Biology:Thymic mimetic cells

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Thymic mimetic cells are a heterogeneous population of cells located in the thymus that exhibit phenotypes of a wide variety of differentiated peripheral cells. They arise from medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) and also function in negative selection of self-reactive T cells.[1]

History

Some subsets of these cells were observed as early as the mid-1800s because of their distinct, seemingly misplaced, phenotype. The most readily observed subsets were those accumulating and forming microscopic structures, most notably Hassall's corpuscles resembling skin keratinocytes. Many subsets with a more dispersed distribution were found later. Substantial progress has been made in recent years owing to the rapid development of single cell sequencing methods, such as scRNA-seq or scATAC-seq.[1]

Diversity

Although thymic mimetic cells exhibit transcriptional programmes of cells from other tissues, they are not identical to them and share a part of their gene expression with mTECs from which they arise. The entire range of phenotypes as well as the pathways that lead to them are still in need of further research. A recent review recognizes (based on expression of lineage specific transcription factors and cell products) the following subtypes: Basal (skin/lung) mTEC, Enterocyte/hepatocyte mTEC, Ciliated mTEC, Ionocyte mTEC, Keratinocyte mTEC, Microfold mTEC, Muscle mTEC, Neuroendocrine mTEC, Parathyroid mTEC, Secretory mTEC, Thyroid mTEC, Tuft mTEC.[1][2]

Function

Since its discovery in 2001,[3] AIRE (Autoimmune regulator) has been the main focus of studies of thymic (central) immune tolerance. AIRE induces the expression of many antigens specific to differentiated cells not found in the thymus (termed peripheral tissue antigens or tissue restricted antigens) thus helping to detect and remove T cells that react with these antigens.[4] The mechanism of AIRE is complicated and there are reasons to believe that it is not the sole mechanism of TRA (tissue restricted antigen) expression. AIRE is not sequence specific making its action stochastic and not well targeted, TRAs can also be detected in cells with AIRE knocked out[5] and patients with AIRE deficiency (APS-1) share some autoimmune symptoms but can have other symptoms which are not shared by most.[6]

The expression of peripheral antigens in mimetic cells strongly implies a function in establishing central immune tolerance. This has been reported[7] but further studies are needed. It is unknown what prompts the mTECs to differentiate into mimetic cells, the lineage specific transcription factors could be induced by AIRE or perhaps other signals. Lineage specific transcription factors expressed by some mimetic cell subtypes have been associated with autoimmune disorders.[1][8][9][10][11]

