with a limited number of respawns must attempt to plant bombs in two telegraph stations located within a sector of the map, while the defending team must protect the stations and defuse planted bombs before they explode. If the attackers are successful, their respawns are replenished and the defending team falls back to the next sector. The game ends if the defending team exhausts the attackers' respawn tickets, or the attacking team captures the final telegraph stations. Unlike Rush modes in previous Battlefield games, the telegraph stations can also be used to call for artillery fire against the attackers.
  • Operations: A new mode which takes place across multiple maps to simulate a campaign from the war. An attacking team controls a battalion with limited respawn tickets; similarly to Rush, they must progress across sectors of a map by capturing their control points. If the attacking team exhausts their tickets, they lose one of their three battalions, and must try again. If the attackers are successful, the teams move onto a different map. The attacking team wins if they successfully clear all maps without running out of battalions, while the defenders win if they eliminate all three of their opponents' battalions. The attacking team can be granted a Behemoth vehicle if they lose a battalion.[19] Conversely, if the defending team is losing too rapidly, they will be granted a behemoth to even the odds.
  • Team Deathmatch: a standard game in which teams compete to reach a target number of kills, or the highest number of kills before time expires.
  • War Pigeons: a new, capture the flag-like mode in which two teams must attempt to capture a messenger pigeon used to signal artillery fire. After the pigeon is captured, the player must be defended while they prepare the message to be sent, and the pigeon must be released outside. However, the opposing team can still shoot down the pigeon. The first team to successfully release 3 pigeons wins the game.
  • Frontlines: A new mode added in the They Shall Not Pass DLC, described as a "tug of war" combining aspects of Operations and Rush. A map contains five control points along a linear path connecting the bases of the two teams. Beginning at the centre of the map, a team must progress towards their opponents' base by capturing each successive control point. If the point is captured by the opposing team instead, they are pushed back towards their own territory. If a team reaches their opponent's base, they must then destroy the two telegraph stations within to win the game. As in Rush, the defending team can use the telegraph stations to call for artillery fire. If the attacking team does not destroy both stations before they run out of tickets, they are pushed out and must capture the final objective again before they can make another attempt.[20]
  • Supply Drop: A new mode added in the In the Name of the Tsar DLC. This game mode is inspired by the huge areas the Eastern Front of World War 1 took place on. Teams fight over these supply drops, which give the capturing team all sorts of goodies – ammo, health, vehicles, and pickups for Elite classes. The team that then captures more points, wins. Ammo and health is more commonly found in supply drops, but vehicles and Elite class pickups are made to turn the tide of battle in the attacking team's favour.
  • Air Assault: The newest multiplayer game mode, added as part of the Apocalypse DLC. This game mode, only available on two maps, features "frantic dogfights" and centers on aerial combat. Each opposing vehicle destroyed gains your team points. On the map "Razor's Edge,", only single-seat planes are available, while in "London Calling", a wide variety of planes - and a zeppelin - are at each team's disposal.
  • Shock Operations: A new mode added in the 2018 June Patch. Shock Operations are like Operations but instead these are shorter, faster with 40 players per server unlike normal 64 players per server and only play on one map. There are only five available maps in this game mode. These maps are called Giant's Shadow, Prise de Tahure, Lupkow Pass, Zeebrugge and River Somme.

Classes

Battlefield 1's multiplayer features four main classes, three spawn-based vehicle classes, and five pick-up based Elite classes:[21]

Infantry-based:

  • Assault: The primary anti-vehicle/CQB class. Assault players have submachine guns, machine pistols, and shotguns at their disposal. They contribute using explosives such as dynamite or anti-tank grenades to destroy vehicles such as tanks and armored vehicles.
  • Medic: The Medic class is primarily focused on reviving teammates and healing them. The primary weapons in this class area are semi-automatic rifles, and some fully automatic rifles.
  • Support: Support troops have access to light-machine guns and semi-automatic carbines. In addition they have access to smaller explosive devices, such as mortars, limpet charges and crossbows which launch grenades. They also contribute to the team by replenishing their teammates' ammo and repairing stationary weapons and vehicles.
  • Scout: Scouts use a variety of lever-action and bolt-action service rifles. The class contributes to the team by spotting enemies either by firing a flare gun, which spots nearby enemies in the vicinity of the flare on the mini-map, or using a periscope.

Vehicle-based:

  • Tanker: Players choosing to spawn into a tank automatically spawn as the tanker class. The class is new to the series, and features a hammer wrench that can repair allied vehicles and damage enemy vehicles.
  • Pilot: Players who spawn into a plane automatically spawn as the pilot class. Outside of tanks and planes, tankers and pilots have access to pistol carbines and a sawed-off shotgun.
  • Cavalry: Players who choose to spawn on a horse spawn as the cavalry class. The cavalry class is equipped with a cuirass granting them extra defense, a Russian 1895 cavalry rifle, a cavalry saber or a cavalry lance as well as the ability to replenish health and ammo to both themselves, their horse and their teammates through the use of medical packs and ammunition packs.

