Biology:Cornmeal

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Short description: Meal (coarse flour) ground from dried corn
Cornmeal

Cornmeal is a meal (coarse flour) ground from dried corn (maize). It is a common staple food and is ground to coarse, medium, and fine consistencies, but it is not as fine as wheat flour can be.[1][2][3] In Mexico, very finely ground cornmeal is referred to as corn flour.[1][4] When fine cornmeal is made from maize that has been soaked in an alkaline solution, e.g., limewater (a process known as nixtamalization), it is called masa harina (or masa flour), which is used for making arepas, tamales, and tortillas.[5][6] Boiled cornmeal is called polenta in Italy and is also a traditional dish and bread substitute in Romania.[7]

Types

There are various types of cornmeal:

  • Blue cornmeal is light blue or violet in color. It is ground from whole blue corn and has a sweet flavor. The cornmeal consists of dried corn kernels that have been ground into a fine or medium texture.[8][9]
  • Steel-ground yellow cornmeal, which is common mostly in the United States, has the husk and germ of the maize kernel almost completely removed. It will remain fresh for about a year if stored in an airtight container in a cool, dry place.[10][11]
  • Stone-ground cornmeal retains some of the hull and germ, lending a little more flavor and nutrition to recipes. It is more perishable, but will store longer if refrigerated. However, it too can have a shelf life of many months if kept in a reasonably cool place.[8][12]
  • White cornmeal (mielie-meal), made from white corn, is more common in parts of Africa. It is also popular in the Southern United States for making cornbread.[8][13]

Regional usage

Caribbean

  • Cornmeal porridge - a popular meal served for breakfast in Jamaica and Southern Africa.[14]
  • Cou-cou - part of the national dish of Barbados, "cou-cou and flying fish".[15]
  • Funche - a typical breakfast in Puerto Rico cornmeal cooked with coconut milk, milk, raisins, butter, cloves, vanilla, ginger, sugar or honey and topped with fruit and cinnamon. There is also a savory funche made with cornmeal, coconut milk, chicken stock, sofrito and other ingredients. These are usually served with fish.[16][17]
  • Funchi also known as fungi/fungee - a cornmeal mush cooked and cooled into a stiff pudding, sometimes eaten with saltfish or pepperpot. It is consumed on the island of Curaçao and is part of the national dish of Antigua and Barbuda.[18][19]
  • Mayi moulen - a cornmeal dish in Haiti often cooked with fish or spinach. Can be eaten with avocado.[20]

East Asia

  • Rolled corn porridge known as 糝糝飯 (Jin Chinese: cjy or cjy) is far more common than millet porridge in Shanxi and Shaanxi due to their disparity of local production.[21][22][23] Even if foxtail millet porridge is made, it is usually topped with rolled corn.[21] In Ji-lu Mandarin, rolled corn porridge is known as 棒子面粥 bangzimianzhou.[24]
  • Wo tou (窩頭) - Shaped like a hollow cone, this cornbread looks like a bird's nest, after which it is named. It is commonly eaten in northern China, and may contain dried jujubes and other flavoring agents.[25][26][27]

Sub-Saharan Africa

Southern Africa's Nshima cornmeal (top right corner), served with three relishes.

Europe

  • Arapash or harapash - Albania (similar to the Romanian style but often combined with lamb organs, or/and goat cheese)[49]
  • Farina di granturco - Italy (not the same as farina, which is made from wheat)[50]
  • G'omi (Georgian: ღომი), mchadi (Georgian: მჭადი), tchvishtari - Georgia (g'omi is similar to polenta, mchadi - cornbread, tshvishtari - cheese cornbread). Known by different names in local languages (Abkhazian: абысҭа abysta, Adyghe: мамрыс mamrys, Template:Lang-inh juran-hudar, Nogai: мамырза mamyrza, Template:Lang-os dzykka or сера sera), it is also widespread in other Caucasian cuisines.[51][52]
  • Kachamak (качамак) - Bulgaria, North Macedonia and Serbia[53][54]
  • Mălai - Romania (the cornmeal itself; prepared as mămăligă)[55][56]
  • Polenta - southern Europe, especially North Italy[57][58][59]
  • Banush - Ukraine (the dish prepared from cornmeal with added śmietana, topped with pork rind or mushrooms and bryndza etc. The dish is popular in the Carpathian region of western Ukraine)[60][61][62]

