Biology:Sultan tit
| Sultan tit | |
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| From Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary, India . | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Paridae |
| Genus: | Melanochlora Lesson, 1839 |
| Species: | M. sultanea
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| Binomial name | |
| Melanochlora sultanea | |
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| sultan tit distribution | |
The sultan tit (Melanochlora sultanea) is an Asian forest bird with a yellow crest, dark bill, black upperparts plumage and yellow underparts. The sexes are similar. The female has greenish-black upperparts and a yellowish throat. The young bird is duller than the adult and has a shorter crest. It is the only member of the monotypic genus Melanochlora, which is fairly distinct from the Parus tits with the nearest relative being the monotypic Sylviparus.[5]
Description
The male has the forehead and crown with the crest brilliant yellow; the whole upper plumage, sides of the head and neck, chin, throat, and breast-deep black glossed with green, the edges of the feathers of the upper plumage with a metallic lustre, and the outermost tail-feathers tipped with white; lower plumage from the breast downwards deep yellow, the thighs barred or mottled with white.[6] The recumbent crest is raised when the bird is alert or alarmed.[7]
The female has the yellow parts duller; the upper plumage and sides of the head dark greenish-brown; the chin and throat glossed dark olive-green; wings and tail dull black; the feathers of the upper plumage edged with metallic green.[6]
The young resemble the female, but in the youngest stage the bright edges to the plumage of the upper parts are absent, and the greater wing coverts are edged with white.[6]
They forage in the mid and upper canopy singly or in small groups mainly and feed mainly on insects but sometimes feed on figs.[8] Their loud calls with short repeated and variable whistling notes have a tit-like quality.[6] The flight is slow and fluttery.[7]
The bill is black; the mouth dark fleshy; the eyelids grey; the iris dark brown; the legs are grey; the claws dark horn. The length is about 8 inches; the tail measures 3.8 inches; the wing 4.4 inches; the tarsus 0.95 inches; the bill from the gape 0.75 inches.[9] The body mass is from 35 to 49 g (1.2 to 1.7 oz).[10]
Taxonomy and systematics
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| Phylogeny of the Paridae with the position of Melanochlora[11] |
In 1890, Richard Bowdler Sharpe considered this species as a member of the former subfamily Liotrichinae within the Timaliidae.[12] The position of this species within its clade is still not clearly established. They appear to have distinctive mtDNA cytochrome b sequences, suggesting that they might not belong to the Paridae unless the penduline tits are included.[5][13] They show an unusual behaviour of panicking in captivity when they encounter unusual noise or other species which has been said to be unlike that of typical Paridae members.[14][15] Unlike other Paridae, their nostrils are exposed and not covered by feathers.[16]
Distribution
Four subspecies are recognized with the nominate sultanea (Hodgson, 1837) found from Central Nepal into the eastern Himalayas extending into North-eastern Bangladesh,[17] Myanmar, northern Thailand and Southern China. This intergrades with the race flavocristata (Lafresnaye, 1837) is found further south in Thailand, the Malay Peninsula and Hainan. Race seorsa[18] (with dark shaft streaks in the crest) is found in Laos and parts of southeastern China (Guangxi, Fujian) and in its northern range intergrades with sultanea. Subspecies gayeti named after the collector M.V. Gayet-Laroche by Delacour & Jabouille in 1925[19] has a black crest in both males and females and is found in Laos and Vietnam.[20]
In India, this species occurs in the lower ranges of the Himalayas from Nepal to the head of the Assam valley, the Khasi Hills, Cachar, Manipur, the Kakhyen hills east of Bhamo, Arrakan, the Pegu hills, Karennee, and Tenasserim. This species does not appear to be found above 4000 feet of elevation. It extends down the Malay peninsula. It frequents the larger trees in small flocks.[9] In some forest areas such as the Buxa Tiger Reserve, the density has been estimated at around 15 per square kilometre.[21]
Sultan tits are vocal with several calls including a rattling "chi-dip, tri-trip", harsh explosive hissing calls and squeaky reppeated "wheet" whistles.[22]
The breeding season in India is April to July and the clutch is of five to seven eggs laid inside a lined tree cavity.[16][23] They feed on caterpillars and sometimes small berries.[7][24]
Widely distributed within suitable habitats throughout its large range, the Sultan Tit is evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
References
- ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Melanochlora sultanea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22712001A94314686. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22712001A94314686.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22712001/94314686. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ↑ Hodgson, B.H. (1837). "Indication of some new forms belonging to the Parianae. (part 1).". India Rev. 2 (1): 30–34.