Elite Classes:

  • Flame Trooper Kit: Players who pick up the Flame Trooper Kit automatically equip a Gas mask, a Wex flamethrower, and three Incendiary grenades. They are also equipped with a trench club.
  • Sentry Kit: Players who pick up the Sentry Kit gain plate armour and a MG 08/15 or Villar Perosa (depending on map), as well one Frag grenade and a trench club. The plate armour includes a helmet which prevents headshots to the player, but leaves them unable to don a gas mask.
  • Tank Hunter Kit: Players who pick up the Tank Hunter Kit equip both a Mauser 1918 T-Gewehr, capable of doing massive amounts of damage to vehicles and infantry, and a sawed-off shotgun. They also gain access to a periscope and Geballteladung anti-tank grenades. Furthermore, the player dons a respirator and goggles, granting them a permanent Gas Mask, while being able to aim down their sights without obscured vision. Their armor remains the same as that of a normal soldier.[22]
  • Trench Raider Kit: Players who pick up the Trench Raider Kit wield a Trench Club that kills enemies in one hit, Smoke Grenades, a Medical crate, and a No. 3 Revolver, and three Frag grenades. This kit is exclusive to the They Shall Not Pass expansion.
  • Infiltrator Kit: Players who pick up this kit receive a Martini-Henry Grenade Launcher, a sawed-off shotgun, a spawn beacon in the form of a heliograph, and a signal flare gun that calls in artillery strikes. The player's helmet is exchanged for a scuba mask,[citation needed] allowing them to swim further underwater than the average soldier, but (as with the Sentry) unable to don a gas mask. This elite class is exclusive to the Turning Tides expansion.

Campaigns

Characters

During the single-player campaigns, the player controls six different characters from a first-person perspective over six different chapters (known as War Stories). Unlike previous campaigns in the series, Battlefield 1's single-player story mode is composed of six separate "War Stories", each shown through the eyes of separate Allied soldiers from different nationalities:

  • "Storm of Steel" – the prologue of the game, set in the Western Front through the eyes of several American Harlem Hellfighters
  • "Through Mud and Blood" – set in the Battle of Cambrai through the eyes of a British tank driver
  • "Friends in High Places" – set in France and the UK and seen through the eyes of a Royal Flying Corps fighter pilot
  • "Avanti Savoia" – set in the Italian Alps and seen through the eyes of a mournful survivor and member of the Arditi
  • "The Runner" – taking place on the Gallipoli Peninsula (part of the Ottoman Empire) through the eyes of an ANZAC runner
  • "Nothing is Written" – set in the Arabian Desert through the eyes of a Bedouin warrior under the command of Lawrence of Arabia[23]

Plots

Storm of Steel

The prologue, set in 1918, sees players take control of different members of the Harlem Hellfighters as they defend their positions against a German offensive in France during the Meuse–Argonne offensive. The player initially starts out near the front line and must survive as long as possible against waves of German soldiers. If the player survives the attack, an artillery barrage will rain down on them and then the game's perspective will shift to another soldier. During the course of the gameplay, an unnamed narrator (one of the Hellfighters) gives commentary on the nature of the war as the battle continues and player-controlled soldiers are killed.

At the start of the battle, the Hellfighters initially lose ground to the Germans, but British tanks force the German troops into a retreat until the tanks are stalled by artillery during Hundred Days Offensive. The Hellfighters mount a counteroffensive and push forward, sustaining casualties as the Germans hold their ground. When the player switches perspective to the final soldier in the gameplay, a German soldier attempts to kill the player character with a shovel but is stopped short by an artillery barrage that wipes out all of the combatants on the battlefield and renders the player unconscious. When the player character regains consciousness, he initially appears to be the lone survivor but quickly encounters a German survivor. Although the two-point their weapons at one another, exhaustion and battle fatigue set in as both realize the futility of their situation, inclining both men to lower their weapons. The game then proceeds to an introduction cinematic that opens up to the other War Stories.

Through Mud and Blood

Set in the Autumn of 1918 during the Battle of Cambrai in the Hundred Days Offensive, players assume the role of Daniel Edwards, a former chauffeur who enlists in the war as a British tank driver. Edwards is assigned to a Mark V tank dubbed "Black Bess," and meets the rest of his crew: Townsend, the tank crew's commander; McManus, a cynical gunner who doubts Edwards' abilities and the likelihood of the crew's success; Pritchard, another gunner; and Finch, the friendly mechanic.

The crew must penetrate German lines to reach the French town of Cambrai and help capture strategic positions and destroy artillery batteries. Finch is killed by machine-gun fire early on while trying to repair the tank, and later on, the tank becomes trapped in mud and surrounded by German infantry. Townsend decides to summon an artillery strike on their own position with the tank's messenger pigeon to save the tank, which McManus objects to vehemently. Pritchard is shot and killed trying to release the pigeon, forcing Edwards to do so, which enables British artillery to save the tank. Encountering thick fog in the nearby Bourlon Wood, Edwards acts as a forward scout to guide the tank. Clearing the forest, the tank becomes beset with mechanical problems, and Townsend sends Edwards and McManus to salvage spark plugs from British tanks captured by the Germans. McManus expresses his disdain for their orders and abandons the mission, deserting. However, McManus has a change of heart later on and returns just in time to save Edwards from a German soldier.

With the tank repaired, the crew proceeds to a railway station defended by German forces. Although Bess is the only British tank in the area, the crew attacks the railway station to deceive the Germans into thinking that a large British offensive is underway. Eliminating the German forces at the railway station, the tank proceeds to Cambrai but is immobilized by artillery and attacked by German soldiers. Edwards and McManus are wounded defending the tank, and an injured Townsend sacrifices himself by igniting a gas leak inside the tank, killing himself and the Germans. With Bess destroyed and Edwards and McManus the only survivors, the two proceed alone on foot to Cambrai. Closing subtitles indicate that with the participation of more than 300 tanks at the Battle of Cambrai, the war ended a month later.

Friends in High Places

In this story, set in the Spring of 1917 during the Battle of Arras players control Clyde Blackburn, an American pilot and gambler with a habit of deceitful behavior. Early on, Blackburn cheats George Rackham, a pilot of British nobility, in a game of cards and steals the latter's plane. Posing as Rackham, Blackburn introduces himself to Rackham's gunner, Wilson, and the two set off on an aerial exercise. During the exercise, German aircraft ambush the duo, and the two pilots take photographs of a German munitions base they stumble upon after fighting off the enemy fighters. Although Wilson is reluctant to show the photos to British Command out of fears of being accused of insubordination, Blackburn cajoles him into doing so with the prospect of winning medals. Wilson agrees on the condition that Blackburn returns them both safe from future missions.