South America

Grindstones inside Mingus Mill, in the Great Smoky Mountains of North Carolina. Corn is placed in a hopper (top right) which slowly feeds it into the grindstone (center). The grindstone grinds the corn into cornmeal, and empties it into a bucket (lower left). The grindstones are turned by the mill's water-powered turbine.
  • Fubá - Brazil .
  • Masarepa - Soaked and cooked corn, ground fine into a flour, used in Colombia and Venezuela to make arepas, almojábanas and empanadas.[63][64]
  • Polenta - a typical dish in many countries, including Argentina , Brazil , Paraguay and Uruguay.[65]

North America

A corn muffin
  • Masa or masa harina - Nixtamalized corn used for making tamales and tortillas in Central America, Mexico, and South America.[63]
  • As a batter for a fried food, such as corn dogs[66][67]
  • Made into bread, as in corn fritters, cornbread, hushpuppies, jonnycakes, or spoonbread[68][69][70]
  • As breading for fried or baked foods, such as fried fish[citation needed]
  • As a breakfast cereal ingredient[citation needed]
  • Cheese curl-type snack foods, such as Cheetos and Cheezies
  • In corn chips such as Fritos, but not tortilla chips or corn tortillas, which are made from nixtamalized maize flour[citation needed]
  • Peameal bacon, back bacon rolled in cornmeal, known colloquially in the U.S. as ‘Canadian bacon’
  • As a release agent to prevent breads and pizza from sticking to their pans when baking[citation needed]
  • As grits[71][72][73]
  • As a porridge, such as cornmeal mush, which is often then sliced and grilled[74][75]
  • Known as "samp", it was used in colonial times as a kind of porridge.[76]

South Asia

  • Makki di roti - a traditional Punjabi bread often eaten with saag in Punjab province of northern India and eastern Pakistan [77][78]

