Albert algebra

In mathematics, an Albert algebra is a 27-dimensional exceptional Jordan algebra. They are named after Abraham Adrian Albert, who pioneered the study of non-associative algebras, usually working over the real numbers. Over the real numbers, there are three such Jordan algebras up to isomorphism. One of them, which was first mentioned by Pascual Jordan, John von Neumann, and Eugene Wigner (1934) and studied by (Albert 1934), is the set of 3×3 self-adjoint matrices over the octonions, equipped with the binary operation

$x\circ y=\frac{1}{2}(x\cdot y+y\cdot x),$

where $\cdot$ denotes matrix multiplication. Another is defined the same way, but using split octonions instead of octonions. The final is constructed from the non-split octonions using a different standard involution.

Over any algebraically closed field, there is just one Albert algebra, and its automorphism group G is the simple split group of type F₄. (For example, the complexifications of the three Albert algebras over the real numbers are isomorphic Albert algebras over the complex numbers.) Because of this, for a general field F, the Albert algebras are classified by the Galois cohomology group H¹(F,G).

The Kantor–Koecher–Tits construction applied to an Albert algebra gives a form of the E7 Lie algebra. The split Albert algebra is used in a construction of a 56-dimensional structurable algebra whose automorphism group has identity component the simply-connected algebraic group of type E₆.

The space of cohomological invariants of Albert algebras a field F (of characteristic not 2) with coefficients in Z/2Z is a free module over the cohomology ring of F with a basis 1, f₃, f₅, of degrees 0, 3, 5. The cohomological invariants with 3-torsion coefficients have a basis 1, g₃ of degrees 0, 3. The invariants f₃ and g₃ are the primary components of the Rost invariant.

See also

• Euclidean Jordan algebra for the Jordan algebras considered by Jordan, von Neumann and Wigner
• Euclidean Hurwitz algebra for details of the construction of the Albert algebra for the octonions

References

• Albert, A. Adrian (1934), "On a Certain Algebra of Quantum Mechanics", Annals of Mathematics, Second Series 35 (1): 65–73, doi:10.2307/1968118, ISSN 0003-486X 
• Garibaldi, Skip; Merkurjev, Alexander; Serre, Jean-Pierre (2003), Cohomological invariants in Galois cohomology, University Lecture Series, 28, Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-0-8218-3287-5 
• Garibaldi, Skip (2009). Cohomological invariants: exceptional groups and Spin groups. Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society. 200. doi:10.1090/memo/0937. ISBN 978-0-8218-4404-5. 
• Garibaldi, Skip; Petersson, Holger P.; Racine, Michel L. (2024). Albert algebras over commutative rings. New Mathematical Monographs. 48. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781009426862. ISBN 978-1-0094-2685-5. 
• Jordan, Pascual; Neumann, John von; Wigner, Eugene (1934), "On an Algebraic Generalization of the Quantum Mechanical Formalism", Annals of Mathematics 35 (1): 29–64, doi:10.2307/1968117 
• Knus, Max-Albert; Merkurjev, Alexander; Rost, Markus; Tignol, Jean-Pierre (1998), The book of involutions, Colloquium Publications, 44, With a preface by J. Tits, Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-0-8218-0904-4 
• McCrimmon, Kevin (2004), A taste of Jordan algebras, Universitext, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, doi:10.1007/b97489, ISBN 978-0-387-95447-9, https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0387954473 
• Springer, Tonny A.; Veldkamp, Ferdinand D. (2000), Octonions, Jordan algebras and exceptional groups, Springer Monographs in Mathematics, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-66337-9, https://books.google.com/books?isbn=3540663371 

Further reading

• Albert algebra at Encyclopedia of Mathematics.