Biology:List of Armillaria species

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Several groups of shaggy yellowish mushrooms growing on the ground in a forest. Some mushrooms have small convex caps, others with larger expanded caps and a skirt-like ring on the stem.
A. mellea is the type species of the genus Armillaria.

Armillaria is a genus of fungi commonly known as honey mushrooms. First treated by Elias Magnus Fries in 1821, and later assigned generic rank by Friedrich Staude in 1857,[1] Armillaria is classified in the family Physalacriaceae of the Agaricales, the gilled mushrooms.[2] The majority of species in Armillaria are saprotrophic and live mainly on dead wood, but some are parasites that can cause root and butt rot in over 600 species of woody plants.[3] Some Armillaria species form mycorrhizae with orchids;[4] others, such as A. gallica, A. mellea, and A. tabescens, are bioluminescent.[5]

Armillaria species form fleshy, white-spored mushrooms with a cottony or membranous veil that typically forms a distinct annulus on the stem. The fruit bodies usually occur in autumn in large clusters at the base of the stem or roots. Armillaria species can produce rhizomorphs—rootlike aggregations of hyphae—that can form massive, long-lasting underground networks. The growth of the rhizomorph networks allows for tree-to-tree spread of the fungus even when direct contact between diseased and healthy plants is not possible.[6]

The genus once served as a wastebasket taxon for many agaric mushrooms with a white spore print, gills attached to the stem, and an annulus. Due largely to differing interpretations on the limits of the genus, over 270 species and varieties have been placed in Armillaria or its synonym Armillariella. A comprehensive 1995 study by Tom Volk and Harold Burdsall evaluated all of the epithets that have been used in Armillaria or Armillariella. They determined that about 40 species belong to Armillaria sensu stricto (in the strict sense); the remaining names belong to species that are distributed among 43 other modern fungal genera.[7]

Many species are difficult or impossible to distinguish from each other using observable characteristics; laboratory incompatibility tests are often used on pure cultures to reliably determine species. Because of the difficulties posed by routine species identification, the use of DNA sequencing and phylogenetic approaches has become a standard method to help clarify relationships between species. Species differ in their geographical distribution and ecological position, host specificity, microscopic and macroscopic features, and also in their aggressiveness in colonizing wood hosts. The following list of Armillaria species is based on the taxonomic overviews provided by Volk and Burdsall in 1995,[8] David Pegler in 2000,[9] and reports of new species that have been published since then.[10][11][12]

Species

Key to the table of species below
Image Photo of the Armillaria species.
Name The binomial name of the Armillaria species.
Authority The author citation—the person who first described the species using an available scientific name, eventually combined with the one who placed it in Armillaria, and using standardized abbreviations.
Year The year in which the species was named, or transferred to the genus Armillaria. Where the actual year of publication (as defined for the purpose of priority) differs from the date given in the material, the latter date is given in quotes.
Distribution The distribution of the species; unless otherwise indicated, this information is obtained from Volk and Burdsall (1995), and Pegler (2000).
A chestnut colored mushroom with a floppy-looking margin and a shaggy stem grows among grass and young shoots.
A. borealis
A group of brown mushrooms, their ring-marked caps overlapping, grows in tall grass.
A. cepistipes
Young orangeish bulbous mushrooms are covered in shaggy, scale-like hairs.
A. gallica
A pair of mushrooms jut from the side of a mossy tree trunk; their cap is grey and warty, and their gills are still hiden by the universal veil.
A. hinnulea
A young mushroom grows out of clubmoss, its yellow stem and orange cap both textured.
A. luteobubalina
Two clusters of brownish mushrooms growing from wood. One of the clusters has been pulled from the tree to expose the bases of their stems.
A. puiggarii
A tight clump of dry-looking, brown mushrooms with the margins higher than the center of the cap; they grown out of what appear to be the root of a tree.
A. tabescens
Image Name Authority  Year Distribution
Armillaria affinis Singer, T.J.Volk & Burds. (Singer) T.J.Volk & Burds.[13]


1995
  • Caribbean
  • Central America
Armillaria altimontana Brazee, B. Ortiz, Banik & D.L. Lindner Brazee, B.Ortiz, Banik & D.L.Lindner.[12]


2012 Western North America
Armillaria apalosclera Berk., A.Chandra & Watl. (Berk.) A.Chandra & Watl.[14]


1982
("1981") 		Asia
Fungus 005.jpg Armillaria borealis Marxm. & Korhonen[15] 1982 Eurasia[16]
Armillaria calvescens Bérubé & Dessur.[17] 1989 Eastern North America
Armillaria camerunensis Henn., Courtec. (Henn.) Courtec.[18]


