Biology:Eruca vesicaria
| Eruca vesicaria | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Brassicales |
| Family: | Brassicaceae |
| Genus: | Eruca |
| Species: | E. vesicaria
|
| Binomial name | |
| Eruca vesicaria | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Arugula | |
Rocket, eruca,[1] or arugula (Eruca vesicaria; syns. Eruca sativa Mill., E. vesicaria subsp. sativa (Miller) Thell., Brassica eruca L.) is an edible annual plant in the family Brassicaceae used as a leaf vegetable for its fresh, tart, bitter, and peppery flavor. Its other common names include "garden rocket"[2] (in Britain, Australia, South Africa, Ireland, and New Zealand),[1] as well as "colewort", "roquette", "ruchetta", "rucola", "rucoli", and "rugula". E. vesicaria is widely popular as a salad vegetable and it is a species of Eruca native to the Mediterranean region.[3][1][4]
Arugula is sometimes conflated with Diplotaxis tenuifolia, known as "perennial wall rocket", another plant of the family Brassicaceae that is used in the same manner.
Description
Eruca vesicaria is an annual plant[5] growing to 20 to 100 cm (8 to 40 in) in height. The pinnate leaves are deeply lobed with four to ten, small, lateral lobes and a large terminal lobe. The flowers are 2 to 4 cm (3⁄4 to 1 1⁄2 in) in diameter, arranged in a corymb, with the typical Brassicaceae flower structure. The petals are creamy white with purple veins, and the stamens are yellow. The fruit is a siliqua (pod) 12 to 25 mm (1⁄2 to 1 in) long with an apical beak, containing several seeds (that are edible). The species has a chromosome number of 2n = 22.[1][2][6]
Etymology
Sativa, from one of the plant's synonyms, is from satum, meaning "to sow", indicating that the seeds of the plant were sown in gardens. Eruca sativa differs from E. vesicaria in having early deciduous sepals.[2] Some botanists consider it a subspecies of E. vesicaria as E. v. subsp. sativa.[2] Still others do not differentiate between the two.[7]
The English common name rocket derives from French roquette, itself a borrowing from Italian ruchetta, a diminutive of ruca, from the Latin word eruca.[8]
"Arugula" (/əˈruːɡələ/), the common name now widespread in the United States and Canada, entered American English from a nonstandard dialect of Italian. The standard Italian word is "rucola". The Oxford English Dictionary dates the first known appearance of "arugula" in American English to a 1960 article in The New York Times by food editor and prolific cookbook writer, Craig Claiborne.[9]
Synonyms
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Source:[10]
Ecology
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E. vesicaria is native to southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. As an invasive species arugula is widespread but scattered though is prolific and noxious in the Sonora desert of Arizona and California.[11]
E. vesicaria typically grows on dry, disturbed ground. It is a source of food for the larvae of some moth species,[1][2] including the garden carpet. Its roots are susceptible to nematode infestation.[12]
Cultivation and history
A pungent, leafy green vegetable resembling a longer-leaved and open lettuce, E. vesicaria is rich in folate and vitamin K as well as vitamin C and potassium.[13] In addition to the leaves, the flowers, young seed pods, and mature seeds are all edible.
Grown as an edible and popular herb in Italy since Roman times, arugula was mentioned by various ancient Roman classical authors as an aphrodisiac,[14][15] most famously in a poem long ascribed to the famous first century Roman poet Virgil, Moretum, which contains the line: "et Venerem revocans eruca morantem" ("and the rocket, which revives drowsy Venus [sexual desire]"),[16] and in the Ars Amatoria of Ovid.[17] Some writers assert that for this reason, during the Middle Ages, growing arugula was forbidden in monasteries.[18] Nonetheless, the plant was listed in a decree by Charlemagne as among the 802 pot herbs suitable for growing in gardens.[19] Gillian Riley, author of the Oxford Companion to Italian Food, states that because of its reputation as a sexual stimulant, it was "prudently mixed with lettuce, which was the opposite" (i.e., calming or even soporific). Riley continues, "nowadays rocket is enjoyed innocently in mixed salads, to which it adds a pleasing pungency",[20] although Norman Douglas insisted, "Salad rocket is certainly a stimulant".[21]
The plant was traditionally collected in the wild or grown in home gardens along with herbs, such as parsley and basil. Arugula now is grown commercially in many places and is available in supermarkets and farmers markets worldwide. It now is naturalized as a wild plant away from its native range in temperate regions around the world, including northern Europe and North America.[22][1] In India, the mature seeds are known as "Gargeer". This is the same name used in Arabic, جِرْجِير (jirjīr), but used in Arab countries this name is used for the fresh leaves of the plant.