- ↑ Dickinson, E.C. (2003). "Systematic notes on Asian birds. 38. The McClelland drawings and a reappraisal of the 1835–36 survey of the birds of Assam." (PDF). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 344: 63–106. http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/46748.
- ↑ Dickinson, E.C.; Loskot, V.M.; Morioka, H.; Somadikarta, S.; van den Elzen, R. (2006). "Systematic notes on Asian birds. 50. Types of the Aegithalidae, Remizidae and Paridae". Zoologische Mededelingen 80–5: 65–111. http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/41734.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Gill, Frank B.; Slikas, Beth; Sheldon, Frederick H. (2005). "Phylogeny of titmice (Paridae): II. Species relationships based on sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene". Auk 122: 121–143. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[0121:POTPIS2.0.CO;2].
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Rasmussen, PC; JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide.. 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions.. pp. 530–534.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Ali, S; S D Ripley (1998). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. 9 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 166–167.
- ↑ Lambert, Frank (1989). "Fig-Eating by Birds in a Malaysian Lowland Rain Forest.". Journal of Tropical Ecology 5 (4): 401–412. doi:10.1017/s0266467400003850.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Oates, E. W. (1889). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 1. London: Taylor and Francis. p. 242. https://archive.org/stream/birdsindia01oaterich#page/242/mode/1up/.
- ↑ Gosler, A. and P. Clement (2020). Sultan Tit (Melanochlora sultanea), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.sultit1.01
- ↑ Johansson, Ulf S; Ekman, Jan; Bowie, Rauri C.K; Halvarsson, Peter; Ohlson, Jan I; Price, Trevor D; Ericson, Per G.P (2013). "A complete multilocus species phylogeny of the tits and chickadees (Aves: Paridae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 69 (3): 852–60. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.06.019. PMID 23831453.
- ↑ Sharpe,RB (1890). "Notes on Oates's Birds of India". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 5 (2): 167–175. https://archive.org/stream/journalofbombayn05bomb#page/167/mode/1up.
- ↑ Jønsson, Knud A.; Fjeldså, Jon (2006). "Determining biogeographical patterns of dispersal and diversification in oscine passerine birds in Australia, Southeast Asia and Africa". J. Biogeogr. 33 (7): 1155–1165. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01507.x.
- ↑ Löhrl, H. (1997). "Zum Verhalten der Sultansmeise in Menschenhand Melanochlora sultanea" (in German). Gefiederte Welt 121 (5): 162–166.
- ↑ Eck, S; J Martens (2006). "Systematic notes on Asian birds. 49. A preliminary review of the Aegithalidae, Remizidae and Paridae". Zoologische Mededelingen 80 (5): 3. http://www.zoologischemededelingen.nl/80/nr05/a03.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Baker, E C S (1922). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 1 (2nd ed.). Taylor and Francis, London. pp. 101–102. https://archive.org/stream/faunaofbritishin01bake#page/100/mode/2up.
- ↑ "Sultan Tit (Melanochlora sultanea) - BirdLife species factsheet". http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/sultan-tit-melanochlora-sultanea/details.
- ↑ Bangs, O.C. (1924). "A new form of Melanochlora sultanea from Fukien". Proc. New Eng. Zool. Cl. 9: 23.
- ↑ Delacour, J.; P. Jabouille (1925). "[A new Sultan Tit from French Indochina"]. Bull. Brit. Orn. Club 46: 5–6. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40498627.
- ↑ Paynter, RA Jr., ed (1967). Check-list of birds of the world. 12. Museum of Comparative zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. pp. 122–123. https://archive.org/stream/checklistofbirds121967pete#page/122/mode/2up/.
- ↑ Sivakumar S; J Varghese; V Prakash (2006). "Abundance of birds in different habitats in Buxa Tiger Reserve, West Bengal, India". Forktail 22: 128–133. http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/22pdfs/Sivakumar-Buxa.pdf.
- ↑ Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 12: Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees.. Lynx Edicions. 2007. p. 750. ISBN 978-84-96553-42-2.
- ↑ Baker, ECS (1895). "XVIII. Notes on the nidification of some Indian birds not mentioned in Hume's 'Nests and Eggs' Part 2". Ibis 1 (Seventh series) (2): 217–236. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1895.tb06523.x. https://archive.org/stream/ibis17brit#page/224/mode/2up/search/sultanea.
- ↑ Mason, CW (1912). "The food of birds in India". Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India 3: 61. https://archive.org/stream/memoirsentomolog03impeuoft#page/60/mode/2up/search/sultanea.
External links
Wikidata ☰ Q2263439 entry
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