1995 Africa
Armillaria cepistipes, UK.jpg Armillaria cepistipes[N 1] Velen.[19] 1920
  • Eurasia
  • North America[20]
Armillaria duplicata Berk., Sacc. (Berk.) Sacc.[21]


1887 India
Armillaria ectypa.jpg Armillaria ectypa Fr., Lamoure (Fr.) Lamoure[22]


1965 Europe
Armillaria fellea Hongo, Kile & Watling (Hongo) Kile & Watling[23]


1983 Australia
Armillaria fumosa Kile & Watling[23] 1983 Australia
Armillaria fuscipes Petch 837158.jpg Armillaria fuscipes Petch[24] 1909
Armillaria gallica 13081732.jpg Armillaria gallica Marxm. & Romagn.[26] 1987
Armillaria gemina 790261.jpg Armillaria gemina Bérubé & Dessur.[17] 1989 Eastern North America[17]
Armillaria griseomellea Singer, Kile & Watling (Singer) Kile & Watling[23]


1983 North and South America[27]
Armillaria heimii[N 2] Pegler[31] 1977 Africa
Armillaria sp Marriott.jpg Armillaria hinnulea Kile & Watling[23] 1983 Australasia
Armillaria jezoensis J.Y.Cha & Igarashi[32] 1994 Japan
Armillaria limonea.jpg Armillaria limonea G.Stev., Boesew. (G.Stev.) Boesew.[33]


1977
  • Australasia
  • South America
Armillaria luteobubalina 67511.jpg Armillaria luteobubalina[N 3] Watling & Kile[34] 1978
  • Australasia
  • South America[35]
Armillaria mellea (Honey Fungus, D= Honiggelber Hallimasch, NL= Echte honingzwam) white spores and causes white rot, mature (grown up) at NP Hoge Veluwe in the rain - panoramio.jpg Armillaria mellea Vahl, P.Kumm. (Vahl) P.Kumm.[36]


1871
  • Eurasia
  • North America[16]
Armillaria melleorubens Berk._M.A.Curtis, Sacc. (Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Sacc.[21]


1887 North and Central America
Armillaria mexicana.jpg Armillaria mexicana Elías-Román Elías-Román et al.[37]


2018 Mexico
Armillaria montagnei[N 3] Singer, Herink (Singer) Herink[38]


1973
  • Europe
  • South America
Armillaria nabsnona 18048.jpg Armillaria nabsnona T.J.Volk & Burds.[39] 1996
  • Asia
  • Western North America[20]
Armillaria novae-zelandiae (G. Stev.) Boesew 144291.jpg Armillaria novae-zelandiae G.Stev., Boesew. (G.Stev.) Boesew.[33]


1973
  • Australia
  • New Guinea
  • New Zealand
  • South America
Armillaria omnituens Berk., Sacc. (Berk.) Sacc.[21]


1887 India
Armillaria pallidula Kile & Watling[40] 1988 Australia
Armillaria paulensis Capelari[10] 2008 South America[10]
Armillaria pelliculata Beeli[29] 1927 Africa
Armillaria procera Speg.[41] 1889 South America
Armillaria puiggarii Speg 843405.jpg Armillaria puiggarii Speg.[41] 1889 South America
Armillaria sinapina 276996.jpg Armillaria sinapina Bérubé & Dessur.[42] 1988
Armillaria singula J.Y.Cha & Igarashi[32] 1994
  • Japan
  • North America
Armillaria socialis DC., Fayod (DC.) Fayod[43]


1889
  • Eurasia
  • North America[44]
Armillaria solidipes Peck 680230.jpg Armillaria solidipes, popularly known as Armillaria ostoyae [N 4] Peck[46] 1900
Armillaria sparrei Singer, Herink (Singer) Herink[38]


1973 North and South America
2011-09-14 Armillaria tabescens (Scop.) Emel.jpg Armillaria tabescens Scop., Emel (Scop.) Emel[47]


1921
  • Eurasia
  • North America[16]
Armillaria tigrensis Singer, T.J.Volk & Burds. (Singer) T.J.Volk & Burds.[48]


1983 South America
Armillaria umbrinobrunnea Singer, Pildain & Rajchenb. (Singer) Pildain & Rajchenb.[11]


2010 South America
Armillaria viridiflava Singer, T.J.Volk & Burds. (Singer) T.J.Volk & Burds.[49]


1995
  • Europe(?)
  • South America
Armillaria yungensis Singer, Herink (Singer) Herink[38]