Blackburn and Wilson escort British bombers in an assault on the photographed German munitions base. Although the base is destroyed, Blackburn and Wilson are caught in a bomb explosion and crash behind enemy lines, separated. Blackburn sneaks through German positions and discovers Wilson is injured. Knowing that he will be unable to return to British lines safely while carrying Wilson, Blackburn contemplates putting his companion out of his misery but changes his mind when Wilson reveals he knew Blackburn's true identity all along. Blackburn carries Wilson through no-man's land to friendly lines but is detained by British Provosts under the orders of Rackham.

On the way to the court-martial in London, the vessel carrying Blackburn, Rackham, and Wilson is attacked by a German aerial raid, and Rackham is killed. Blackburn and Wilson commandeer a plane and fight off the German raid. Blackburn and Wilson first destroy a wave of German bombers and fighters before crashing into a German Zeppelin and using its anti-aircraft gun to destroy another Zeppelin. The two pilots jump into the River Thames after the Zeppelin plummets to the ground. The story ends with Blackburn climbing out of the river unharmed, reflecting on his experiences. He notes that mixed accounts of his exploits may arise due to the confusing nature of the war, but suggests that his version of events is the truth. The story ends on an ambiguous note by leaving the question open as to whether the events of the story truly occurred as they did.

Avanti Savoia!

Taking place during the autumn of 1918, on the Italian front in the Dolomites of Northern Italy, players assume the role of Luca Vincenzo Cocchiola, a member of the Arditi unit. The story is conveyed by an aged Luca years after the war as he recounts his memories to his American daughter on his birthday. He and his twin brother, Matteo, take part in a major offensive to seize an Austro-Hungarian fortress, days after their 21st birthday. While Matteo takes part in the main thrust of the offensive, Luca's unit plays an auxiliary role, eliminating barriers to the main advance forces. Donning heavy body armor and using a MG08/15 Luca spearheads the assault on key Austro-Hungarian positions, capturing strongpoints, destroying an artillery gun, and thwarting an enemy aerial assault.

In desperation to stop the assault on the fort, the Austro-Hungarian bombers trigger a landslide to obstruct the Italian offensive. Desperate to save his brother, Luca sets off alone into the battlefield to find his brother's unit, armed with a Villar Perosa and a Beretta M1915. Along the way, he assists trapped Italian units and pushes toward the direction of the enemy fort. After clearing the fortress, Luca finds the remains of his brother's unit and stumbles upon his deceased brother; much to his grief and dismay. A mourning Luca in the present-day bids his brother farewell and happy birthday, while a concluding subtitle states that the war affected both nation-states and empires, as well as families, with survivors and the deceased of the war named the "Lost Generation."

The Runner

Set during the Gallipoli Campaign of 1915, the player takes on the role of Australian messenger and Second Boer War veteran, Frederick Bishop. The story starts with Bishop encountering young Jack Foster, who says he is Bishop's new charge. While initially cynical, Bishop reluctantly relents and takes Foster under his wing, but warns Foster to refrain from battle due to his inexperience and young age. Bishop storms the beaches of Gallipoli at Cape Helles and captures a strategic enemy position. Bishop fires a flare to signify the capture of the position but is startled by a lone Foster, who disobeyed Bishop's command to only move up with the rest of the Allied forces. Bishop berates Foster for his naivety and view of war as a glorious activity, given that Foster had lied about his age to enlist. Foster becomes appalled at the sight of the carnage around him, but Bishop softens his rhetoric and reassures Foster that they will be alright.

The next day, Bishop volunteers as a runner in place of Foster, whom Bishop considers inexperienced for the task. Bishop returns to HQ to deliver a message and is saved by Foster, who shoots a nearby Ottoman soldier. British officer Whitehall dispatches Bishop to a rear command post to inform them that the British intend to advance further. Bishop finds the rear CP deserted, and discovers that the British intend to retreat and cover the withdrawal with artillery fire. Remembering that Foster is still on the frontlines, Bishop rushes back to retrieve him. Finding Whitehall, Bishop is shocked to discover that Foster has joined an assault on an Ottoman fortress. Bishop decides to pursue Foster, while a distressed Whitehall permits Bishop to disobey the fallback order to get Foster, telling him he has not much time.

Bishop finds Foster and informs him of the imminent artillery strike, but the young Australian says that they cannot abandon their wounded. Bishop attacks the fort to cover the withdrawal, but tells Foster to fire a flare when the retreat is completed so that the former can make his own escape. Bishop then single-handedly captures the fort and is mortally wounded in the process, but sees Foster's flare and is relieved to see that the retreat was successful. The story ends with Bishop watching as British warships shell the fort. Closing subtitles state that the Ottomans eventually won the Battle at Gallipoli, and several notable survivors went on to found a new postwar Republic of Turkey. Australian and New Zealand troops fought at Gallipoli under their own flags, distinguishing themselves in combat after marking the Anzac Day.

Nothing is Written

Al-Ajdar as shown on the Hejaz railway

Taking place in the spring of 1918, players assume control of Zara Ghufran, a Bedouin rebel working directly alongside British intelligence officer T. E. Lawrence (better known as Lawrence of Arabia) as they fight to undermine the Ottoman occupation of the Arabian Peninsula. Zara infiltrates a derailed Ottoman train in Al-Ajdar and retrieves a manual with Ottoman communication codes. Although caught in a trap by Tilkici, an Ottoman officer, Zara is rescued by Lawrence and several Bedouin insurgents. Zara and Lawrence decide to interrogate Tilkici on how to use the code manually to lure the Canavar, an Ottoman armored train, into a trap, but Tilkici scoffs that the rebels will not triumph.

