Biology:Adenium obesum

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Short description: Species of plant


Adenium obesum (Desert rose)
Adenium Obesum Flower Side Macro Mar22 D72 23052-58 ZS P.jpg
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Gentianales
Family: Apocynaceae
Genus: Adenium
Species:
A. obesum
Binomial name
Adenium obesum
(Forssk.) Roem. & Schult.
Subspecies

See text

Synonyms[2]

Adenium coetaneum Stapf
Adenium honghel A.DC.
Nerium obesum Forssk.

Adenium obesum, more commonly known as a desert rose, is a poisonous species of flowering plant belonging to the tribe Nerieae of the subfamily Apocynoideae of the dogbane family, Apocynaceae.[3] It is native to the Sahel regions south of the Sahara (from Mauritania and Senegal to Sudan), tropical and subtropical eastern and southern Africa and also the Arabian Peninsula. Other names for the flower include Sabi star, kudu, mock azalea, and impala lily. Adenium obesum is a popular houseplant and bonsai in temperate regions.

Description

It is an evergreen or drought-deciduous succulent shrub (which can also lose its leaves during cold spells, or according to the subspecies or cultivar). It can grow to 0.12–5 m (0.39–16.40 ft) in height, with pachycaul (disproportionately large) stems and a stout, swollen basal caudex (a rootstock that protrudes from the soil). The leaves are spirally arranged, clustered toward the tips of the shoots, simple entire, leathery in texture, 5–15 cm (2.0–5.9 in) long and 1–8 cm (0.39–3.15 in) broad. The flowers are tubular, 2–5 cm (0.79–1.97 in) long, with the outer portion 4–6 cm (1.6–2.4 in) diameter with five petals, resembling those of other related genera such as Plumeria and Nerium. The flowers tend to be red and pink, often with a whitish blush outward of the throat.

Flowers and leaves, Thailand
Paired, follicular fruits on cultivated specimen, Bengal
Single, dehiscent fruit showing seeds equipped with double pappus (tuft of hairs at both ends)
Single seed 1 cm (0.39 in) long with pappus
Seed 1 cm (0.39 in) long, stripped of the double pappus which allows wind-dispersal
Seedling, 18 days old, 3.3 cm (1.3 in)

Taxonomy

Some taxonomies consider some other species in the genus to be subspecies of Adenium obesum.

Subspecies

  • Adenium obesum subsp. oleifolium (South Africa , Botswana)
  • Adenium obesum subsp. socotranum (Socotra)
  • Adenium obesum subsp. somalense (Eastern Africa)
  • Adenium obesum subsp. swazicum (Eswatini, South Africa)

Adenium swazicum is a critically endangered African species native to Eswatini and Mozambique, growing up to 0.7 m (2.29 ft) tall.

Adenium somalense is also native to Africa, inhabiting Tanzania, Kenya, and Somalia, and reaching heights of 5 m (16.40 ft), which makes it the largest of these four subspecies.

Adenium socotranum is native exclusively to the island of Socotra, and can grow to be 4.6 m (15 ft), but despite its small range, it is of least concern regarding endangerment.

Adenium oleifolium is near threatened in the wild and is the smallest of these subspecies, growing at the tallest to 0.4 m (1.31 ft).

Ecology

Caterpillars of the polka-dot wasp moth (Syntomeida epilais) are known to feed on the desert rose, along with feeding on oleanders.[4]

In areas with year-round warm weather, they can bloom throughout the year.[5]

Uses

Adenium obesum produces a sap in its roots and stems that contains cardiac glycosides. This sap is used as arrow poison for hunting large game throughout much of Africa[6] and as a fish toxin.[7]

Cultivation

Flowers of Adenium obesum in West Bengal, India.

Adenium obesum is a popular houseplant and bonsai[8] in temperate regions. It requires a sunny location and a minimum indoor temperature in winter of 10 °C (50 °F). It thrives on a xeric watering regime as required by cacti. A. obesum is typically propagated by seed or stem cuttings. The numerous hybrids are propagated mainly by grafting on to seedling rootstock. While plants grown from seed are more likely to have the swollen caudex at a young age, with time many cutting-grown plants cannot be distinguished from seed-grown plants. Like many plants, Adenium obesum can also be propagated in vitro using plant tissue culture.[9]

This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[10]

Symbolic and cultural references

The species has been depicted on postage stamps issued by various countries.[11]

See also

Gallery

  • Close-up of stand of A. obesum var. socotranum, Socotra

  • A. obesum var. socotranum, trunk of single extreme pachycaul specimen, Socotra

  • Group of plants growing in scrubland, Tanzania

  • Cultivated bonsai specimen with picturesquely contorted caudex and roots, Florida

  • Cultivated specimen in Thailand flowering profusely.

  • Large fruits on 30-cm tall plant, Chennai.

  • 2-day seedling with seed husk 15 mm (0.59 in), Chennai.

  • Group of plants at the campus of Ramakrishna Mission Vidyamandira in West Bengal, India.

References

  1. ↑ Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI).; IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2019). "Adenium obesum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T62541A149059021. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T62541A149059021.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/62541/149059021. Retrieved 19 November 2021. 
  2. ↑ {{citation | mode = cs1 | title = Adenium obesum | work = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) | url = | publisher = [[Organization:Agricultural Research ServAgricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) | access-date = 2010-09-30 }}
  3. ↑ Schoch, C.L. (2020). ""Adenium obesum", NCBI Taxonomy: a comprehensive update on curation, resources and tools". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=69375. 
  4. ↑ "Oleander caterpillar (Syntomeida epilais)". August 2006. http://trec.ifas.ufl.edu/mannion/pdfs/OleanderCaterpillar.pdf. 
  5. ↑ "Is Adenium Obesum Poisonous to Dogs?" (in en). https://homeguides.sfgate.com/adenium-obesum-poisonous-dogs-76694.html. 
  6. ↑ Schmelzer, G.H.; A. Gurib-Fakim (2008). Medicinal Plants. Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. pp. 46–49. ISBN 978-90-5782-204-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=7FJqgQ3_tnUC. 
  7. ↑ John 'Lofty' Wiseman SAS Survival Handbook, Revised Edition p. 240; William Morrow Paperbacks (2009) ISBN:978-1875900060
  8. ↑ D'Cruz, Mark. "Ma-Ke Bonsai Care Guide for Adenium obesum". Ma-Ke Bonsai. http://guide.makebonsai.com/bonsai_species_guide_training.asp?SpeciesID=5111&Name=Adenium_obesum. 
  9. ↑ Kanchanapoom, Kantamaht; Sunheem, Sunisa; Kanchanapoom, Kamnoon (5 December 2010). "In vitro Propagation of Adenium obesum (Forssk.) Roem. and Schult." (in en). Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 38 (3): 209–213. doi:10.15835/nbha3834604. ISSN 1842-4309. http://www.notulaebotanicae.ro/index.php/nbha/article/view/4604/5093. Retrieved 26 January 2016. 
  10. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Adenium obesum". https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/426/Adenium-obesum/Details. 
  11. ↑ "Adenium obesum". http://stampdata.com/thing.php?id=11212. 

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q311994 entry



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