1973 South America

Notes

  1. ↑ The original spelling of the species name was cepaestipes.[19]
  2. ↑ This was a nomen novum for Robert Heim's Clitocybe elegans,[28] as Maurice Beeli had described Armillaria elegans[29] in 1927 (that species is now placed in Cystodermella).[30]
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 A. montagnei and A. luteobubalina may represent the same species. If this is so, its correct epithet would be montagnei.[11]
  4. ↑ This species was known as Armillaria ostoyae until a 2008 publication revealed that Charles Horton Peck had described the taxon under a different name in 1900.[45]

References

  1. ↑ Volk and Burdsall (1995), p. 8.
  2. ↑ Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CABI. 2008. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8. 
  3. ↑ Principles of Forest Pathology. Chichester: Wiley. 1996. p. 424. ISBN 978-0-471-12952-3. 
  4. ↑ "Armillaria species associated with Gastrodia elata in Japan". European Journal of Forest Pathology 25 (6–7): 319–26. 1995. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0329.1995.tb01347.x. 
  5. ↑ "Dynamics of bioluminescence by Armillaria gallica, A. mellea and A. tabescens". Mycologia 99 (3): 341–50. 2007. doi:10.3852/mycologia.99.3.341. PMID 17883025. 
  6. ↑ "Foraging behaviour of Armillaria rhizomorph systems". Mycological Research 109 (11): 1195–207. 2005. doi:10.1017/S0953756205003606. PMID 16279413. 
  7. ↑ Volk and Burdsall (1995), p. 6.
  8. ↑ Volk and Burdsall (1995).
  9. ↑ Pegler DN. (2000). "Taxonomy, nomenclature and description of Armillaria". in Fox RTV. Armillaria Root Rot: Biology and Control of Honey Fungus. Andover, Hants, UK: Intercept. pp. 81–93. ISBN 978-1-898298-64-9. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "Armillaria paulensis: a new South American species". Mycological Research 112 (9): 1122–28. 2008. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2008.03.006. PMID 18692378. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "Taxonomy of Armillaria in the Patagonian forests of Argentina". Mycologia 102 (2): 392–403. 2010. doi:10.3852/09-105. PMID 20361506. http://www.up.ac.za/dspace/bitstream/2263/14133/1/Pildain_Taxonamy%282010%29.pdf. Retrieved 2010-03-21.  [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Armillaria altimontana, a new species from the western interior of North America". Mycologia 104 (5): 1200–5. 2012. doi:10.3852/11-409. PMID 22505437. 
  13. ↑ Volk and Burdsall (1995), p. 24.
  14. ↑ "Studies in Indian Armillaria (Fries per Fries) Staude (Basidiomycotina)". Kavaka 10: 63–84. 1981. 
  15. ↑ Marxmüller H. (1982). "Étude morphologique des Armillaria ss.str. à anneau" (in French). Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France 98 (1): 87–124. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 "A study on intersterility groups of Armillaria in China". Mycologia 99 (3): 430–41. 2007. doi:10.3852/mycologia.99.3.430. PMID 17883035. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 "Morphological studies of the Armillaria mellea complex: Two new species, A. gemina and A. calvescens". Mycologia 81 (2): 216–25. 1989. doi:10.2307/3759703. http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0081/002/0216.htm. Retrieved 2011-02-01. 
  18. ↑ Courtecuisse R. (1995). "Taxonomy of some fungi used by the Songola people (Zaïre)". African Study Monographs 16 (1): 45–60. http://jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/ASM%20%20Vol.16%20No.1%201995/Regis%20COURTECUISSE.pdf. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Velenovský J. (1920) (in Czech). České Houby. 2. Prague, Czechoslovakia: České Botanické Společnosti. p. 283. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2970827. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 "Seven Armillaria species identified from Hokkaido Island, northern Japan". Mycoscience 50 (6): 442–47. 2009. doi:10.1007/s10267-009-0505-1. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Saccardo PA. (1887). "Sylloge Hymenomycetum, Vol. I. Agaricineae" (in Latin). Sylloge Fungorum 5: 83–84. 
  22. ↑ Lamoure D. (1965). "Charactères mycéliens et position taxinomique de Clitocybe ectypa (Fr.) F.Moreau" (in French). Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences 260 (4): 4561–63. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 "Armillaria species from southeastern Australia". Transactions of the British Mycological Society 81 (1): 129–40. 1983. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(83)80212-5. 
  24. ↑ Petch T. (1909). "New Ceylon fungi". Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens Peradeniya 4: 299–307. 
  25. ↑ "Characterisation of Zimbabwean Armillaria using IGS-1 sequences and AFLP analysis". Fungal Diversity 34: 187–96. 2009. http://www.fungaldiversity.org/fdp/sfdp/FD34-11.pdf. 