In addition, some mimetic cells can shape the environment and function of the thymus by producing cytokines.[12][13]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Michelson, Daniel A.; Mathis, Diane (October 2022). "Thymic mimetic cells: tolerogenic masqueraders". Trends in Immunology 43 (10): 782–791. doi:10.1016/j.it.2022.07.010. ISSN 1471-4906. PMID 36008259. PMC 9509455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2022.07.010. 
  2. ↑ Sin, Jun Hyung; Sucharov, Juliana; Kashyap, Sujit; Wang, Yi; Proekt, Irina; Liu, Xian; Parent, Audrey V.; Gupta, Alexander et al. (2023-10-27). "Ikaros is a principal regulator of Aire+ mTEC homeostasis, thymic mimetic cell diversity, and central tolerance". Science Immunology 8 (88): eabq3109. doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abq3109. ISSN 2470-9468. PMID 37889983. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37889983. 
  3. ↑ Derbinski, Jens; Schulte, Antje; Kyewski, Bruno; Klein, Ludger (November 2001). "Promiscuous gene expression in medullary thymic epithelial cells mirrors the peripheral self" (in en). Nature Immunology 2 (11): 1032–1039. doi:10.1038/ni723. ISSN 1529-2916. PMID 11600886. https://www.nature.com/articles/ni723. 
  4. ↑ Perniola, Roberto (2018). "Twenty Years of AIRE". Frontiers in Immunology 9. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00098. ISSN 1664-3224. PMID 29483906. 
  5. ↑ Sansom, Stephen N.; Shikama-Dorn, Noriko; Zhanybekova, Saule; Nusspaumer, Gretel; Macaulay, Iain C.; Deadman, Mary E.; Heger, Andreas; Ponting, Chris P. et al. (December 2014). "Population and single-cell genomics reveal the Aire dependency, relief from Polycomb silencing, and distribution of self-antigen expression in thymic epithelia" (in en). Genome Research 24 (12): 1918–1931. doi:10.1101/gr.171645.113. ISSN 1088-9051. PMID 25224068. 
  6. ↑ Meloni, Antonella; Willcox, Nick; Meager, Anthony; Atzeni, Michela; Wolff, Anette S. B.; Husebye, Eystein S.; Furcas, Maria; Rosatelli, Maria Cristina et al. (April 2012). "Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 1: An Extensive Longitudinal Study in Sardinian Patients" (in en). The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 97 (4): 1114–1124. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-2461. ISSN 0021-972X. PMID 22344197. https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-lookup/doi/10.1210/jc.2011-2461. 
  7. ↑ Michelson, Daniel A.; Hase, Koji; Kaisho, Tsuneyasu; Benoist, Christophe; Mathis, Diane (July 2022). "Thymic epithelial cells co-opt lineage-defining transcription factores to eliminate autoreactive T cells". Cell 185 (14): 2542–2558.e18. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.05.018. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 35714609. PMC 9469465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2022.05.018. 
  8. ↑ The UK IBD Genetics Consortium; The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 2 (December 2009). "Genome-wide association study of ulcerative colitis identifies three new susceptibility loci, including the HNF4A region" (in en). Nature Genetics 41 (12): 1330–1334. doi:10.1038/ng.483. ISSN 1061-4036. PMID 19915572. 
  9. ↑ Sawcer, Stephen; Hellenthal, Garrett; Pirinen, Matti; Spencer, Chris C. A.; Patsopoulos, Nikolaos A.; Moutsianas, Loukas; Dilthey, Alexander; Su, Zhan et al. (August 2011). "Genetic risk and a primary role for cell-mediated immune mechanisms in multiple sclerosis" (in en). Nature 476 (7359): 214–219. doi:10.1038/nature10251. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 21833088. 
  10. ↑ Liu, Xiangdong; Invernizzi, Pietro; Lu, Yue; Kosoy, Roman; Lu, Yan; Bianchi, Ilaria; Podda, Mauro; Xu, Chun et al. (August 2010). "Genome-wide meta-analyses identify three loci associated with primary biliary cirrhosis" (in en). Nature Genetics 42 (8): 658–660. doi:10.1038/ng.627. ISSN 1546-1718. PMID 20639880. 
  11. ↑ Sin, Jun Hyung; Sucharov, Juliana; Kashyap, Sujit; Wang, Yi; Proekt, Irina; Liu, Xian; Parent, Audrey V.; Gupta, Alexander et al. (2023-10-27). "Ikaros is a principal regulator of Aire+ mTEC homeostasis, thymic mimetic cell diversity, and central tolerance". Science Immunology 8 (88): eabq3109. doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abq3109. ISSN 2470-9468. PMID 37889983. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37889983. 
  12. ↑ Miller, Corey N.; Proekt, Irina; von Moltke, Jakob; Wells, Kristen L.; Rajpurkar, Aparna R.; Wang, Haiguang; Rattay, Kristin; Khan, Imran S. et al. (July 2018). "Thymic tuft cells promote an IL-4-enriched medulla and shape thymocyte development" (in en). Nature 559 (7715): 627–631. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0345-2. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 30022164. 
  13. ↑ Watanabe, Norihiko; Wang, Yi-Hong; Lee, Heung Kyu; Ito, Tomoki; Wang, Yui-Hsi; Cao, Wei; Liu, Yong-Jun (August 2005). "Hassall's corpuscles instruct dendritic cells to induce CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in human thymus" (in en). Nature 436 (7054): 1181–1185. doi:10.1038/nature03886. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 16121185. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature03886. 



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