Mild frost conditions hinder the plant's growth and turn the green leaves to red.[23][24] If the weather is warm plants mature to full size in 40 to 50 days.[25]
Uses
Since Roman times in Italy, raw arugula has been added to salads. It often is added as a garnish to a pizza at the end of or just after baking. In Apulia, in southern Italy, arugula is cooked to make the pasta dish "cavatiéddi", "in which large amounts of coarsely chopped rocket are added to pasta seasoned with a homemade reduced tomato sauce and pecorino",[26] as well as in many recipes in which it is chopped and added to sauces and cooked dishes or in a sauce (made by frying it in olive oil with garlic). It also is used as a condiment for cold meats and fish.[26] Throughout Italy, it is used as a salad with tomatoes and with either burrata, bocconcini, buffalo, and mozzarella cheese. In Rome, "rucola" is used in "straccetti", a dish of thin slices of beef with raw arugula and Parmesan cheese.[27]
In Turkey, similarly, the plant is eaten raw as a side dish or salad with fish or is served with a sauce of extra virgin olive oil and lemon juice.[28]
In Slovenia, arugula often is combined with boiled potatoes [29] or used in a soup.[30]
In West Asia, Pakistan, and northern India, "Eruca" seeds are pressed to make taramira oil, used in pickling and (after aging to remove acridity) as a salad or cooking oil. [31] The seed cake is also used as animal feed.[32]
In recent years arugula has become more popular in America, especially in trendier restaurants and in urban areas[33]
Arugula also is a common food allergen.
Nutrition
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 105 kJ (25 kcal) |
3.6 g | |
| Sugars | 2.0 g |
| Dietary fiber | 1.6 g |
0.6 g | |
2.6 g | |
| Vitamins | Quantity %DV† |
| Vitamin A equiv. | 15% 119 μg13% 1424 μg3555 μg |
| Vitamin A | 2373 IU |
| Thiamine (B1) | 4% 0.044 mg |
| Riboflavin (B2) | 7% 0.086 mg |
| Niacin (B3) | 2% 0.305 mg |
| Vitamin B6 | 6% 0.073 mg |
| Folate (B9) | 24% 97 μg |
| Vitamin C | 18% 15 mg |
| Vitamin E | 3% 0.43 mg |
| Vitamin K | 103% 108.6 μg |
| Minerals | Quantity %DV† |
| Calcium | 16% 160 mg |
| Copper | 4% 0.076 mg |
| Iron | 11% 1.46 mg |
| Magnesium | 13% 47 mg |
| Manganese | 15% 0.321 mg |
| Phosphorus | 7% 52 mg |
| Potassium | 8% 369 mg |
| Sodium | 2% 27 mg |
| Zinc | 5% 0.47 mg |
| Other constituents | Quantity |
| Water | 91.7 g |
| |
| †Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database | |
Raw arugula is 92% water, 4% carbohydrates, 2.5% protein, and contains a negligible amount of fat. A 100 g (3 1⁄2 oz) reference serving provides only 105 kJ (25 kcal) of food energy. It is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of folate and vitamin K. Arugula is also a good source (10–19% of DV) of vitamin A, vitamin C, and the dietary minerals calcium, magnesium, and manganese.
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. ISBN:0-340-40170-2.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Flora of NW Europe: Eruca vesicaria
- ↑ Med-Checklist: Eruca sativa.
- ↑ Yaniv, Zohara; Schafferman, D.; Amar, Z. (1998). "Tradition, Uses and Biodiversity of Rocket (Eruca sativa, Brassicaceae) in Israel". Economic Botany 52 (4): 394–400. doi:10.1007/BF02862069. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4256115.
- ↑ Kole, Chittaranjan (21 February 2011) (in en). Wild Crop Relatives: Genomic and Breeding Resources: Oilseeds. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-642-14871-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=zWp--NMP3hAC&dq=Eruca+vesicaria&pg=PA151. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
- ↑ Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN:0-333-47494-5.
- ↑ "Flora Europaea Search Results". rbge.org.uk. http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Eruca&SPECIES_XREF=&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK=.
- ↑ Oxford English Dictionary
- ↑ Claiborne, Craig (May 24, 1960). "A Green by Any Name: Pungent Ingredient Is Cause of Confusion for City Shopper; Arugula – or Rocket – Is the Secret of Experts' Salads". The New York Times: p. 33. https://www.nytimes.com/1960/05/24/archives/food-news-a-green-by-any-name-pungent-ingredient-is-cause-of.html.
- ↑ The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species, http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2798757, retrieved 11 May 2016
- ↑ "Eruca vesicaria (garden-rocket): Go Botany". https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/eruca/vesicaria/#:~:text=Facts,is%20cultivated%20widely%20in%20gardens..
