Astronomy:List of Mars landers

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The following table is a list of successful and unsuccessful Mars landers. As of 2022, 21 lander missions and 8 sub-landers (Rovers and Penetrators) attempted to land on Mars. Of 21 landers, the Curiosity rover, Perseverance rover, and Tianwen-1 are currently in operation on Mars.

Mars landers

Table consisting of list of Mars landers
S.No Landers Launch Date Landing Date Mass (kg)[1] Landing Site Region Status Country of Origin MOLA Entry Velocity References
1. Mars 2MV-3 No.1 04 Nov 1962 25 Nov 1962 890 - - Failed  Soviet Union - - [2]
2. Mars 2 19 May 1971 27 Nov 1971 1210 45°S 47°E♦ - Failed  Soviet Union - - [3][4]
3. Mars 3 28 May 1971 02 Dec 1971 1210 45°S 202°E♦ Sirenum Terra Partial Success  Soviet Union - 5.7 km/sec [5][4]
4. Mars 6 05 Aug 1973 12 Mar 1974 635 23.90°S 19.4°W Margaritifer Terra Failed  Soviet Union - - [6][4]
5. Mars 7 09 Aug 1973 - 635 - - Failed  Soviet Union - - [7][4]
6. Viking 1 20 Aug 1975 20 Jul 1976 572 22.27°N 47.95°W Chryse Planitia Success  USA -3.5 4.61 km/sec [8]
7. Viking 2 09 Sep 1975 03 Sep 1976 572 47.64°N 225.71°W Utopia Planitia Success  USA -3.5 4.61 km/sec [9]
8. Phobos 1§ 07 Jul 1988 - 2600† - - Failed  Soviet Union - - [10]
9. Phobos 2§ 12 Jul 1987 - 2600† - - Failed  Soviet Union - - [10]
10. Mars 96 16 Nov 1996 - 3159 41°31N 153°77 W♦ - Failed  Russia - 5.75♦ km/sec [11]
11. Mars Pathfinder 04 Dec 1996 04 Jul 1997 361 19°7′48″ N 33°18′12″W Ares Vallis Success  USA -2.5 7.26 km/sec [12][13]
12. Mars Polar Lander 03 Jan 1999 03 Dec 1999 583 76°S 195°W Ultimi Scopuli Failed  USA -3.0 6.91 km/sec [14][15]
13. Beagle 2 02 Jun 2003 25 Dec 2003 33.2 11.5265°N 90.4295°E Isidis Planitia Failed  United Kingdom - 5.63 km/sec [16][17]
14. Spirit rover 10 Jun 2003 4 Jan 2004 174 14.5684°S 175.4726°E Gusev Crater Success  USA -1.9 5.4 km/sec [18][19][20]
15. Opportunity rover 07 Jul 2003 25 Jan 2004 174 1.9462°S 354.4743°E Meridiani Planum Success  USA -1.4 5.5 km/sec [18][21][20]
16. Phoenix lander 04 Aug 2007 5 May 2008 350 68.22°N 125.7°W Vastitas Borealis Success  USA -3.5 5.59 km/sec [12]
17. Curiosity rover 26 Nov 2011 5 Aug 2012 899 4.5895°S 137.4417°E Gale Crater Operational  USA 2.0 5.6 km/sec [22][23][20]
18. Schiaparelli EDM 14 Mar 2016 19 Oct 2016 577 2.052°S 6.208°W Meridiani Planum Failed European UnionESA/ Russia 1.45 5.83 km/sec [24]
19. InSight Mars Lander 5 May 2018 26 Nov 2018 727 4.5°N 135.9°E Elysium Planitia Success  USA -2.5 6.3 km/sec [25]
20. Perseverance rover 30 Jul 2020 18 Feb 2021 1,025 18.4447°N 77.4508°E Jezero crater Operational  USA - - [26]
21. Tianwen-1 23 July 2020 14 May 2021 240 25.1°N, 109.7°E Utopia Planitia Operational  China - 4.8 km/sec [27]

