Biology:Helvella lacunosa
| Helvella lacunosa | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Pezizomycetes |
| Order: | Pezizales |
| Family: | Helvellaceae |
| Genus: | Helvella |
| Species: | H. lacunosa
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| Binomial name | |
| Helvella lacunosa (Afzel.)
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| Helvella lacunosa | |
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 | |
 | smooth hymenium |
 | cap is convex |
 | hymenium attachment is not applicable |
 | stipe is bare |
 | spore print is white |
 | ecology is saprotrophic or mycorrhizal |
 | edibility: not recommended |
Helvella lacunosa, known as the slate grey saddle or fluted black elfin saddle in North America, simply as the elfin saddle in Britain, is an ascomycete fungus of the family Helvellaceae. It is one of the most common species in the genus Helvella.[1] The mushroom is readily identified by its irregularly shaped grey cap, fluted stem, and fuzzy undersurfaces. It is usually found in Eastern North America and in Europe, near deciduous and coniferous trees in summer and autumn.
Taxonomy
Scottish naturalist John Lightfoot wrote of it in his 1777 work Flora Scotica, calling Helvella mitra, or curled helvella.[2]
The fungus was formally described by Swedish botanist Adam Afzelius in 1783.[3] Its specific epithet is the Latin adjective lacunosa, meaning "with holes". The generic name was originally a type of Italian herb but became associated with morels.[4] H. sulcata; once separated, because of certain differences in the lobe structure is now dropped, or just a synonym. It was not possible to draw a clear distinction between the two.[5]
Description
Helvella lacunosa not uncommonly appears to be made out of wax.[6] It has an irregularly folded or wrinkled cap which may be shades of slatey grey to black in colour, and measure anywhere from 1 to 10 cm (1⁄2 to 4 in), though usually between 2 and 5 cm (1 and 2 in). The margin can be fused with the wrinkled, ringless stem,[6] which is chambered within, measuring 3–15 cm (1–6 in) high and 1–3 cm wide.[7] The stem may be white when young and darker with age, though may be any shade of grey. The spore print is white, the oval spores average (12) 15–21 x (9) 11–14 μm.[8] Occasionally white capped forms are found. They may be distinguished from the creamy-white coloured Helvella crispa by the latter's furry cap undersurface and inrolled margins when young.[9] Another similar species is H. maculata, which has a brownish cap.[6]
The species can be attacked by Hypomyces cervinigenus or Clitocybe sclerotoidea.[6]
Distribution and habitat
This species is common in Eastern North America and is also found in Europe,[8] Varsey Rhododendron Sanctuary in Sikkim,[10] Japan,[11] and China.[12] It is frequent in the alpine, and temperate zones of both the northern and southern hemispheres.[1] The species occurs under pine, oak and Douglas fir and nearby parkland and lawns.[8] Fruiting bodies appear in late summer and autumn, though have been recorded in winter in California.[8] It often occurs on burnt ground.[13]
Two similar looking species occur in Western North America – Helvella vespertina is associated with conifers and Helvella dryophila is associated with oak. The European Helvella lacunosa has been found in Eastern North America, but rarely in the west.[14]
Edibility
This species is eaten and regarded highly by some after cooking, though the stems are not eaten.[8] Lightfoot regarded it as edible in 1777,[2] and several guidebooks list it as edible,[13][15] yet this genus is now regarded with suspicion due to the presence of toxic compounds in several related species. It has been reported to cause gastrointestinal symptoms when eaten raw.[9] It may contain small amounts of the toxin monomethylhydrazine, so cooking is required.[7] Roger Phillips calls it "edible but not worthwhile".[16]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Thomas Laessoe (1998). Mushrooms (flexi bound). Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0-7513-1070-0.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lightfoot, John. Flora Scotica: or, a systematic arrangement, in the Linnaean method, of the native plants of Scotland and the Hebrides. 2. London: B. White. p. 1047. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/18951435.
- ↑ Afzelius, Adam (1783). "Helvella lacunosa" (in sv). Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar. 2 4: 304. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/46983497.
- ↑ Nilsson S, Persson O.(1977) Fungi of Northern Europe 1: Larger Fungi (Excluding Gill Fungi). pp. 36–37. Penguin Books. ISBN:0-14-063005-8
- ↑ Marcel Bon (1987). The Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and North Western Europe. Hodder and Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-39935-X.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe (2009) (in en). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. pp. 283. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=WevHvt6Tr8kC.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 396. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/797915861.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Arora, David (1986). Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi (2nd ed.). Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. pp. 815–16. ISBN 0-89815-169-4. https://archive.org/details/mushroomsdemysti00aror_0/page/815.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Ammirati, Joseph F.; Traquair, James A.; Horgen, Paul A. (1985). Poisonous mushrooms of the northern United States and Canada. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. 259. ISBN 0-8166-1407-5. https://archive.org/details/poisonousmushroo00amma.
- ↑ "Diversity and conservation of wild mushrooms in Sikkim with special reference to Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary". NeBIO 1 (2): 1–13. 2010. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264886696.
- ↑ Nagao H. (2002). "Fungal flora in Chiba Pref., central Japan (III) Ascomycetes: Plectomycetes and Discomycetes" (in ja). Journal of the Natural History Museum and Institute Chiba 5: 111–32.
- ↑ Zhuang WY. (2004). "Preliminary survey of the Helvellaceae from Xinjiang, China". Mycotaxon 90 (1): 35–42.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Phillips R (2006). Mushrooms. London: Pan Macmillan Ltd. p. 360. ISBN 0-330-44237-6.
- ↑ "The Helvella lacunosa species complex in western North America: Cryptic species, misapplied names and parasites". Mycologia 105 (5): 1275–86. 2013. doi:10.3852/12-391. PMID 23709487.
- ↑ Haas, Hans (1969). The Young Specialist looks at Fungi. Burke. p. 184. ISBN 0-222-79409-7.
- ↑ Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 364. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.
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Wikidata ☰ Q1462244 entry
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