Having interrogated Tilkici, the rebels discover that they must use message capsules held by three Ottoman officers to ask the train to stand down. Zara proceeds alone, successfully infiltrating Ottoman camps to release two message capsules by a pigeon while eliminating the Ottoman commanders. However, as she prepares to release the third capsule, she is knocked unconscious by Tilkici, who managed to escape from Lawrence. Tilkici drags Zara out into the desert and taunts her, having already ordered the Canavar to strike Lawrence's camp. However, Zara kills Tilkici before he can execute her.

Returning to Lawrence, who survived the attack by relocating following Tilkici's escape, Zara and Lawrence decide to attack the armored train while it stops for supplies. Zara infiltrates the village where the Canavar stops and destroys segments of the train to impede the train's movement. Zara and the rebels destroy the train in an intense battle, ending the threat to their forces. Having achieved her "revenge" against the Canavar, Zara joins Lawrence to strike at targets in the Suez Canal. The closing subtitles indicate that although the Ottomans lost the war, the Allies refused to grant the Arabs full autonomy and that conflicts in the region continue into the 21st century.

Development

According to game designer Daniel Berlin, the team picked World War I as the game's setting as they believed that the weapons and gadgets featured in that period of time suit players with different playstyles. The game was named Battlefield 1, since the team considered World War I as "the dawn of all-out warfare".[24] Melee weapons were reworked so as to introduce more depth to the system.[25] According to creative director Lars Gustavsson, the setting was a concept for a very long time, and it had been the "dream" for the team to create a game based on that period.[26] According to Berlin, gameplay was the most important aspect when they were developing the game, and he promised that it would not be slowed down due to the game's historical setting. The story of the game is told through multiple protagonists, and explores the stories of unknown war heroes.[27] Patrick Söderlund, the executive at Electronic Arts responsible for overseeing DICE, originally rejected the idea of having a World War One shooter as he thought that it would not be fun to play. He later accepted the pitch after being convinced by a demo created by DICE.[28] Aleksander Grøndal, Senior Producer at DICE, prepared his own research into the war by looking at visual references. He favored colored images of the war in an attempt to visualize what the soldiers lived through. “I wanted to see the pictures and I wanted to imagine how they'd look with a mobile lens,” Grøndal expressed when interviewed. “I wanted to start off with all the footage and imagine that footage in our game with a modern take.” He specifically favored Apocalypse: World War I, a 2014 colorized French documentary, and World War I in Colour by Charles Messenger, a 2004 book of colorized war time photographs. Grøndal favored colored material as he felt, "It's quite interesting and it sucks you in because it feels much closer when you see everything in color." Despite his personal penchant for colored visuals, his self ascribed "big inspiration" was Blueprint for Armageddon, a six-part audio documentary by Dan Carlin for the latter's Hardcore History podcast series.[29]

In June 2015, DICE revealed that they were working on an unannounced game.[30] In January 2016, EA announced that Titanfall 2, Mass Effect and an unannounced video game set in the Battlefield universe would be released prior to the end of the company's fiscal year.[31] Both the title, the game's release date, and the plot of the game were leaked prior to the official announcement on May 6, 2016.[2][32][33] The game was officially unveiled on that day through a livestream on Twitch, showcasing a reveal trailer of the game featuring a remix of The White Stripes' "Seven Nation Army" by The Glitch Mob.[34][35] The game's Collector's Edition includes items such as a statue of a Harlem Hellfighter, a code for exclusive downloadable content (DLC) of the Doughboy M1911 Pistol, and a Steelbook case.[36] Pre-order bonuses include early access to a DLC map named Giant's Shadow which takes place in the Battle of the Selle, and the Harlem Hellfighter Pack.[9] The Heroes Bundle includes the pre-order bonuses, as well as three days early access to the game, the Red Baron Pack, the Lawrence of Arabia Pack, and five Battlepacks.[9][37] Battlefield 1 was released worldwide on October 21, 2016, for PlayStation 4, Windows, and Xbox One.[38]

Battlefield 1's open beta became available on August 31, 2016, for PlayStation 4, Windows, and Xbox One. It ended on September 8, 2016.[39] The open beta allowed the team to ensure that major technical bugs, glitches, and crashes can be patched prior to the game's official launch. 13.2 million players participated in the beta.[40]

Downloadable content

DICE released four downloadable content expansions for Battlefield 1; They Shall Not Pass, In the Name of the Tsar, Turning Tides, and Apocalypse.[41]

They Shall Not Pass

In December 2016, DICE announced the first major expansion for Battlefield 1, They Shall Not Pass, which was released on March 14, 2017, with a two-week exclusivity period for Premium holders. It focuses on the new playable faction, the French Army; the expansion features four new maps set in the Battle of Verdun and the Second Battle of the Marne; Fort de Vaux, Soissons, Rupture, and Verdun Heights. They Shall Not Pass adds new weapons and vehicles, the Char 2C behemoth, as well as the new melee-oriented "Trench Raider" elite class.[42][43] Two additional maps named Nivelle Nights and Prise de Tahure, both set during and after the Nivelle Offensive, are included as part of the expansion and were released in Summer 2017. As of May 5, 2018, "They Shall Not Pass" is free for all players via the Xbox, PC, and PlayStation websites, and remained free until May 15 as part of The Road to Battlefield V.[44]

