Biology:Citrobacter
Citrobacter is a genus of Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped[1] coliform bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family.
Citrobacter spp. cause opportunistic infections (including urinary tract infections, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia).[1]
Microbiology
Microbial biochemistry
The species C. amalonaticus, C. koseri, and C. freundii can use citrate as a sole carbon source. Citrobacter species are differentiated by their ability to convert tryptophan to indole (C. koseri is the only citrobacter to be commonly indole-positive), ferment lactose (C. koseri is a lactose fermentor), and use malonate.[2]
Citrobacter shows the ability to accumulate uranium by building phosphate complexes.[3]
Environmental microbiology
These bacteria can be found almost everywhere in soil, water, wastewater, etc. They can also be found in the human intestine.[4][5]
Clinical significance
Citrobacter are considered opportunistic nosocomial pathogens, typically associated with urinary tract infections and infant meningitis and sepsis.[6]
Antimicrobial resistance
Citrobacter freundii strains have inducible ampC genes encoding resistance to ampicillin and first-generation cephalosporins.[7] In addition, isolates of Citrobacter may be resistant to many other antibiotics as a result of plasmid-encoded resistance genes.[6]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Dictionnaire médical de l'Académie de Médecine" (in fr). https://www.academie-medecine.fr/le-dictionnaire/index.php?q=citrobacter.
- ↑ Lipsky, Benjamin A.; Hook III, Edward W.; Smith, Arlene A.; Plorde, James J. (1980). "Citrobacter Infections in Humans: Experience at the Seattle Veterans Administration Medical Center and a Review of the Literature". Clinical Infectious Diseases 2 (5): 746–760. doi:10.1093/clinids/2.5.746. ISSN 1058-4838. PMID 6763304.
- ↑ Macaskie, Lynne E.; Empson, Ruth M.; Cheetham, Anthony K.; Grey, Clare P.; Skarnulis, A. Jerome (1992). "Uranium bioaccumulation by a Citrobacter sp. as a result of enzymically mediated growth of polycrystalline HUO2PO4" (in en). Science 257 (5071): 782–784. doi:10.1126/science.1496397. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 1496397. Bibcode: 1992Sci...257..782M.
- ↑ Drelichman, Vilma; Band, Jeffrey D. (1985). "Bacteremias due to Citrobacter diversus and Citrobacter freundii. Incidence, risk factors, and clinical outcome". Archives of Internal Medicine 145 (10): 1808–1810. doi:10.1001/archinte.145.10.1808. PMID 3899035.
- ↑ Badger, Julie D.; M.F. Stins, Monique F.; Kim, Kwang Sik (1999). "Citrobacter freundii Invades and Replicates in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells". Infection and Immunity 67 (8): 4208–4215. PMID 10417193.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Jabeen, Ishrat; Islam, Sohidul; Hassan, A. K. M. Imrul; Tasnim, Zerin; Shuvo, Sabbir R. (2023). "A brief insight into Citrobacter species–a growing threat to public health". Frontiers in Antibiotics 2. doi:10.3389/frabi.2023.1276982/full. ISSN 2813-2467.
- ↑ Meini, Simone; Tascini, Carlo; Cei, Marco; Sozio, Emanuela; Rossolini, Gian Maria (2019). "AmpC β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales: what a clinician should know" (in en). Infection 47 (3): 363–375. doi:10.1007/s15010-019-01291-9. ISSN 1439-0973.
External links
- Citrobacter at DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures
- Canada Public Health Data Sheet
Wikidata ☰ Q134081 entry
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