Biology:Zebra spider
| Zebra spider | |
|---|---|
| |
| Male | |
| |
| Female | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Salticidae |
| Subfamily: | Salticinae |
| Genus: | Salticus |
| Species: | S. scenicus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Salticus scenicus (Clerck, 1757)
| |
The zebra spider (Salticus scenicus) is a common jumping spider of the Northern Hemisphere. Their common name refers to their vivid black-and-white colouration,[1] whilst their scientific name derives from Salticus from the Latin for “jump”, and the Greek scenicus, translating to “theatrical” or “of a decorative place,” in reference to the flashy, zebra-like coloration of the species.[2]
Description
Female zebra spiders are 5–9 mm long, while males are 5–6 mm.[3] Male zebra spiders have distinctly larger chelicerae than females. Spiders in the family Salticidae have especially enlarged anterior median eyes, though the anterior and posterior lateral eyes are also large when compared to the very small posterior median eyes. In total there are eight eyes, with the very large anterior median eyes primarily responsible for its excellent binocular vision. These small spiders are black with white hairs that form stripes.[3]
Distribution and habitat
Zebra spiders are widespread across Europe, North America,[3] and North Asia,[4] where they are found throughout the Holarctic.
This species is naturally associated with open habitats such as rock faces, shingle beaches and occasionally the trunks of trees.[5] Due to their preference for open, vertical habitats they are often found living in proximity to humans in urban habitat such as on garden fences and the walls of buildings.[6] Spiders have also been known to enter houses, where they can often be found living in the corner of windowsills.[7]
Behaviour
Diet
Zebra spiders tend to hunt smaller spiders and other arthropods. They have been observed feeding on mosquitos that are almost twice their length. They have also been observed taking on prey items up to 3 times the length of the spider, such as some of the smaller species of moth. Like other jumping spiders, these spiders use their large front eyes to locate and stalk their prey. They move slowly towards their prey until they are close enough to pounce on top of their victim, and their hunting behaviour has been described as cat-like. Using their acute eyesight, they are able to accurately judge the distances they need to jump.
Hunting
They orient towards prey detected by their lateral eyes whenever the angle subtended by such prey exceeds 5.5°. The velocity of the prey is not involved in the determination of reactive distance, but only moving objects elicit orientation. The probability that orientation is followed by stalking is a function of both prey size and velocity. The zebra spider's stalk velocity declines progressively as it nears its (stationary) prey.[8]
Before jumping, they glue a silk thread to the surface that they are jumping from so that if they miss the target, they can climb up the thread and try again - However, they may 'abseil' with a silk thread if they wish to descend from a height safely, for instance they have been documented 'abseiling' from ceilings. They ignore unappetising insects such as ants.
There are no extensor muscles at the 'hinge joints' of the spider leg; joint extension in the legs is controlled by haemocoelic blood pressure. The most significant evidence that this extension is due to hydraulic forces is that the leg spines become erect during the jump, a result of increased body pressure which can be demonstrated on many spiders. The zebra spider's jump is almost entirely due to the sudden straightening of the fourth pair of legs. The mean jumping velocity is estimated to be between 0.64–0.79 m/s (2.1–2.6 ft/s).[9]
Reproduction
This species breeds during the spring and summer months.[10] When a male and female spider meet, the male will conduct a courtship dance. The dance involves waving their front legs, pedipalps and moving their abdomen up and down.[10][11] During the courtship dance males use their striped markings to signal that they wish to mate with the female.[4] The courting ritual relies heavily on eyesight.[11] The better the dance the more likely the female will want to mate. Males must be careful when approaching a female as they can risk being attacked or even mistaken as a prey species.[4] If the female is impressed with the male's dance she will allow the male to approach.[7] The female will crouch and allow the male to climb on top of her.[10] Male spiders use a pair of leg-like appendages called pedipalps to transfer sperm to the female during the mating process.[4] Females will stay with their egg sacs and will guard the young after they hatch. After the spiderlings have had their second moult they will leave the mother and fend for themselves.[10]
Taxonomic history
Salticus scenicus was one of the spiders included in Carl Alexander Clerck's 1757 work Svenska Spindlar / Aranei Suecici, the starting point for spider names in zoological nomenclature.[12] Clerck originally called the species Araneus scenicus, and Carl Linnaeus, in the 1758 edition of Systema Naturae named it Aranea scenica; the specific epithet scenicus means "actor".[13] Since then a number of synonyms have been published:[12]
- Araneus scenicus
- Aranea scenica
- Aranea albo-fasciata
- Aranea fulvata
- Attus scenicus
- Attus candefactus
- Epiblemum faustum
- Attus scenicoides
- Calliethera histrionica
- Calliethera scenica
- Calliethera aulica
- Salticus albovittatus
- Attus histrionicus
- Callithera alpina
- Callietherus histrionicus
- Epiblemum histrionicum
- Salticus histrionicus
- Epiblemum scenicum
- Calliethera goberti
- Calliethera albovittata
References
- ↑ Roberts, Michael J. (1993). The Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland: Atypidae - Theridiosomatidae (Volume 1). Colchester: Harley Books. ISBN 9780946589050.
- ↑ Cameron, H.D. (2005). "An etymological dictionary of North names". in Ubick, D.. Spiders of North America: an identification manual.. Keene (New Hampshire): American Arachnological Society. pp. 73. ISBN 978-0977143900.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Zebra spider (Salticus scenicus)". ARKive. http://www.arkive.org/zebra-spider/salticus-scenicus/#text=All.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "Salticus scenicus (Clerck, 1757)". 2022-04-17. https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000008756.
- ↑ "Summary for Salticus scenicus (Araneae)". 2022-04-17. https://srs.britishspiders.org.uk/portal.php/p/Summary/s/Salticus+scenicus.
- ↑ Bee, Lawrence; Oxford, Geoff; Smith, Helen (2020). Britain's Spiders: A Field Guide (Fully Revised and Updated Second ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 42. ISBN 9780691211800. OCLC 1230909843.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Duncan, James (2020-05-05). "Species of the day: Zebra Spider". https://sussexwildlifetrust.org.uk/news/species-of-the-day-zebra-spider.
- ↑ Lawrence M. Dill (1975). "Predatory behavior of the zebra spider, Salticus scenicus (Araneae: Salticidae)". Canadian Journal of Zoology 53 (9): 1284–1289. doi:10.1139/z75-153. http://rparticle.web-p.cisti.nrc.ca/rparticle/AbstractTemplateServlet?journal=cjz&volume=53&msno=z75-153.
- ↑ D. A. Parry & R. H. J. Brown (1959). "The jumping mechanism of salticid spiders". Journal of Experimental Biology 36 (4): 654–664. doi:10.1242/jeb.36.4.654. http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/36/4/654.pdf.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 "Salticus scenicus". 2022-04-29. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Salticus_scenicus/.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Zebra Spider". 2022-04-29. https://eol.org/pages/1214203/articles.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Norman I. Platnick (June 7, 2010). "Salticidae". The World Spider Catalog, Version 11.0. American Museum of Natural History. http://research.amnh.org/iz/spiders/catalog/SALTICIDAE.html.
- ↑ Nick Loven. "Salticus scenicus". Nick's Spiders of Britain and Europe. http://www.nicksspiders.com/nicksspiders/salticusscenicus.htm.
External links
Wikidata ☰ Q169513 entry
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