In the Name of the Tsar

In April 2017, DICE released the first images of the In the Name of the Tsar DLC.[45] This DLC was confirmed during EA Play 2017, where a short amount of footage of it was also shown. In the Name of the Tsar focuses on the Russian Empire during the Great War. The Scout class for the Russian Empire faction features a female soldier representing the Women's Battalion. Four maps in the expansion are set on the Eastern Front; Lupkow Pass, Galicia, Brusilov Keep, and Albion, while two other maps are set in the Russian Civil War between the Russian White Guard and Red Army; Tsaritsyn and Volga River. It also adds 11 new infantry weapons to the game and various new vehicles. In the Name of the Tsar also features a new horseback weapon called the Cavalry Lance. The expansion was released on September 5, 2017, for Premium Pass, with a worldwide release two weeks later. The cover art for this downloadable content expansion features Vendela Lindblom, the Playmate of the Month for the January 2019 issue of Playboy, as a female soldier.[46]

Turning Tides

The Turning Tides DLC is focused on aspects of the naval and amphibious combat during World War I. DICE released the first half of the expansion to Premium Pass holders on December 11, 2017, containing 2 maps set during the Gallipoli Campaign: Achi Baba and Cape Helles. This expansion adds six new infantry weapons to the game, as well as a new "Infiltrator" elite class, which is equipped with a heliograph spawn beacon gadget, signal flare gun, and the Martini-Henry Grenade Launcher. Turning Tides also brings back the Conquest Assault game mode from previous Battlefield installments. The L-Class Destroyer was introduced as a new naval vehicle in the DLC. For the second half of the expansion, released on January 30, 2018, Turning Tides: North Sea brought more locations involving naval warfare from the Great War. Two new maps were added: Heligoland Bight and Zeebrugge, along with the Royal Marines as a new faction to battle the German Army. The North Sea release also introduced the C-Class Airship as a new air vehicle.

Apocalypse

The fourth and final DLC for Battlefield 1, the Apocalypse DLC, is centered around some of the most brutal battles of the Great War. The DLC was released on February 20, 2018, containing five maps, six guns, and a new game mode, among other additions.[47] The three infantry-based maps of Apocalypse reflect three of the bloodiest battles of World War I; Caporetto set in present-day Slovenia, Passchendaele in Belgium, and River Somme in France. The DLC brought no new factions to the game, but introduced a new game mode titled "Air Assault" in the remaining two maps. These two maps, both only plane and zeppelin focused, are named "Razor's Edge" and "London Calling." While both maps feature combat above detailed landscapes (Razor's Edge taking place in the Alps and London Calling occurring in an air raid over the city of London), neither are based on factual battles. Apocalypse brought new weapons and gadgets to Battlefield 1 as well. In addition, melee weapons were introduced to the game. DICE and the Battlefield team also added a number of other components to the game, including vehicles, gadgets for various infantry classes, and the stationary Livens Projector/Gaswurfminen, located on each of the three infantry-based maps. The DLC also features two new air vehicles, the Airco DH.10 Amiens and the Hansa-Brandenburg G.I.

Reception

Lua error in Module:Video_game_wikidata at line 471: attempt to index upvalue 'entity' (a nil value).

Pre-release

The game received positive response from the community after its official announcement. As of May 9, 2016, the Battlefield 1 reveal trailer had become the most liked trailer on YouTube, with over 2 million likes.[58] Electronic Arts expected the game to sell at least 14 million units in its first year of release.[59] Writing for Wired, Julie Muncy felt worried that the game may not be able to reflect the complex situations in World War I, and thought that the war may not be an ideal setting for a video game.[60] In contrast, Zam's Robert Rath reflected on the same themes, and noted that World War I was largely forgotten in popular culture due to its inability to inspire passion or interest; Rath suggested Battlefield 1 could rejuvenate popular interest in the war.[61] At The Guardian , Alex Hern criticized what he perceived as the hypocrisy of those objecting to a video game portrayal of WWI, writing: "Asking whether the First World War is an appropriate topic for a first-person shooter may reveal a more pressing question: why do we think any war is?"[62]

Post-release

Battlefield 1 received "generally favorable" reviews from critics, according to review aggregator Metacritic.[63][64][65]

Reviewers praised the game's unique, refreshing setting,[66][67] as well as the risk DICE took when developing a WW1-themed game.[68] The multiplayer component was praised for its solid mechanics, the new game mode Operations, the soundtrack, and the maps, amongst other things.[69][70] Although praise was given to the single-player campaign for its story and level design, it was nonetheless criticized for being too short.[71] PC World also criticized that all six campaigns take place from the viewpoint of the Allied Powers and the viewpoint from the Central Powers is absent.[57]

Sales

Battlefield 1 was the best-selling retail game in the UK in its week of release. Its launch week sales surpassed the combined sales of both Battlefield 4 and Battlefield Hardline.[72] The PlayStation 4 version topped sales charts in Japan, selling 113,083 copies in its first week.[73] As of January 18, 2017, the PlayStation 4 version has sold 249,053 copies in Japan.[74] Battlefield 1 was the top-selling game in the US in the month of its release.[75]

Accolades

Year Award Category Result Ref.
2016 Game Critics Awards 2016 Best of Show Nominated [76][77]
Best Console Game Nominated
Best PC Game Nominated
Best Online Multiplayer Nominated
Best Action Game Won
The Game Awards 2016 Best Game Direction Nominated [78][79]
Best Music/Sound Design Nominated
Best Multiplayer Nominated
Best Action Game Nominated
2017 20th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards Game of the Year Nominated [80]
Action Game of the Year Nominated
Outstanding Achievement in Art Direction Nominated
Outstanding Achievement in Game Direction Nominated
Outstanding Achievement in Online Gameplay Nominated
Outstanding Achievement in Original Music Composition Nominated
Outstanding Achievement in Sound Design Won
Outstanding Technical Achievement Nominated
2018 Writers' Guild of Great Britain Awards 2018 Best Writing in a Video Game Nominated [81]

