Astronomy:Hypatia (stone)

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Short description: Candidate for the first comet nucleus

Hypatia is a small stone found in Egypt in 1996. It has been claimed to be both a meteorite[1] and kimberlite debris.[2][3] It has also been claimed to be the first known specimen of a comet nucleus on Earth, although defying physically-accepted models for hypervelocity processing of organic material.[4] As of November 2023, Hypatia has not been officially classified as a meteorite in the Meteoritical Bulletin, which is tasked with recording all scientifically proven meteorites.

Discovery and name

Hypatia was discovered in December 1996 by Aly A. Barakat at [ ⚑ ] 25°20′N 25°30′E / 25.333°N 25.5°E / 25.333; 25.5, directly in proximity to a dark, slag-like glassy material that was interpreted to be a form of Libyan desert glass.[5]

Hypatia's status as an extraterrestrial rock is widely accepted[who?]. The original sample was cut apart and sent to multiple labs for study, reducing its original size of approximately 30 grams to about four grams.[6]

The rock was named after Hypatia of Alexandria (c. 350–370 AD – 415 AD) – the philosopher, astronomer, mathematician, and inventor.[7] Assuming the Hypatia stone is a meteorite, such naming is in violation of the long-standing convention and regulation of naming meteorites, which states that "a new meteorite shall be named after a geographical locality near to the location of its initial recovery".[8]

Research

Tests done in South Africa by researchers Jan Kramers and Georgy Belyanin of the University of Johannesburg show that Hypatia contains microscopic diamonds. Due to the presence of several anomalous isotopic distributions unknown in prior association, some[who?] claim the Hypatia material is necessarily of extraterrestrial origin, although significant terrestrial contamination is dismissed by proponents[who?] as being impact-authigenic from incorporation of terrestrial atmosphere, the physics of which are unresolved[who?]. Further speculation from comparative summary statistical associations support that Hypatia is a relict fragment of the hypothetical impacting body assumed to have produced the chemically-dissimilar Libyan desert glass.[5] If the claimed association holds, Hypatia may have impacted Earth approximately 28 million years ago.[7] Its unusual chemistry has prompted further speculation that Hypatia may predate the formation of the Solar System.[who?]

In 2018 Georgy Belyanin, Jan Kramers, and colleagues found compounds including polyaromatic hydrocarbons and silicon carbide associated with a previously-unknown nickel phosphide compound.[9] Other observations supporting non-terrestrial origin for the Hypatia samples include ratios of silicon to carbon anti-correlated to terrestrial averages, or those of major planets like Mars or Venus. Some samples of interstellar dust overlap Hypatia distributions, although Hypatia's elemental chemistry also overlaps some terrestrial distributions.[10]

In 2022, Kramers and Andreoli proposed the hypothesis that the Hypatia stone represents the first evidence on Earth of a type Ia supernova explosion.[11]

As of November 2023, Jan Kramers appears to have been a co-author in all the scientific publications made on the Hypatia stone.[5][9][11][1][12][13] No independent scientific studies have been conducted, either proving or disproving the claims in the above papers, starting from the extraterrestrial origin.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Avice, G.; Marty, B.; Meier, M. M. M.; Wieler, R; Zimmermann, L.; Andreoli, M. A. G.; Kramers, J. D. (March 2015). "Nitrogen and Noble Gases in a Diamond-Bearing Pebble from SW Egypt". 46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (Lunar and Planetary Institute): 1312. https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2015/pdf/1312.pdf. 
  2. ↑ Brügge, Norbert (6 February 2021). "A not credible message about the discovery of extra-terrestrial material in the Egyptian desert (Libyan Desert Glass area)". https://www.b14643.de/Sahara/LDG_Hypatia/index.htm. 
  3. ↑ Brügge, Norbert (26 May 2020). "What tell us the finds of carbon and diamonds in the LDG, other glassy melts and breccias in the Silica-strewnfield in the Egyptian Great Sand Sea". https://www.b14643.de/Sahara/LDG_Diamonds/index.htm. 
  4. ↑ "Libyan desert glass: Diamond-Bearing Pebble Provides Evidence of Comet Striking Earth". sci-news.com, 8 October 2013. http://www.sci-news.com/space/science-libyan-desert-glass-diamond-bearing-pebble-evidence-comet-01446.html. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Kramers, Jan D; Andreoli, Marco A.G; Atanasova, Maria; Belyanin, Georgy A; Block, David L; Franklyn, Chris; Harris, Chris; Lekgoathi, Mpho et al. (2013). "Unique chemistry of a diamond-bearing pebble from the Libyan Desert Glass strewnfield, SW Egypt: Evidence for a shocked comet fragment". Earth and Planetary Science Letters 382: 21–31. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.09.003. Bibcode: 2013E&PSL.382...21K. 
  6. ↑ See Barakat: "The specimen is of a shiny grey-black colour and irregular shape. It measures roughly 3.5 x 3.2 x 2.1 cm and weights about 30 grams"; Pappas, Stephanie (January 18, 2018). "Out-of-This-World Diamond-Studded Rock Just Got Even Weirder". Live Science. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Collins, Tim (2018-01-12). "Incredible diamond-studded 'alien' rock has minerals not found anywhere in our star system" (in en-NZ). NZ Herald. ISSN 1170-0777. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=11974415. 
  8. ↑ Committee on Meteorite Nomenclature (March 2019). "Guidelines for Meteorite Nomenclature". https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meteor/docs/nc-guidelines.pdf. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Belyanin, Georgy A.; Kramers, Jan D.; Andreoli, Marco A. G.; Greco, Francesco; Gucsik, Arnold; Makhubela, Tebogo V.; Przybylowicz, Wojciech J.; Wiedenbeck, Michael (2018-02-15). "Petrography of the carbonaceous, diamond-bearing stone "Hypatia" from southwest Egypt: A contribution to the debate on its origin". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 223: 462–492. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2017.12.020. ISSN 0016-7037. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703717307962. 
  10. ↑ 2018 Journal Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 223 462. (Quotation from CERN Courier March 2018)
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Kramers et al. (2022). "The chemistry of the extraterrestrial carbonaceous stone "Hypatia": A perspective on dust heterogeneity in interstellar space". Icarus. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
  12. ↑ Andreoli, M. A. G.; Przybylowicz, W. J.; Kramers, J.; Belyanin, G.; Westraadt, J.; Bamford, M.; Mesjasz-Przybylowicz, J.; Venter, A. (2015-11-15). "PIXE micro-mapping of minor elements in Hypatia, a diamond bearing carbonaceous stone from the Libyan Desert Glass area, Egypt: Inheritance from a cold molecular cloud?". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 14th International Conference on Particle Induced X-ray Emission 363: 79–85. doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2015.09.008. ISSN 0168-583X. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168583X1500837X. 
  13. ↑ Avice, Guillaume; Meier, Matthias M. M.; Marty, Bernard; Wieler, Rainer; Kramers, Jan D.; Langenhorst, Falko; Cartigny, Pierre; Maden, Colin et al. (2015-12-15). "A comprehensive study of noble gases and nitrogen in "Hypatia", a diamond-rich pebble from SW Egypt". Earth and Planetary Science Letters 432: 243–253. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.10.013. ISSN 0012-821X. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X15006482. 

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