In parts of northern India and Pakistan ground corn flour is used to make thick slabs of bread which can be eaten with a wide variety of curry dishes or it can be coated in clarified butter or ghee and eaten with yogurt or lassi, a yogurt-based drink.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Herbst, Sharon, Food Lover's Companion, Third Edition, Pg. 165, Barrons Educational Series Inc, 2001
  2. ↑ Schlette, Jennifer (2021-10-26). "What's the Difference Between Corn Flour and Cornmeal? Solved" (in en-US). https://kitchensubstitute.com/corn-flour-vs-cornmeal/. 
  3. ↑ "Difference Between Cornmeal and Corn Flour" (in en-US). 29 April 2014. https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-cornmeal-and-vs-corn-flour/. 
  4. ↑ "What is corn meal in Mexico?". https://onebigpoint.com/what-is-corn-meal-in-mexico. 
  5. ↑ "What is Masa Harina?" (in en). https://www.webstaurantstore.com/blog/3246/what-is-masa-harina.html. 
  6. ↑ "It's Easy to Make Your Own Tortillas With Masa Harina" (in en). https://www.thespruceeats.com/what-is-masa-harina-4778541. 
  7. ↑ "Cornmeal" (in en). https://www.chefsteps.com/ingredients/cornmeal--2. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Kilbride, Philip; Goodale, Jane; Ameisen, Elizabeth, eds (1990). Encounters With American Ethnic Cultures. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama. p. 82. ISBN 0-8173-0471-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=kGMTH77C6RwC. Retrieved July 24, 2010. 
  9. ↑ GourmetSleuth. "Cornmeal" (in en-US). https://www.gourmetsleuth.com/ingredients/detail/cornmeal. 
  10. ↑ "Section II: Food Commodity Fact Sheets". Commodities Reference Guide (USAID). http://transition.usaid.gov/our_work/humanitarian_assistance/ffp/crg/fscornmeal.htm. 
  11. ↑ "Cornmeal" (in en-US). https://www.gourmetsleuth.com/ingredients/detail/cornmeal. 
  12. ↑ "Stone-ground Cornmeal vs. Regular Grocery Store Cornmeal: What's the Difference?" (in en-US). 2021-11-12. https://stoneycreekfarmtennessee.com/stone-ground-cornmeal-vs-regular-grocery-store-cornmeal-whats-the-difference/. 
  13. ↑ "Difference Between White and Yellow Cornmeal (With Table) – Ask Any Difference" (in en-us). 8 January 2021. https://askanydifference.com/difference-between-white-and-yellow-cornmeal/. 
  14. ↑ Murphy, Winsome (2004-03-14). "Jamaican Cornmeal Porridge Recipe" (in en-US). http://jamaicans.com/cporridge/. 
  15. ↑ Sacirbey, Omar (2009-11-11). "Flying fish dish is a taste of Barbados". Boston.com. http://archive.boston.com/lifestyle/food/articles/2009/11/11/cou_cou_and_flying_fish_is_a_favorite_traditional_dish_with_barbadians/. 
  16. ↑ "Funche (Puerto Rican Polenta)" (in en-US). 2014-03-09. https://hispanickitchen.com/2014/03/09/funche-puerto-rican-polenta/. 
  17. ↑ "8 Best Puerto Rican Breakfast Foods for a True Boricua Breakfast" (in en-US). 2020-07-19. https://blog.amigofoods.com/index.php/puerto-rican-foods/puerto-rican-breakfast-foods/. 
  18. ↑ "Fungee and Pepperpot National Dish of Antigua" (in en-US). 2022-02-04. https://jiriecaribbean.com/fungee-and-pepperpot-national-dish-of-antigua/. 
  19. ↑ "National Dish of Antigua and Barbuda – Fungee" (in en-US). https://nationalfoods.org/recipe/fungee-national-dish-of-antigua-and-barbuda/. 
  20. ↑ JB, Nathalie (2013-01-17). "Mayi moulen ak Epina e Zaboka (Cornmeal with Spinach and Avocado)" (in en). https://mangeonslakay.wordpress.com/2013/01/17/mayi-moulen-ak-epina-e-zaboka-cornmeal-with-spinach-and-avocado/. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 郝妙海 (2021-09-08). "糁糁饭". 太原日报: p. 7. Archived from the original on 2023-08-20. https://web.archive.org/web/20230820173142/http://epaper.tyrbw.com/tyrb/resfile/2021-09-08/07/tyrb2021090807.pdf. 
  22. ↑ "山西日常饮食风俗". 山西新闻网. 2006-05-11. https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2006-05-11/20359834007.shtml. 
