Biology:SYMPK
 Generic protein structure example |
Symplekin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SYMPK gene.[1][2]
Function
This gene encodes a nuclear protein that functions in the regulation of polyadenylation and promotes gene expression. The protein forms a high-molecular weight complex with components of the polyadenylation machinery. It is thought to serve as a scaffold for recruiting regulatory factors to the polyadenylation complex. It also participates in 3'-end maturation of histone mRNAs, which do not undergo polyadenylation. The protein also localizes to the cytoplasmic plaques of tight junctions in some cell types.[2]
Model organisms
| Characteristic | Phenotype |
|---|---|
| Homozygote viability | Abnormal |
| Recessive lethal study | Abnormal |
| Fertility | Normal |
| Body weight | Normal |
| Anxiety | Normal |
| Neurological assessment | Normal |
| Grip strength | Normal |
| Hot plate | Normal |
| Dysmorphology | Normal |
| Indirect calorimetry | Normal |
| Glucose tolerance test | Normal |
| Auditory brainstem response | Normal |
| DEXA | Normal |
| Radiography | Normal |
| Body temperature | Normal |
| Eye morphology | Normal |
| Clinical chemistry | Normal |
| Plasma immunoglobulins | Normal |
| Haematology | Normal |
| Peripheral blood lymphocytes | Normal |
| Micronucleus test | Normal |
| Heart weight | Normal |
| Brain histopathology | Normal |
| Salmonella infection | Normal[3] |
| Citrobacter infection | Normal[4] |
| All tests and analysis from[5][6] |
Model organisms have been used in the study of SYMPK function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Sympktm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi[7][8] was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program — a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.[9][10][11]
Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion.[5][12] Twenty five tests were carried out on mutant mice and two significant abnormalities were observed.[5] No homozygous mutant embryos were identified during gestation, and thus none survived until weaning. The remaining tests were carried out on heterozygous mutant adult mice; no additional significant abnormalities were observed in these animals.[5]
Interactions
SYMPK has been shown to interact with CSTF2,[13] HSF1[14] and Oct4[15]
References
- ↑ "Chromosomal localization to 19q13.3, partial genomic structure and 5' cDNA sequence of the human symplekin gene". Somatic Cell and Molecular Genetics 23 (3): 229–31. May 1997. doi:10.1007/BF02721375. PMID 9330635.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Entrez Gene: SYMPK symplekin". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=8189.
- ↑ "Salmonella infection data for Sympk". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. http://www.sanger.ac.uk/mouseportal/phenotyping/MBBM/salmonella-challenge/.
- ↑ "Citrobacter infection data for Sympk". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. http://www.sanger.ac.uk/mouseportal/phenotyping/MBBM/citrobacter-challenge/.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Gerdin AK (2010). "The Sanger Mouse Genetics Programme: High throughput characterisation of knockout mice". Acta Ophthalmologica 88: 925–7. doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.4142.x.
- ↑ Mouse Resources Portal, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
- ↑ "International Knockout Mouse Consortium". http://www.knockoutmouse.org/martsearch/search?query=Sympk.
- ↑ "Mouse Genome Informatics". http://www.informatics.jax.org/searchtool/Search.do?query=MGI:4434309.
- ↑ "A conditional knockout resource for the genome-wide study of mouse gene function". Nature 474 (7351): 337–42. Jun 2011. doi:10.1038/nature10163. PMID 21677750.
- ↑ "Mouse library set to be knockout". Nature 474 (7351): 262–3. Jun 2011. doi:10.1038/474262a. PMID 21677718.
- ↑ "A mouse for all reasons". Cell 128 (1): 9–13. Jan 2007. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.018. PMID 17218247.
- ↑ "The mouse genetics toolkit: revealing function and mechanism". Genome Biology 12 (6): 224. 2011. doi:10.1186/gb-2011-12-6-224. PMID 21722353.
- ↑ "Complex protein interactions within the human polyadenylation machinery identify a novel component". Molecular and Cellular Biology 20 (5): 1515–25. Mar 2000. doi:10.1128/MCB.20.5.1515-1525.2000. PMID 10669729.
- ↑ "HSF1 modulation of Hsp70 mRNA polyadenylation via interaction with symplekin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 279 (11): 10551–5. Mar 2004. doi:10.1074/jbc.M311719200. PMID 14707147.
- ↑ Yu J, Lu W, Ge T, et al., (2019). "Interaction Between Sympk and Oct4 Promotes Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Proliferation". STEM CELLS;37(6): 743-753 https://doi.org/10.1002/stem.2992
Further reading
- "Symplekin, a novel type of tight junction plaque protein". The Journal of Cell Biology 134 (4): 1003–18. Aug 1996. doi:10.1083/jcb.134.4.1003. PMID 8769423.
- "Six transcripts map within 200 kilobases of the myotonic dystrophy expanded repeat". Mammalian Genome 9 (6): 485–7. Jun 1998. doi:10.1007/s003359900804. PMID 9585442.
- "Huntingtin interacts with a family of WW domain proteins". Human Molecular Genetics 7 (9): 1463–74. Sep 1998. doi:10.1093/hmg/7.9.1463. PMID 9700202.
- "The arm-repeat protein NPRAP (neurojungin) is a constituent of the plaques of the outer limiting zone in the retina, defining a novel type of adhering junction". Experimental Cell Research 250 (2): 452–64. Aug 1999. doi:10.1006/excr.1999.4534. PMID 10413599.
- "Complex protein interactions within the human polyadenylation machinery identify a novel component". Molecular and Cellular Biology 20 (5): 1515–25. Mar 2000. doi:10.1128/MCB.20.5.1515-1525.2000. PMID 10669729.
- "Tight junction-related structures in the absence of a lumen: occludin, claudins and tight junction plaque proteins in densely packed cell formations of stratified epithelia and squamous cell carcinomas". European Journal of Cell Biology 82 (8): 385–400. Aug 2003. doi:10.1078/0171-9335-00330. PMID 14533737.
- "HSF1 modulation of Hsp70 mRNA polyadenylation via interaction with symplekin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 279 (11): 10551–5. Mar 2004. doi:10.1074/jbc.M311719200. PMID 14707147.
- "Large-scale characterization of HeLa cell nuclear phosphoproteins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101 (33): 12130–5. Aug 2004. doi:10.1073/pnas.0404720101. PMID 15302935. Bibcode: 2004PNAS..10112130B.
- "Symplekin and xGLD-2 are required for CPEB-mediated cytoplasmic polyadenylation". Cell 119 (5): 641–51. Nov 2004. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.10.029. PMID 15550246.
- "Symplekin and multiple other polyadenylation factors participate in 3'-end maturation of histone mRNAs". Genes & Development 19 (21): 2583–92. Nov 2005. doi:10.1101/gad.1371105. PMID 16230528.
- "Diversification of transcriptional modulation: large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes". Genome Research 16 (1): 55–65. Jan 2006. doi:10.1101/gr.4039406. PMID 16344560.
- "Functional interaction between the ZO-1-interacting transcription factor ZONAB/DbpA and the RNA processing factor symplekin". Journal of Cell Science 119 (Pt 24): 5098–105. Dec 2006. doi:10.1242/jcs.03297. PMID 17158914. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/8238/1/8238.pdf.
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