§ - Spacecraft intended for Martian moons (Phobos and Deimos), †Entry Mass, ♦ Estimated, MOLA - Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter

Table consisting of sub-landers onboard Mars landers
S.No Sub-Landers Type Lander Slot Launch Date Mass (kg) Status References
1. Prop-M Rover Mars 2 19 May 1971 4.5 Failed [3][4]
2. Prop-M Rover Mars 3 28 May 1971 4.5 Not deployed [4][5]
3. Mars 96 Penetrator Mars 96 16 Nov 1996 88 Failed [11]
4. Deep Space 2 Penetrator Mars Polar Lander 03 Jan 1999 2.4 Failed [14][15]
5. Sojourner Rover Mars Pathfinder 04 Dec 1996 11.5 Success [12][13]
6. Mars helicopter Ingenuity UAV Helicopter Mars 2020 Perseverance rover 30 Jul 2021 1.8 Success
7. Zhurong Rover Tianwen-1 23 Jul 2021 240 Success
8. Tianwen-1 Remote camera Camera Zhurong rover 1 June 2021 <1 Success

Future proposed Mars lander missions

List of future proposed Mars lander missions
Lander Proposed Launch Country Agency Type Sub-Lander References
Mars MetNet Precursor ? Finland FMI Impact Lander - [28]
Mars MetNet ? Finland FMI Multi-lander - [29]
Icebreaker 2026 US NASA Lander - [30]
Martian Moons Exploration 2024 Japan JAXA Lander Sample Return [31]
Phootprint 2024 Europe ESA Lander Ascent Stage [32]
Fobos-Grunt (Repeat) 2024 Russia ROSCOSMOS Lander Ascent Stage [33]
Mars-Grunt 2024 Russia ROSCOSMOS Lander - [1]
BOLD 2020 US NASA Impact Lander 6-Impact Lander
Mars Lander 2020 South Korea KARI Lander - [34]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 M, Malaya Kumar Biswal; A, Ramesh Naidu (2018-08-23). "A Novel Entry, Descent and Landing Architecture for Mars Landers". arXiv:1809.00062 [physics.pop-ph].
  2. ↑ Biswal.m, Malaya Kumar; Annavarapu, Ramesh Naidu (2019). Comparative EDL Summary of Mars Landers (Report). doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.13568.07682. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-045A. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Perminov, V. G. (1999). The difficult road to Mars: a brief history of Mars exploration in the Soviet Union.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-049F. 
  6. ↑ "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-052A. 
  7. ↑ "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-053A. 
  8. ↑ "Viking 1 Lander". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/viking1landata.html. 
  9. ↑ "Viking 2 Lander". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/viking2landata.html. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Phobos Project Information". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/phobos.html. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Marov, Mikhail Ya; Huntress, Wesley T. (2011), "The last gasp: Mars-96", Soviet Robots in the Solar System, Springer Praxis Books (Springer, New York, NY): pp. 387–405, doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7898-1_20, ISBN 9781441978974 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Shevalev, I. L.; Huntress, W. T.; Moroz, V. I. (2002-09-01). "Planetary Missions of the 20th Century*". Cosmic Research 40 (5): 419–445. doi:10.1023/A:1020690700050. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Nilsen, E. N. (2012). Exploring Mars: an overview
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Willcockson, William H. (1999). "Mars Pathfinder Heatshield Design and Flight Experience". Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 36 (3): 374–379. doi:10.2514/2.3456. Bibcode: 1999JSpRo..36..374W. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1999-001A. 
  16. ↑ Lindstrand, Per (2003). "Parachute Subsystems for the Beagle 2 Mars Lander Entry Descent and Landing Systems". 44th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. doi:10.2514/6.2003-1902. ISBN 978-1-62410-100-7. 