  23. ↑ 邢向东; 王兆富 (2014). 吴堡方言调查研究. 中华书局. pp. 51, 54, 57. 
  24. ↑ 曹克谦 (2022-04-16). "【武垣风】家乡的棒子面粥". 肃宁周报. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/sBJOw_9sBQ7_gPD29kQYHA. 
  25. ↑ Kasell, Frank. "Cornbread!" (in en). http://www.chinesestreetfood.com/2013/01/cornbread.html. 
  26. ↑ "Royal Steamed Cornbread Recipe" (in en-US). 3 October 2019. https://www.mychineserecipes.com/recipe/royal-steamed-cornbread-recipe/. 
  27. ↑ "Food Folk Tales: Woutou". https://uchicagobite.com/blog/2021/5/3/food-folk-tales-woutou. 
  28. ↑ Eshemokha, Udomoh (2020-07-31). "TUWO MASARA: Health Benefits, How to prepare Tuwo Masara, Tuwo Masara Recipes" (in en-US). https://nimedhealth.com.ng/2020/07/31/tuwo-masara-health-benefits-how-to-prepare-tuwo-masara-tuwo-masara-recipes/. 
  29. ↑ "Recipe of Ultimate Corn meal swallow (tuwon masara) - cookandrecipe.com". https://cookandrecipe.com/us/2958-recipe-of-ultimate-corn-meal-swallow-tuwon-masara.html. 
  30. ↑ Heerden, Ingrid van. "Mieliepap (maize meal porridge) and the glycaemic index". https://www.news24.com/health24/diet-and-nutrition/nutrition-basics/Mieliepap-maize-meal-porridge-and-the-glycaemic-index-20130210. 
  31. ↑ "About Corn Meal" (in en). https://ifood.tv/corn/corn-meal/about. 
  32. ↑ "Nshima and Ndiwo – Mwizenge S. Tembo" (in en-US). https://wp.bridgewater.edu/mtembo/zambian-foods/nshima-and-ndiwo/. 
  33. ↑ "Nshima: A Staple Food in Zambia" (in en-US). 2012-08-03. https://theturquoisetable.com/nshima-a-staple-food-in-zambia/. 
  34. ↑ "What Is Nshima? (with pictures)" (in en-US). http://www.wise-geek.com/what-is-nshima.htm. 
  35. ↑ "Learn to Make Nsima, Malawi's Staple Food" (in en-US). 2021-05-06. https://orantcharitiesafrica.org/learn-to-make-nsima-malawis-staple-food/. 
  36. ↑ "UNESCO - Nsima, culinary tradition of Malawi" (in en). https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/nsima-culinary-tradition-of-malawi-01292. 
  37. ↑ "Sadza | Traditional Porridge From Zimbabwe | TasteAtlas". https://www.tasteatlas.com/sadza. 
  38. ↑ "Sadza - Ugali (African Cornmeal)" (in en-US). 2020-09-04. https://cheflolaskitchen.com/sadza-ugali/. 
  39. ↑ "How to make plain Sadza" (in en-US). 2012-10-22. https://www.zimbokitchen.com/how-to-make-plain-sadza/. 
  40. ↑ chefbrad (2008-05-02). "Ugali Recipe (African cornmeal mush)" (in en). https://www.whats4eats.com/grains/ugali-recipe. 
  41. ↑ "Somali Corn Grits (Soor Furfur ah) (Zijjo zaa Gelle) Semoule de Maïs Somali | Xawaash.com" (in en-US). http://xawaash.com/?p=2125. 
  42. ↑ Johnson, Alex (2020-12-24). "11 Traditional Somalian Foods Everyone Should Try" (in en-US). https://medmunch.com/somalia-food/. 
  43. ↑ "Injera" (in en-US). 2015-10-15. https://www.africanbites.com/injera/. 
  44. ↑ "Lahoh Sana'ani". http://www.shebayemenifood.com/content/lahoh-sanaani. 
  45. ↑ Kristi. "National Dish of Somalia Lahoh" (in en-US). https://nationalfoods.org/recipe/national-dish-of-somalia-lahoh/. 
  46. ↑ "Ethiopian Flat Bread Injera" (in en-US). 2015-09-03. https://gayathriscookspot.com/2015/09/ethiopian-flat-bread-injera/. 
  47. ↑ "Poudine Mais-Mauritian Sweet" (in en-US). 2012-08-14. https://gayathriscookspot.com/2012/08/poudine-mais-mauritian-sweet/. 
  48. ↑ "Mauritian Polenta Pudding aka "Poudine Maïs"" (in en-US). 2020-09-29. https://atablewithaulson.com/blog/mauritian-polenta-pudding-aka-poudine-mais/. This is a local dessert dish made from maize flour in which milk, sugar, dried sultanas and cardamon powder are cooked together. The cooked paste is poured on a tray and coconut powder is sprinkled thereon and left to cool. This dessert is often cut into triangular shapes and can be bought from food vendors in the streets of Port Louis and also in market fairs around the island.
