Earth:Cap carbonate
Cap carbonates are layers of distinctively textured carbonate rocks (either limestone or dolomite) that occur at the uppermost layer of sedimentary sequences reflecting major glaciations in the geological record.[1][2][3]
Characteristics and occurrence
Cap carbonates are found on most continents.[4] They are typically 3–30 meters thick, laminated structures. They are depleted in 13C compared to other carbonates. The progression of late Neoproterozoic glaciations portrayed by substantial δ13C deviations in cap carbonates suggest out of control ice albedo.[1]
Formation theories
There are several different hypotheses for cap carbonate formation.
Physical stratification theory
Physical stratification results in a strong carbon isotopic gradient in the ocean.[5] Massive carbonates will precipitate when the postglacial upwelling carries the alkalinity and isotopically light carbon to the continents. In this model, cap carbonates is the by-product of continental flooding.[6]
Snowball formation theory
The short-lived change in carbon isotopic composition is the foundation for this theory. In the snowball Earth episode, the surface ocean of Earth is covered by the sea ice that separates the ocean and the atmospheric CO2 reservoirs.[1] The atmospheric CO2 then built up to ~100,000 ppm and triggered the rapid deglaciation and melting of the sea ice, which reconnects the ocean and the atmosphere and provides excess alkalinity to the ocean. The transport of carbon dioxide from that atmosphere to the ocean will lead to carbonate precipitation. This is caused by mixing upwelling, isotopically-depleted, alkaline bottom water and calcium-rich surface water.[7]
Methane clathrate formation theory
A third theory for cap carbonate formation is that methane hydrate destabilization results in the formation of cap carbonate and strongly negative carbon anomalies[8] The unusual fabrics within the cap carbonate is similar to carbonate fabrics as from cold methane seeps.
Experiments
Experiments have been performed to see if the massive abiotic carbonate is possible in extreme environments.[9]
See also
- Marinoan glaciation
- Sturtian glaciation
- Boundaries of the Ediacaran Period
- Snowball Earth
- Katanga Supergroup
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Hoffman, P. F. (28 August 1998). "A Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth". Science 281 (5381): 1342–6. doi:10.1126/science.281.5381.1342. PMID 9721097. Bibcode: 1998Sci...281.1342H.
- ↑ Kennedy, Martin J.; Christie-Blick, Nicholas; Sohl, Linda E. (2001). "Are Proterozoic cap carbonates and isotopic excursions a record of gas hydrate destabilization following Earth's coldest intervals?". Geology 29 (5): 443–6. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0443:APCCAI>2.0.CO;2. Bibcode: 2001Geo....29..443K.
- ↑ Shields, Graham A. (August 2005). "Neoproterozoic cap carbonates: a critical appraisal of existing models and the plumeworld hypothesis". Terra Nova 17 (4): 299–310. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121.2005.00638.x. Bibcode: 2005TeNov..17..299S.
- ↑ Kennedy, M. J. (1 November 1996). "Stratigraphy, sedimentology, and isotopic geochemistry of Australian Neoproterozoic postglacial cap dolomites; deglaciation, delta 13 C excursions, and carbonate precipitation". Journal of Sedimentary Research 66 (6): 1050–64. doi:10.2110/jsr.66.1050. Bibcode: 1996JSedR..66.1050K.
- ↑ Knoll, A. H.; Hayes, J. M.; Kaufman, A. J.; Swett, K.; Lambert, I. B. (June 1986). "Secular variation in carbon isotope ratios from Upper Proterozoic successions of Svalbard and East Greenland". Nature 321 (6073): 832–838. doi:10.1038/321832a0. PMID 11540872. Bibcode: 1986Natur.321..832K.
- ↑ Kennedy, M. J.; Christie-Blick, N. (8 March 2011). "Condensation origin for Neoproterozoic cap carbonates during deglaciation". Geology 39 (4): 319–322. doi:10.1130/G31348.1. Bibcode: 2011Geo....39..319K. http://academiccommons.columbia.edu/download/fedora_content/download/ac:164614/CONTENT/Kennedy.Geology.2012.e266.pdf.
- ↑ Grotzinger, JP; Knoll, AH (December 1995). "Anomalous carbonate precipitates: is the Precambrian the key to the Permian?". PALAIOS 10 (6): 578–96. doi:10.2307/3515096. PMID 11542266. Bibcode: 1995Palai..10..578G. https://authors.library.caltech.edu/37173/1/578.full.pdf.
- ↑ Jiang, Ganqing; Kennedy, Martin J.; Christie-Blick, Nicholas (December 2003). "Stable isotopic evidence for methane seeps in Neoproterozoic postglacial cap carbonates". Nature 426 (6968): 822–6. doi:10.1038/nature02201. PMID 14685234. Bibcode: 2003Natur.426..822J.
- ↑ Fabre, Sébastien; Berger, Gilles; Chavagnac, Valérie; Besson, Philippe (December 2013). "Origin of cap carbonates: An experimental approach". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 392: 524–533. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.10.006. Bibcode: 2013PPP...392..524F.
Further reading
What are Cap Carbonates? at www.snowballearth.org
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