  17. ↑ Linkin, V. (1998-06-01). "A sophisticated lander for scientific exploration of Mars: scientific objectives and implementation of the Mars-96 Small Station". Planetary and Space Science 46 (6–7): 717–737. doi:10.1016/S0032-0633(98)00008-7. PMID 11541818. Bibcode: 1998P&SS...46..717L. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 mars.nasa.gov. "Newsroom". https://mars.nasa.gov/news/index.cfm?urlpath=newsroom/&mission=mer. 
  19. ↑ "GeoHack - Spirit rover". https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spirit_(rover)&params=14.5684_S_175.472636_E_globe:Mars&title=Spirit+rover. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Mars Exploration Entry, Descent and Landing Challenges (gatech.edu)
  21. ↑ "GeoHack - Opportunity rover". https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Opportunity_(rover)&params=1.9462_S_354.4734_E_globe:Mars&title=Opportunity+rover. 
  22. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "Summary | Rover" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/spacecraft/rover/summary. 
  23. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "News" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/news?page=0&per_page=40&order=publish_date+desc,created_at+desc&search=&category=19,165,184,204&blank_scope=Latest. 
  24. ↑ "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2016-017A. 
  25. ↑ Greicius, Tony (2015-02-23). "InSight Mars Lander | Missions". http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/insight/main/index.html. 
  26. ↑ "Mission Overview". NASA. https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/overview/. 
  27. ↑ @sklplanets. "Succesful [sic landing of #Tianwen1, on #Mars! Landing point: 109.7 E, 25.1 N, less than 40 km from target location in Utopia Planitia. More details expected later!"]. https://twitter.com/sklplanets/status/1393361045347966978.  Missing or empty |date= (help)
  28. ↑ Harri, A.-M. (2008). "MMPM - Mars MetNet Precursor Mission". European Planetary Science Congress 2008, Proceedings of the conference held 21-25 September, 2008 in Münster, Germany. pp. 361. Bibcode: 2008epsc.conf..361H. 
  29. ↑ Landis, Geoffrey; Oleson, Steven; McGuire, Melissa (2012). "Design Study for a Mars Geyser Hopper". 50th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition. doi:10.2514/6.2012-631. ISBN 978-1-60086-936-5. 
  30. ↑ McKay, Christopher P.; Stoker, Carol R.; Glass, Brian J.; Davé, Arwen I.; Davila, Alfonso F.; Heldmann, Jennifer L.; Marinova, Margarita M.; Fairen, Alberto G. et al. (2013). "The Icebreaker Life Mission to Mars: A Search for Biomolecular Evidence for Life". Astrobiology 13 (4): 334–353. doi:10.1089/ast.2012.0878. PMID 23560417. Bibcode: 2013AsBio..13..334M. 
  31. ↑ Miyamoto, Hirdly (17 March 2016). "Japanese mission of the two moons of Mars with sample return from Phobos". NASA MEPAG. http://mepag.nasa.gov/meeting/2016-03/17_Miyamoto.pdf. 
  32. ↑ Galimov, E. M. (2010-02-01). "Phobos sample return mission: Scientific substantiation". Solar System Research 44 (1): 5–14. doi:10.1134/S0038094610010028. Bibcode: 2010SoSyR..44....5G. 
  33. ↑ Zelenyi, L.; Zakharov, A.; Polischuk, G.; Pichkhadze, K.; Akim, E.; Hirahara, Masfumi; Miyoshi, Yoshizumi; Terada, Naoki et al. (2009). "Phobos Sample Return mission". AIP Conference Proceedings 1144 (1): 128–137. doi:10.1063/1.3169276. Bibcode: 2009AIPC.1144..128Z. 
  34. ↑ Lee, Eun-Seok; Chang, Keun-Shik; Park, Chul (2004). "Design Study of a Korean Mars Mission". International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences 5 (2): 54–61. doi:10.5139/IJASS.2004.5.2.054. Bibcode: 2004IJASS...5...54.. 



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