  26. ↑ Marxmüller H. (1987). "Quelques remarques complémentaires sur les Armillaires annelées" (in French). Bulletin Trimestriel de la Société Mycologique de France 103 (2): 137–56. 
  27. ↑ "Molecular phylogeny of Armillaria from the Patagonian Andes". Mycological Progress 8 (3): 181–94. 2009. doi:10.1007/s11557-009-0590-8. Bibcode: 2009MycPr...8..181P. 
  28. ↑ Heim R. (1963). "L'Armillariella elegans Heim" (in French). Revue de Mycologie 28: 85–94. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Beeli M. (1927). "Contribution à l'étude de la flore mycologique du Congo II" (in French). Bulletin de la Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique 59: 101–12. 
  30. ↑ Harmaja H. (2002). "Amylolepiota, Clavicybe and Cystodermella, new genera of Agaricales". Karstenia 42 (2): 39–48. doi:10.29203/ka.2002.386. 
  31. ↑ Pegler DN. (1977). A preliminary Agaric flora of East Africa. "Kew Bulletin, additional Series", 6. London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-11-241101-7. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Biological species and morphological characteristics of Armillaria mellea complex in Hokkaido: A. sinapina and two new species, A. jezoensis and A. singula". Mycoscience 35 (1): 39–47. 1994. doi:10.1007/BF02268526. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Boesewinkel HJ. (1977). "New plant disease records in New Zealand: records in the period 1969–76". New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 20 (4): 585. doi:10.1080/00288233.1977.10427376. Bibcode: 1977NZJAR..20..583B. 
  34. ↑ "Spread and effects of Armillaria luteobubalina sp. nov. in an Australian Eucalyptus regnans plantation". Transactions of the British Mycological Society 71 (1): 77–87. 1978. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(78)80009-6. 
  35. ↑ "Molecular identification and phylogeny of Armillaria isolates from South America and Indo-Malaysia". Mycologia 95 (2): 285–93. 2003. doi:10.2307/3762039. PMID 21156614. http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0095/002/0285.htm. Retrieved 2011-02-01. 
  36. ↑ Kummer P. (1871) (in German). Der Führer in die Pilzkunde. Zerbst. p. 134. 
  37. ↑ "Index Fungorum - Names Record". http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=814489. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Herink J. (1973). "Taxonomie václavky obecné – Armillaria mellea (Vahl ex Fr.) Kumm". in Hasek J (in Czech). Sympozium o Václavce Obecné Armillaria mellea (Vahl ex Fr.) Kumm. Brno, Czechoslovakia: Vysoká Skola Zemĕdĕlská v Brné. pp. 21–48. 
  39. ↑ "Armillaria nabsnona, a new species from western North America". Mycologia 88 (3): 484–91. 1995. doi:10.2307/3760888. http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/nabsnona.html. 
  40. ↑ "Identification and occurrence of Australian Armillaria species, including Armillaria pallidula sp. nov and comparative studies between them and non-Australian tropical and Indian Armillaria". Transactions of the British Mycological Society 91 (2): 305–15. 1988. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(88)80219-5. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Spegazzine C. (1889). "Fungi Puiggariani. Pugillus 1" (in Latin). Boletín, Academia Nacional de Ciencias, Córdoba 11 (4): 381–622. 
  42. ↑ "Morphological characterization of Armillaria ostoyae and Armillaria sinapina sp. nov". Canadian Journal of Botany 66 (10): 2027–34. 1988. doi:10.1139/b88-277. 
  43. ↑ Fayod MV. (1889). "Prodrome d'une histoire naturelle des Agaricinés" (in French). Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique. Série 7 9: 181–411. http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=2412&Pagina=342. Retrieved 2011-02-01. 
  44. ↑ "Armillaria socialis – morphological-anatomical and ecological characteristics, pathology, distribution in the Czech Republic and Europe". Czech Mycology 58 (3–4): 209–24. 2006. doi:10.33585/cmy.58305. http://www.natur.cuni.cz/cvsm/CM58325F.pdf.  [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  45. ↑ "Armillaria solidipes, an older name for the fungus called Armillaria ostoyae". North American Fungi 3 (7): 261–67. 2008. doi:10.2509/naf2008.003.00717. http://www.pnwfungi.org/pdf_files/manuscripts_volume_3/naf20087/naf2008717.pdf. 
  46. ↑ Peck CH. (1900). "New species of Fungi". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 27 (12): 609–13. doi:10.2307/2477998. 
  47. ↑ Emel (1921). Le Genre Armillaria, Fr., Sa Suppression de la Systématique Botanique (Thesis) (in French). Strasbourg, France: Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg. OCLC 32072244.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  48. ↑ Volk and Burdsall (1995), p. 115.
  49. ↑ Volk and Burdsall (1995), p. 119.

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