Astronomy:Peak ring
A peak ring crater is a type of complex crater, which is different from a multi-ringed basin or central-peak crater. A central peak is not seen; instead, a roughly circular ring or plateau, possibly discontinuous, surrounds the crater's center, with the crater rim still farther out from the center.
Formation
The rings form by different processes, and inner rings may not be formed by the same processes as outer rings.[1]
It has long been the view that peak rings are formed in the stage subsequent to central peak formation in craters, with the stage being dependent on the crater diameter and planetary gravity. The central peaks of craters are believed to originate from hydrodynamic flow of material lifted by inward-collapsing crater walls, while impact-shattered rock debris is briefly turned to fluid by strong vibrations that develop during crater formation. The peak-ring structure of Chicxulub crater was probably formed as inward-collapsing material struck the over-steepened central peak, to form a hydraulic jump at the location where the peak ring was located.[2]
Other theories have been formulated. Perhaps, in the case of Chicxulub crater, an over-high central peak collapsed into the peak ring.[3][4]
According to Sean Gulick, a geophysicist at the University of Texas, Chicxulub is Earth's only crater to have an intact peak ring structure.[5] However, another example is shown below at West Clearwater Lake in Canada.[citation needed] The Carswell crater in Saskatchewan, Canada, may also be an eroded peak ring crater.[6]
Examples
Raditladi, a relatively young peak-ring crater on Mercury
Barton crater, a peak-ring crater on Venus
West Clearwater Lake (upper left) on Earth
Schrödinger, a peak-ring crater on the Moon
Lowell, a peak-ring crater on Mars
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See also
On Mercury:
- Ahmad Baba
- Caravaggio
- Chekhov
- Eminescu
- Holst
- Homer
- Michelangelo
- Mozart
- Nabokov
- Polygnotus
- Rachmaninoff
- Raditladi
- Renoir
On Venus:
- Barton
- Isabella
- Meitner
- Mona Lisa
- Wheatley
- Yablochkina
On Earth:
- Chesapeake Bay
- Chicxulub
- Ries
- West Clearwater Lake
On the Moon:
- Apollo
- Antoniadi
- Grimaldi
- Hertzsprung
- Korolev
- Milne
- Poincaré
- Schrödinger
- Schiller-Zucchius Basin
- Freundlich-Sharonov Basin
References
- ↑ Geology Page: www.geologypage.com/2016/10/research-helps-explain-formation-ringed-crater-moon.html, accessdate: February 5, 2017
- ↑ H. J. Melosh (2015). "Peak-ring Craters and Multiring Basins". http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/gap2015/pdf/1003.pdf. Retrieved 18 Nov 2016.
- ↑ H. J. Melosh (2016). "Drilling into Chicxulub's formation". Science 354 (6314): 878–882. doi:10.1126/science.aah6561. PMID 27856906. http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/131793/1/131793.pdf.
- ↑ "The formation of large meteorite craters is unraveled". Geology Page. October 29, 2018. http://www.geologypage.com/2018/10/the-formation-of-large-meteorite-craters-is-unraveled.html#ixzz5VVkNl3Vz. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
- ↑ Thomas Sumner (Nov 17, 2016). "How a ring of mountains forms inside a crater". https://www.sciencenews.org/article/how-ring-mountains-forms-inside-crater. Retrieved 18 Nov 2016.
- ↑ Genest, S., Robert, F., and Duhamel, I., 2010, The Carswell impact event, Saskatchewan, Canada: Evidence for a pre-Athabasca multiring basin?, in Gibson, R.L., and Reimold, W.U., eds., Large Meteorite Impacts and Planetary Evolution IV: Geological Society of America Special Paper 465, p. 543–570, doi:10.1130/2010.2465(26).
External links and references
- Understanding the Impact Cratering Process: a Simple Approach
- How the dino-killing asteroid put a ring on its crater, Scott K. Johnson, Ars Technica, 11/17/2016
- Peak-Ring Structure, Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms
- The formation of peak rings in large impact craters, Joanna V. Morgan et al., 2016, Science, 18 Nov 2016: Vol. 354, Issue 6314, pp. 878–882
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