Biology:Boraginaceae
| Boraginaceae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Changing forget-me-not (Myosotis discolor) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Boraginales |
| Family: | Boraginaceae Juss.[1] |
| Subfamilies[2] | |
Boraginaceae, the borage or forget-me-not family, includes about 2,000 species of shrubs, trees, and herbs in 146[3] to 156 genera with a worldwide distribution.[4]
The APG IV system from 2016 classifies the Boraginaceae as single family of the order Boraginales within the asterids.[5] Under the older Cronquist system, it was included in the Lamiales, but clearly is no more similar to the other families in this order than it is to families in several other asterid orders. A revision of the Boraginales, also from 2016, split the Boraginaceae into 11 distinct families:[6] Boraginaceae sensu stricto, Codonaceae, Coldeniaceae, Cordiaceae, Ehretiaceae, Heliotropiaceae, Hoplestigmataceae, Hydrophyllaceae, Lennoaceae, Namaceae, and Wellstediaceae.
These plants have alternately arranged leaves, or a combination of alternate and opposite leaves. The leaf blades usually have a narrow shape; many are linear or lance-shaped. They are smooth-edged or toothed, and some have petioles. Most species have bisexual flowers, but some taxa are dioecious. Most pollination is by hymenopterans, such as bees. Most species have inflorescences that have a coiling shape, at least when new, called scorpioid cymes.[7] The flower has a usually five-lobed calyx. The corolla varies in shape from rotate to bell-shaped to tubular, but it generally has five lobes. It can be green, white, yellow, orange, pink, purple, or blue. There are five stamens and one style with one or two stigmas. The fruit is a drupe, sometimes fleshy.[8]
Most members of this family have hairy leaves. The coarse character of the hairs is due to cystoliths of silicon dioxide and calcium carbonate. These hairs can induce an adverse skin reaction, including itching and rash in some individuals, particularly among people who handle the plants regularly, such as gardeners. In some species, anthocyanins cause the flowers to change color from red to blue with age. This may be a signal to pollinators that a flower is old and depleted of pollen and nectar.[9]
Well-known members of the family include:
- alkanet (Alkanna tinctoria)
- borage (Borago officinalis)
- comfrey (Symphytum spp.)
- fiddleneck (Amsinckia spp.)
- forget-me-not (Myosotis spp.)
- geigertree (Cordia sebestena)
- green alkanet (Pentaglottis sempervirens)
- heliotrope (Heliotropium spp.)
- hound's tongue (Cynoglossum spp.)
- lungwort (Pulmonaria spp.)
- oysterplant (Mertensia maritima)
- purple viper's bugloss/Salvation Jane (Echium plantagineum)
- Siberian bugloss (Brunnera macrophylla)
- viper's bugloss (Echium vulgare)
Genera
According to Kew;[4]
- Actinocarya
- Adelinia
- Adelocaryum
- Aegonychon
- Afrotysonia
- Ailuroglossum
- Alkanna
- Amblynotus
- Amphibologyne
- Amsinckia
- Amsinckiopsis
- Anchusa
- Ancistrocarya
- Andersonglossum
- Anoplocaryum
- Antiotrema
- Antiphytum
- Arnebia
- Asperugo
- Auxemma
- Borago
- Bothriospermum
- Bourreria
- Brachybotrys
- Brandella
- Brunnera
- Buglossoides
- Caccinia
- Cerinthe
- Chionocharis
- Choriantha
- Codon
- Coldenia
- Cordia
- Craniospermum
- Crucicaryum
- Cryptantha
- Cynoglossopsis
- Cynoglossum
- Cynoglottis
- Cystostemon
- Dasynotus
- Decalepidanthus
- Draperia
- Echiochilon
- Echium
- Ehretia
- Ellisia
- Embadium
- Emmenanthe
- Eremocarya
- Eriodictyon
- Eritrichium