See also

  • List of World War I video games

Notes

  1. Additional work done by DICE LA

References

  1. LeFebvre, Rob. "'Battlefield 1' joins EA's on-demand gaming service". Engadget. https://www.engadget.com/2017/08/10/battlefield-1-joins-ea-access-on-demand/. 
  2. 2.0 2.1 Orland, Kyle (May 6, 2016). "After Battlefield 4 comes... Battlefield 1?". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2016/05/after-battlefield-4-comes-battlefield-1/. 
  3. "Morgan Stanley raises Battlefield 1 sales estimate to 15 million". https://venturebeat.com/2017/01/23/morgan-stanley-raises-battlefield-1-sales-estimate-to-15-million/. 
  4. "EA Reports Big Sales Numbers For 2017, Led By Battlefield 1". https://comicbook.com/gaming/2017/07/27/ea-reports-big-sales-numbers-for-2017-led-by-battlefield-1/. 
  5. "Battlefield 5 delayed to November". Polygon. https://www.polygon.com/2018/8/30/17799546/battlefield-5-delayed-release-date-november. 
  6. Takahashi, Dean (May 6, 2016). "Check out the action-packed and loud Battlefield 1 trailer". https://venturebeat.com/2016/05/06/check-out-the-action-packed-and-loud-battlefield-1-trailer/. 
  7. Statt, Nick (May 6, 2014). "Everything we know about the WWI-themed Battlefield 1". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2016/5/6/11610030/battlefield-1-new-game-announced-ww1-release-date. 
  8. 8.0 8.1 Hussain, Tamoor (May 6, 2016). "Battlefield 1 Officially Announced, Watch the Trailer Here". GameSpot. http://www.gamespot.com/articles/battlefield-1-officially-announced-watch-the-trail/1100-6439559/. 
  9. 9.0 9.1 9.2 Goldfarb, Andrew (May 6, 2016). "Battlefield 1 Officially Confirmed Release Date And First Details". IGN. http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/05/06/battlefield-1-officially-confirmed-release-date-and-first-details-revealed. 
  10. Nunneley, Stephany (May 6, 2016). "Battlefield 1 releases worldwide Oct. 21: here's the world premiere trailer". VG247. https://www.vg247.com/2016/05/06/battlefield-1-heres-the-world-premiere-trailer/. 
  11. Mahardy, Mike (May 6, 2016). "Battlefield 1's Multiplayer Reemphasizes Land, Air, and Sea Combat With Swords and Battleships". GameSpot. http://www.gamespot.com/articles/battlefield-1s-multiplayer-reemphasizes-land-air-a/1100-6439576/. 
  12. Reeves, Ben (May 6, 2016). "Everything You Need To Know From The Battlefield 1 Livestream". Game Informer. http://www.gameinformer.com/games/battlefield_1/b/playstation4/archive/2016/05/06/everything-you-need-to-know-from-the-battlefield-1-livestream.aspx. Retrieved May 7, 2016. 
  13. Paget, Matt (May 6, 2016). "Battlefield 1 Single-Player Campaign Embraces Series' Open Sandboxes". GameSpot. http://www.gamespot.com/articles/battlefield-1-single-player-campaign-embraces-seri/1100-6439577/. 
  14. Orry, James (September 28, 2016). "Battlefield 1's anthology format single player campaign looks amazing in first trailer". VideoGamer.com. http://www.videogamer.com/ps4/battlefield_1/news/battlefield_1s_anthology_format_single_player_campaign_looks_amazing_in_first_trailer.html. 
  15. Dunsmore, Kevin (May 6, 2016). "Battlefield 1 Announced, Takes Place During World War I". Hardcore Gamer. http://www.hardcoregamer.com/2016/05/06/battlefield-1-announced-takes-place-during-world-war-i/205813/. 
  16. Ingraham, Nathan (May 6, 2016). "The next 'Battlefield' drops you in WWI, launches on October 21st". Engadget. https://www.engadget.com/2016/05/06/battlefield-1-wwi-october-21-release/. 
  17. "Battlefield 1 revealed! First trailer shows new WW1 action". GameCentral. May 6, 2016. http://metro.co.uk/2016/05/06/battlefield-1-revealed-first-trailer-shows-new-ww1-action-5865821/. 
  18. Donnelly, Joe (September 21, 2016). "Battlefield 1 unveils its maps and modes". PC Gamer. http://www.pcgamer.com/battlefield-1-unveils-its-maps-and-modes/. 
  19. "Battlefield 1's Operations was 2016's best multiplayer mode". January 9, 2017. http://www.pcgamer.com/battlefield-1s-operations-was-2016s-best-multiplayer-mode/. 
  20. "Battlefield 1 video gives a look at the new Frontlines mode coming next month". February 20, 2017. https://www.vg247.com/2017/02/20/battlefield-1-video-gives-a-look-at-the-new-frontlines-mode-coming-next-month/. 
  21. "Battlefield 1 Classes – Battlefield Official Site". May 2019. https://www.battlefield.com/games/battlefield-1/classes. 
  22. "Battlefield 1 Classes – Battlefield Official Site". Battlefield. https://www.battlefield.com/games/battlefield-1/classes. 
  23. Elfving, Jonas; Holmes, Eric (September 27, 2016). "The Single Player of Battlefield 1". https://www.battlefield.com/news/article/the-single-player-of-battlefield-1. 
  24. Yin-Poole, Wesley (May 10, 2016). "DICE's Great War: classes, horses and more in Battlefield 1". Eurogamer. http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-05-10-battlefield-1-interview-dice. 
  25. Campbell, Colin (May 6, 2016). "Why DICE chose World War I for the new Battlefield". Polygon. http://www.polygon.com/2016/5/6/11612036/battlefield-1-dice-world-war-i-bf5. 
  26. Stuart, Keith (May 6, 2016). "Battlefield 1 takes military shooter games back to first world war". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/may/06/battlefield-takes-military-shooter-games-back-to-first-world-war. 