- ↑ "Arugula: Arugula". smartgardener.com. http://www.smartgardener.com/plants/599-arugula-arugula/guide/pests/771-nematodes.
- ↑ NutritionData.com, Arugula, Raw
- ↑ Upton, Julie, RD. "7 Foods for Better Sex". Health.com. http://www.health.com/health/gallery/0,,20307213_6,00.html.
- ↑ Wright, Clifford A. (2001). Mediterranean Vegetables. Harvard Common Press. p. 27. ISBN 9781558321960. https://archive.org/details/mediterraneanveg0000wrig.
- ↑ Virgil, 102 Moretum: 85. Joseph J. Mooney in his 1916 English translation, "The Salad", calls it "colewort" and notes, "The Latin "moretum", which is usually translated "salad", would be better called "cheese and garlic paste", i.e., pesto. See The Minor Poems of Vergil: Comprising the Culex, Dirae, Lydia, Moretum, Copa, Priapeia, and Catalepton (Birmingham: Cornish Brothers, 1916), scanned as part of Appendix Vergiliana: The Minor Poems of Virgil in English Translation on the website Virgil.org.
- ↑ Ovid, The Love Poems (Oxford 2008) p. 119
- ↑ Padulosi, Pignone D., Editors, Rocket: A Mediterranean Crop for the World (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute,1997), p. 41.
- ↑ Helen Morgenthau Fox, Gardening With Herbs for Flavor and Fragrance (1933, reprinted New York: Dover, 1970), p. 45. See also Denise Le Dantec and Jean-Pierre Le Dantec, Reading the French Garden: Story and History (MIT Press, 1998), p. 14.
- ↑ Gillian Riley, The Oxford Companion to Italian Food (Oxford University Press, 2008), p. 446.
- ↑ Ovid, The Love Poems (Oxford 2008) p. 232
- ↑ USDA Plants Profile: Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa
- ↑ "The Secret of the Local Red Arugula". http://www.princetoneats.org/the-secret-of-the-local-red-arugula.
- ↑ "Minnesota Spring". http://www.northlandpress.com/MNspring5713.html.
- ↑ "Eruca vesicaria (Arugula, Eruca, Garden Rocket, Gharghir, Mediterranean Salad, Rocket, Rocket Salad, Roquette, Ruchtetta, Rucola, Rucoli, Rugula, Rugulas, Salad Rocket)" (in en). North Carolinia State University. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/eruca-vesicaria/.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Reilly, The Oxford Companion to Italian Food, p. 446
- ↑ "Beef Strips with Rocket – Straccetti con la Rucola" (in en-GB). https://thefoodellers.com/en/beef-strips-with-rocket-recipe.
- ↑ "Oktay Usta'dan Roka Salatası Resimli Tarifi". http://oktayusta.samanyoluhaber.com/oktay-ustadan-roka-salatasi-tarifi/.
- ↑ "Solata s krompirjem in rukolo". http://www.dnevnik.si/tiskane_izdaje/nedeljski/1042295643.
- ↑ "Krompirjeva juha z rukolo". zurnal24. http://www.zurnal24.si/recepti/krompirjeva-juha-z-rukolo-208924/clanek.
- ↑ G.J.H. Grubben and O.A. Denton, ed (2004). "Vegetables". Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. 2. PROTA. p. 295. ISBN 90-5782-147-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=6jrlyOPfr24C&q=taramira+oil&pg=PA295.
- ↑ Das, Srinabas; Kumar Tyagi; Harjit Kaur (2004). "Evaluation of taramira oil-cake and reduction of its glucosinolate content by different treatments". Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 73 (6): 687–691. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288705407.
- ↑ "https://tastewise.io/foodtrends/arugula" (in en). https://tastewise.io/foodtrends/arugula.
External links
- Jeane Osnos, "The most political vegetables: A whirlwind tour of the edible crucifers," The Botanist in the Kitchen, November 20, 2012. How arugula joined broccoli (and lattes) as supposed markers for big-government liberalism.
- Joel Denker, "The 'Lascivious' Leaf: The Allure of Arugula," Food in the 'Hood (published August 11, 2012) , in The Intowner, Serving Washington, D. C. since 1968.
- Ezra Klein, "Arugula", The American Prospect, October 7, 2008.
- John Schwenkler, "Eating arugula has become a political act: Conservative thinker is branded a closet liberal based on the food he eats," Earth Matters, MNN (Mother Nature Network), March 2009. Mr. Schwenkler's article originally appeared in Plenty magazine in October 2008.
- David Kamp, The United States of Arugula: How We Became a Gourmet Nation, New York: Clarkson Potter (2006).
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