- Eucrypta
- Euploca
- Gastrocotyle
- Glandora
- Greeneocharis
- Gyrocaryum
- Hackelia
- Halacsya
- Halgania
- Harpagonella
- Heliocarya
- Heliotropium
- Hesperochiron
- Heterocaryum
- Hormuzakia
- Huynhia
- Hydrophyllum
- Iberodes
- Ivanjohnstonia
- Ixorhea
- Johnstonella
- Lappula
- Lasiocaryum
- Lennoa
- Lepechiniella
- Lepidocordia
- Lindelofia
- Lithodora
- Lithospermum
- Lobostemon
- Maharanga
- Mairetis
- Mattiastrum
- Megacaryon
- Melanortocarya
- Memoremea
- Mertensia
- Microcaryum
- Microparacaryum
- Microula
- Mimophytum
- Moltkia
- Moltkiopsis
- Moritzia
- Myosotidium
- Myosotis
- Myriopus
- Nama
- Neatostema
- Nemophila
- Nesocaryum
- Nihon
- Nogalia
- Nonea
- Ogastemma
- Omphalodes
- Omphalolappula
- Omphalotrigonotis
- Oncaglossum
- Onosma
- Oreocarya
- Paracaryum
- Paramoltkia
- Pardoglossum
- Pectocarya
- Pentaglottis
- Phacelia
- Pholisma
- Pholistoma
- Plagiobothrys
- Podonosma
- Pontechium
- Pseudoheterocaryum
- Pseudolappula
- Pulmonaria
- Rindera
- Rochefortia
- Rochelia
- Romanzoffia
- Rotula
- Sauria
- Selkirkia
- Simpsonanthus
- Sinojohnstonia
- Solenanthus
- Stenosolenium
- Stephanocaryum
- Suchtelenia
- Symphytum
- Thaumatocaryum
- Thyrocarpus
- Tianschaniella
- Tiquilia
- Tournefortia
- Trachelanthus
- Trachystemon
- Trichodesma
- Trigonocaryum
- Trigonotis
- Turricula
- Varronia
- Valentiniella
- Wellstedia
- Wigandia
References
- ↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x.
- ↑ "Boraginaceae Juss., nom. cons.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-04-12. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?160.
- ↑ Boraginaceae. Diversityoflife.com
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Boraginaceae Juss. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science" (in en). https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000135-2.
- ↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385.
- ↑ Luebert, F.; Cecchi, L.; Frohlich, M.W. et al. (2016). "Familial classification of the Boraginales". Taxon 65 (3): 502–522. doi:10.12705/653.5. ISSN 0040-0262. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304454062. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
- ↑ Buys, Matt H.; Hilger, Hartmut H. (2003). "Boraginaceae Cymes Are Exclusively Scorpioid and Not Helicoid". Taxon 52 (4): 719–724. doi:10.2307/3647346. ISSN 0040-0262.
- ↑ Watson, L. and M. J. Dallwitz. 1992 onwards. Boraginaceae Juss. The Families of Flowering Plants. Version: 19 August 2013.
- ↑ Hess, D. 2005. Systematische Botanik. ISBN:3-8252-2673-5
External links
 |
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Boraginaceae. |
- Distribution Map And Genus list At Boraginaceae At Boraginales At: Trees At: APweb At: Missouri Botanical Garden
- Boraginaceae In:Mabberley's Plant-Book
- Boraginaceae At: Plant Names At: IPNI
- Home page of James L. Reveal and C. Rose Broome
- Boraginaceae (Search Exact) At Name Search At: Tropicos At: Missouri Botanical Garden
- Boraginaceae. Topwalks.net: Walking Routes in Spain.
- Boraginaceae. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
Further reading
- Diane, N., et al. 2002. A systematic analysis of Heliotropium, Tournefortia, and allied taxa of the Heliotropiaceae (Boraginales) based on ITS1 sequences and morphological data. American Journal of Botany 89(2), 287-95.
- Gottschling, M., et al. (2001). Secondary structure of the ITS1 transcript and its application in a reconstruction of the phylogeny of Boraginales. Plant Biology 3, 629-36.
Wikidata ☰ Q26568 entry
 |  |