  27. Takahashi, Dean (May 6, 2016). "EA DICE's lead designer answers our questions about Battlefield 1". VentureBeat. https://venturebeat.com/2016/05/06/ea-dices-lead-designer-answers-our-questions-about-battlefield-1/. 
  28. Yin-Poole, Wesley (May 18, 2016). "EA dev chief initially rejected World War 1 setting for Battlefield". Eurogamer. http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-05-18-ea-dev-chief-initially-rejected-world-war-1-setting-for-battlefield. 
  29. Gault, Matthew (September 26, 2016). "'Battlefield 1' Sacrificed Historical Accuracy to Make The Great War Fun". Motherboard. http://www.motherboard.vice.com/read/battlefield-1-historical-accuracy. 
  30. Kollar, Phillip (June 17, 2015). "DICE has a third mystery game that it's not showing at E3". Polygon. http://www.polygon.com/2015/6/17/8799859/dice-has-a-third-mystery-game-that-its-not-showing-at-e3. 
  31. Morrison, Angus (January 29, 2016). "New Mass Effect, Battlefield, Titanfall by April 2017". PC Gamer. http://www.pcgamer.com/new-mass-effect-battlefield-titanfall-by-april-2017/. 
  32. Sheridan, Connor (May 6, 2016). "Battlefield 1 is coming, and it's set in WW1". GamesRadar. http://www.gamesradar.com/battlefield-1-is-coming-and-its-set-in-ww1/. 
  33. McWhertor, Michael (May 6, 2016). "New Battlefield art leaks, appears to confirm World War I setting (update)". Polygon. http://www.polygon.com/2016/5/6/11607914/battlefield-1-leak-wwi-dice-ea-xbox-one-battlefield-5. 
  34. Luk, Jonathan (May 6, 2016). "'Battlefield 1' Takes Us Back to WWI With Official Reveal Trailer". http://www.highsnobiety.com/2016/05/06/battlefield-1-reveal-trailer/. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  35. Skipper, Ben (May 6, 2016). "Battlefield 1 announced: WW1 setting and October release confirmed for PS4, Xbox One and PC". IBT Media. http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/battlefield-1-announced-alt-history-ww1-setting-october-release-confirmed-ps4-xbox-one-pc-1558702. 
  36. Sheriden, Conner (May 7, 2016). "Here's what's in the Battlefield 1 Collector's Edition". GamesRadar. http://www.gamesradar.com/heres-whats-in-the-battlefield-1-collectors-edition/. 
  37. Hussain, Tamoor (May 6, 2016). "Here What's in Battlefield 1's $80 Deluxe Edition". GameSpot. http://www.gamespot.com/articles/here-whats-in-battlefield-1s-80-deluxe-edition/1100-6439583/. 
  38. Futter, Mike (May 6, 2016). "EA Announces Battlefield 1 With First Details". Game Informer. http://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2016/05/06/microsoft-leaks-battlefield-world-war-i-art-on-xbox-one.aspx. Retrieved May 7, 2016. 
  39. "Battlefield 1 Beta". https://www.battlefield.com/beta. 
  40. Nunneley, Stephany (September 15, 2016). "13.2 million of you tried the Battlefield 1 open beta". VG247. https://www.vg247.com/2016/09/15/13-2-million-of-you-tried-the-battlefield-1-open-beta/. 
  41. "Battlefield 1's upcoming expansions take the fight to Belgium, Russia and Turkey". February 28, 2017. https://www.vg247.com/2017/02/28/battlefield-1s-upcoming-expansions-take-the-fight-to-belgium-russia-and-turkey/. 
  42. "Battlefield 1: See the First Images of They Shall Not Pass DLC". CBS Interactive. http://www.gamespot.com/articles/battlefield-1-see-the-first-images-of-they-shall-n/1100-6446379/. 
  43. "Battlefield 1 They Shall Not Pass DLC Detailed In Full". CBS Interactive. http://www.gamespot.com/articles/battlefield-1-they-shall-not-pass-dlc-detailed-in-/1100-6447210/. 
  44. "Battlefield 1's first DLC is free on Xbox and PC". May 2, 2018. https://www.polygon.com/2018/5/2/17311580/battlefield-1-they-shall-not-pass-dlc-xbox-pc-free-download. 
  45. "The Road Ahead For Battlefield 1". April 6, 2017. https://www.battlefield.com/news/article/the-road-ahead-for-battlefield-1-march-2017. 
  46. "How Vendela Became the First Female Face of the Battlefield Series". January 10, 2019. https://www.vgr.com/how-vendela-became-the-first-female-face-of-the-battlefield-series/. 
  47. Mills, Adam (February 16, 2018). "13 Things to Know About Battlefield 1 Apocalypse DLC". https://www.gottabemobile.com/5-things-to-know-about-battlefield-1-apocalypse/. 
  48. Carter, Chris (October 21, 2016). "Review: Battlefield 1". Destructoid. https://www.destructoid.com/review-battlefield-1-393946.phtml. 
  49. Plessas, Nick (October 17, 2016). "Battlefield 1 review". Electronic Gaming Monthly. http://www.egmnow.com/articles/reviews/battlefield-1-review/. 
  50. Bertz, Matt (October 21, 2016). "Large-Scale Warfare At Its Finest - Battlefield 1 - Xbox One". Game Informer. http://www.gameinformer.com/games/battlefield_1/b/xboxone/archive/2016/10/21/game-informer-battlefield-1-review.aspx. 
  51. Paras, Peter (October 17, 2016). "Battlefield 1 Review". Game Revolution. http://www.gamerevolution.com/review/battlefield-1. 
  52. Concepcion, Miguel (October 17, 2016). "Battlefield 1 Review". GameSpot. http://www.gamespot.com/reviews/battlefield-1-review/1900-6416555/. 