  49. ↑ "10 Most Popular Southeastern European Porridges". https://www.tasteatlas.com/most-popular-porridges-in-southeastern-europe. 
  50. ↑ Etherington, Daniel (2013-06-11). "Italian flour: types and terminology" (in en). https://breadcakesandale.com/2013/06/11/italian-flour-types-and-terminology/. 
  51. ↑ "Corn bread with cheese (chvishtari ჭვიშტარი)" (in en-US). 2017-07-05. https://georgiancook.com/corn-bread-cheese-chvishtari-ჭვიშტარი/. 
  52. ↑ "MCHADI (GEORGIAN CORNBREAD)" (in en). 2013-03-29. https://georgianrecipes.net/2013/03/29/mchadi-georgian-cornbread/. 
  53. ↑ "Kachamak Recipe" (in en). https://www.food.com/recipe/kachamak-488539. 
  54. ↑ "Kachamak /Polenta Balkan style/" (in en-US). https://www.soofoodies.com/recipe/kachamak-polenta/. 
  55. ↑ Reznic, Michal. "Mamaliga (Romanian Polenta)" (in en-us). https://jamiegeller.com/recipes/mamaliga-romanian-polenta/. 
  56. ↑ "Mămăligă: A Romanian-Style Cornmeal Porridge Similar to Polenta" (in en). https://www.thespruceeats.com/romanian-cornmeal-porridge-recipe-mamaliga-1137442. 
  57. ↑ "What Is Polenta?" (in en). https://www.foodnetwork.com/how-to/packages/food-network-essentials/what-is-polenta. 
  58. ↑ "Smooth and Creamy Polenta Recipe" (in en). https://www.seriouseats.com/smooth-creamy-polenta-recipe. 
  59. ↑ "Polenta" (in en-US). https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/glossary/polenta-glossary/amp. 
  60. ↑ "Hutsul Dish Banosh/ Banush Recipe" (in en-US). 20 April 2022. https://www.chefspencil.com/recipe/hutsul-dish-banosh-banush/. 
  61. ↑ "Hutsul Banush, Ukraine National Cuisine - Recipes, Pictures, Info." (in en). https://ukrainefood.info/recipes/mains/125-hutsul-banush. 
  62. ↑ "Banush - Recipe With Photo | Recipes 2022" (in en). https://culinaryfoodrecipes.com/7985272-banush-recipe-with-photo. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Blazes, Marian. "Masarepa - - Precooked Corn Flour for Making Arepas". http://southamericanfood.about.com/od/glossaryofterms/g/arepaflour.htm. 
  64. ↑ "Masarepa (Arepa Flour)" (in en). 2009-02-12. https://www.mycolombianrecipes.com/masarepa/. 
  65. ↑ "La storia della polenta" (in it). http://www.iprimiditalia.it/proposito_primi_singola.php?&idcat=126. 
  66. ↑ Suzzanna. "Corn Dogs" (in en). https://www.allrecipes.com/recipe/35149/corn-dogs/. 
  67. ↑ Dobby (2020-08-05). "Corn Dogs Recipe" (in en-US). https://dobbyssignature.com/corn-dogs-recipe/. 
  68. ↑ "cornbread | Definition, Ingredients, & Variations | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/cornbread. 
  69. ↑ "My Favorite Cornbread Recipe" (in en-US). 2015-06-02. https://sallysbakingaddiction.com/my-favorite-cornbread/. 
  70. ↑ "Corn Fritters" (in en-US). 2021-03-03. https://lifemadesimplebakes.com/corn-fritters/. 
  71. ↑ Vaughan, Kelly (March 19, 2019). "What Are Grits?" (in en). https://www.realsimple.com/food-recipes/recipe-collections-favorites/popular-ingredients/what-are-grits. 
  72. ↑ "How To Make True Southern-Style Grits" (in en). https://www.thekitchn.com/grits-22956033. 
  73. ↑ "What Are Grits?" (in en). https://www.foodnetwork.com/how-to/packages/food-network-essentials/what-are-grits. 
  74. ↑ "Fried Cornmeal Mush Recipe" (in en-us). Allrecipes. https://www.allrecipes.com/recipe/21006/fried-cornmeal-mush/. 
  75. ↑ "A Southern Comfort: Fried Cornmeal Mush" (in en). https://www.thespruceeats.com/southern-fried-cornmeal-mush-recipe-4128798. 
  76. ↑ "Samp - Recipe". https://www.cooks.com/recipe/dg8iv4b0/samp.html. 
  77. ↑ "Makki Ki Roti Recipe - Punjabi Makki Di Roti in 10 Easy Steps" (in en-US). https://foodviva.com/punjabi-recipes/makki-ki-roti/. 
  78. ↑ "Makki ki roti" (in en-US). 2021-01-12. https://www.ruchiskitchen.com/makki-ki-roti/. 

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