Biology:Urochloa ramosa

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Short description: Species of grass

Urochloa ramosa
Brachiaria ramosa from Ambanja, Madagascar.jpg
Urochloa ramosa (formerly Brachiaria ramosa) from Ambanja, Madagascar
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Panicoideae
Genus: Urochloa
Species:
U. ramosa
Binomial name
Urochloa ramosa
(L.) T.Q.Nguyen
Synonyms[1]

Urochloa ramosa, (formerly Brachiaria ramosa) the browntop millet or Dixie signalgrass,[2] is an annual, millet grass belonging to the grass family (Poaceae). The native range of Urochloa ramosa is from Africa to tropical and subtropical Asia.

Description

It has glabrous (hairlass) spikelets, are about 3.3 mm (0.1 in) long, the upper of each pair on a pedicel (stalk) about as long as the spikelet. The spikelets are more often slightly or distinctly puberulent and pedicels are often shorter. Plants found in Malesia and Australia always have shorter spikelets (only up to 3 mm long).[3][4]

Growth

Seed germination can happen in up to 5 days and the rapidly growing crop can then be harvested in the next two months. Its fine stems and leaves allow the plant to dry sufficiently to be used as a dry hay product.[2]

Taxonomy

It was originally published as Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf in D.Oliver & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 542 in 1919, before being renamed and published and described by botanist T.Q.Nguyen in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 3: 13 in 1966.[1][5][6]

The specific epithet, ramosa, is a Latin adjective meaning "branched" which describes the plant as bearing branches.[7]

The reconstructed Proto-Dravidian name for Brachiaria ramosa is *conna-l.[8]

It is named differently in Indian languages such as “korale” and “kadu-baragu” in Kannada, “andakorra” and “pedda-sama” in Telugu.[9]

Distribution

It is found in Afghanistan, Andaman Islands, Bangladesh, Benin, Burkina, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad, China, Djibouti, East Himalaya, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Gulf States, Hainan, India, Ivory Coast, Java, Kenya, Lesser Sunda Islands, Liberia, Malawi, Malaya, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Islands, Niger, Nigeria, Northern Provinces (South Africa), Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, (island of) Socotra, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Tanzania, Thailand, Vietnam, West Himalaya, Yemen and Zimbabwe.[1]

It has been introduced to parts of the United States (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia), South America (Peru), Africa (Madagascar, Mauritius, the island of Réunion), and parts of Australia,[10] (Christmas Island, Northern Territory, Queensland and Western Australia).[1]

In parts of America, it is considered an invasive weed, as it has been found to reduce yield and lower quality of cotton in the southeastern United States.[11]

Uses

In South Asia, it is traditionally cultivated as a cereal crop.[9][12] It is used because it has potential to give high yield in resource-poor and fragile ecological conditions.[13] In the southern parts of India, the grains of browntop millet from non-shattering varieties are consumed as boiled whole grain (like rice), porridge, kheer or unleavened bread and dosa.[14]

The grain is also used as a birdseed, and forage crop (in the US) for domestic animals and game animals (such as deer and rabbit) and for birds such as turkey, duck, dove, quail and pheasant.[2] Browntop millet can represent up to 10–25% of the diet of terrestrial and water birds.[15] Also 50% of ingested seed found in mourning dove's crops was browntop millet.[16] Urochloa ramosa is also used to suppress root-knot nematode populations in tomato and pepper crops in south-eastern states of America.[17]

Urochloa ramosa also has the ability to accumulate significant amounts of metals such as lead and zinc in its shoot and root tissues making it an important plant for remediation of contaminated soils (Lakshmi et al., 2013).[18]

Pests

It is affected by insect pests such as:[19]

Within the US, army worms (Mythimna unipuncta) and grasshoppers are the common insect problems.[2]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Urochloa ramosa (L.) T.Q.Nguyen | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science" (in en). https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:426279-1. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Urochloa ramosa (Browntop Millet, Dixie Signalgrass) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/urochloa-ramosa/. 
  3. ↑ "Urochloa ramosa". https://alienplantsbelgium.myspecies.info/content/urochloa-ramosa. 
  4. ↑ Veldkamp, J.F. (1996). "Brachiaria, Urochloa (Gramineae-Paniceae) in Malesia.". Blumea 41: 413–437.. 
  5. ↑ Faccenda, K. (2023). "Updates to the Hawaiian grass flora and selected keys to species: Part 2.". Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 155: 83–156.. 
  6. ↑ Knapp, W.M.; Naczi, R.F.C. (2021). "Vascular plants of Maryland, USA. A comprehensive account of the state's botanical diversity.". Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 113: 1–151.. 
  7. ↑ "ramosus,-a,-um". http://www.plantillustrations.org/epithet.php?id_epithet=203164. 
  8. ↑ Southworth, Franklin C. 2005. Proto-Dravidian Agriculture. Paper presented at the 7th ESCA Round Table Conference, Kyoto, June 2005.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Fuller, D. Q. (2006). "Agricultural origins and frontiers in South Asia: a working synthesis.". J. World Prehistory 20: 40–51.. doi:10.1007/s10963-006-9006-8. 
  10. ↑ "Urochloa ramosa | AusGrass2". https://ausgrass2.myspecies.info/content/urochloa-ramosa. 
  11. ↑ Molin, W.T. 2008. Browntop millet: an emerging weed problem. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Conf., Nashville, Tennessee. 8–11, Jan. 2008. http://ncc.confex.com/ncc/2008/techprogram/P8095. HTM (accessed 19 Aug. 2014)
  12. ↑ Fuller, Dorian Q. (2014). "Millets: Origins and Development". Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 4945–4948. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_2181. 
  13. ↑ Singh, Shivani; Suri, Sukhneet; Singh, Ranjana (12 September 2022). "Potential and unrealized future possibilities of browntop millet in the food sector". Front. Sustain. Food Syst. 6 (Sec. Sustainable Food Processing). doi:10.3389/fsufs.2022.974126. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2022.974126. 
  14. ↑ Nesbitt, M.G. (2005). Prance, G.; Nesbitt, M.G.. eds. The Cultural History of Plants. New York: Routledge Press. pp. 45–60.. 
  15. ↑ USDA, NRCS. 2014. The PLANTS Database, (http://plants.usda.gov, 19 August 2014). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA
  16. ↑ Futch, W. J. Duguay, and K. M. Tolson. 2013. Seed selection by mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) in northeastern Louisiana. LA Assoc. of Prof. Biolo. and The Wildlife Soc. LA Chap., 2013, Baton Rouge, LA. 15–16 Aug. 2013. Waddill Outdoor Education Center, Baton Rouge, LA.
  17. ↑ McSorley, R.; Ozores-Hampton, M.; Stansly, P.A.; Conner, M. (1999). "Nematode management, soil fertility, and yield in organic vegetable production.". Nematropica 29: 205–213.. 
  18. ↑ Lakshmi, P.M.; Jaison, S.; Muthukumar, T.; Muthukumar, M. (1 November 2013). "Assessment of metal accumulation capacity of Brachiaria ramosa collected from cement waste dumping area for the remediation of metal contaminated soil.". Ecological Engineering 60: 96–98. doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.07.043. 
  19. ↑ Kalaisekar, A (2017). Insect pests of millets: systematics, bionomics, and management. London: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-804243-4. OCLC 967265246. 

Wikidata ☰ Q21304257 entry



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