  53. Roberts, David (October 17, 2016). "Battlefield 1 review: 'where the chaos of war reaches its most unhinged'". GamesRadar. http://www.gamesradar.com/battlefield-1-review/. 
  54. Rad, Chloi (October 21, 2016). "Battlefield 1 Review". IGN. http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/10/21/battlefield-1-review. 
  55. Savage, Phil (October 21, 2016). "Battlefield 1 review". PC Gamer. http://www.pcgamer.com/battlefield-1-review/. 
  56. Gies, Arthur (October 17, 2016). "Battlefield 1 review". Polygon. http://www.polygon.com/2016/10/17/13303292/battlefield-1-review-xbox-one-ps4-playstation-4-pc-windows. 
  57. 57.0 57.1 Dingman, Hayden. "Battlefield 1 review: Satisfying chaos, solemn silence". PC World. http://www.pcworld.com/article/3133944/software/battlefield-1-review-familiar-multiplayer-wedded-to-a-brilliant-wwi-campaign.html. 
  58. Paget, Mat (May 9, 2016). "Battlefield 1 Has Most Liked Trailer Ever on YouTube, Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare Most Disliked". GameSpot. http://www.gamespot.com/articles/battlefield-1-has-most-liked-trailer-ever-on-youtu/1100-6439643/. 
  59. Orry, James (August 3, 2016). "Titanfall 2 to sell 9-10 million units, Battlefield 1 15 million, says EA". VideoGamer.com. http://www.videogamer.com/ps4/titanfall_2/news/titanfall_2_to_sell_9-10_million_units_battlefield_1_15_million_says_ea.html. 
  60. Muncy, Julie (May 10, 2016). "A First-Person Shooter Set in WWI Is Maaaybe Not the Best Idea". Wired. https://www.wired.com/2016/05/battlefield-1-wwi/. Retrieved September 22, 2016. 
  61. Rath, Robert (May 10, 2016). "A historical defense of Battlefield 1". Zam. http://www.zam.com/article/500/a-historical-defense-of-battlefield-1/. 
  62. Hern, Alex (May 12, 2016). "Battlefield 1: is it wrong to set a war game in the trenches of the first world war?". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/may/12/battlefield-war-game-first-world-war. 
  63. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Battlefield 1-MCPC
  64. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Battlefield 1-MCPS4
  65. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Battlefield 1-MCXONE
  66. Pearce, Mike (October 17, 2016). "Back and better than ever: Battlefield 1 review". Gaming Trend. http://gamingtrend.com/reviews/back-and-better-than-ever-battlefield-1-review/. 
  67. Bertz, Matt. "Battlefield 1 - Large-Scale Warfare At Its Finest". Game Informer. http://www.gameinformer.com/games/battlefield_1/b/xboxone/archive/2016/10/21/game-informer-battlefield-1-review.aspx. 
  68. White, Sam (October 25, 2016). "Battlefield 1 review – savage and exciting, a landmark shooter". Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/oct/25/battlefield-1-review-ea-dice-shooter. 
  69. "Battlefield 1 moves the franchise forward by taking it to the past". October 17, 2016. http://www.dailydot.com/debug/battlefield-1-review/. 
  70. Joaby. "Battlefield One Review". AusGamers. https://www.ausgamers.com/games/battlefield-1/review/. 
  71. "Battlefield 1 review: EA DICE's World War 1 shooter is superbly designed and surprisingly respectful". International Business Times. October 21, 2016. http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/battlefield-1-review-ea-dices-world-war-1-superbly-designed-surprisingly-respectful-1587557. 
  72. Hussain, Tamoor (October 24, 2016). "Top 10 UK Sales Chart: Battlefield 1 Outperforms Battlefield 4 and Hardline's First Week Sales". GameSpot. http://www.gamespot.com/articles/top-10-uk-sales-chart-battlefield-1-outperforms-ba/1100-6444729/?ftag=GSS-05-10aaa0b. 
  73. Jason, Dunning (October 26, 2016). "Japanese Sales Chart: Battlefield 1 Opens Big on PS4". PlayStationLifeStyle. http://www.playstationlifestyle.net/2016/10/26/japanese-sales-chart-battlefield-1-opens-big-ps4/. 
  74. Sato (January 18, 2017). "This Week In Sales: Kingdom Hearts Runs Out Of Games To Remix". Siliconera. http://www.siliconera.com/2017/01/18/week-sales-kingdom-hearts-runs-games-remix/. 
  75. "October 2016 NPD: Battlefield, Mafia, and Gears dominate the sales chart". November 17, 2016. https://venturebeat.com/2016/11/17/october-2016-npd-battlefield-mafia-and-gears-dominate-the-sales-chart/. 
  76. "Game Critics Awards 2016 Nominees". http://www.gamecriticsawards.com/nominees.html. 
  77. Pereira, Chris (July 5, 2016). "Here Are E3 2016's Game Critics Award Winners". GameSpot. http://www.gamespot.com/articles/here-are-e3-2016s-game-critics-award-winners/1100-6441502/. 
  78. Makuch, Eddie (November 16, 2016). "All the 2016 Game Awards Nominees". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. https://www.gamespot.com/articles/all-the-2016-game-awards-nominees/1100-6445481/. 
  79. Stark, Chelsea (December 1, 2016). "The Game Awards: Here's the full winners list". Polygon. Vox Media. https://www.polygon.com/2016/12/1/13784410/the-game-awards-winners. 
  80. "Battlefield 1". Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences. https://www.interactive.org/games/video_game_details.asp?idAward=2017&idGame=1480. 
  81. "Writers' Guild Awards 2018 (Nominees)". Writers' Guild of Great Britain. December 5, 2017. https://writersguild.org.uk/writers-guild-awards-2018-2/. 

External links