Astronomy:Apollo (crater)
 Oblique Lunar Orbiter 5 image | |
| Diameter | 537 km[1] |
|---|---|
| Depth | 37 |
| Colongitude | 161° at sunrise |
Apollo, also called the Apollo basin, is an enormous impact crater located in the southern hemisphere on the far side of the Moon. This formation dwarfs the large crater Oppenheimer that is located next to the western rim. The crater Barringer lies across the northern wall. To the southeast is the crater Anders, and Kleymenov is just to the east of the rim.
Apollo is a double-ringed walled plain (or basin) whose inner ring is roughly half the diameter of the outer wall. Both the outer wall and the interior have been heavily worn and eroded by subsequent impacts, so that significant parts of the outer and inner walls now consist of irregular and incised sections of mountainous arcs.
The interior floor is covered in a multitude of craters of various sizes, some of which have been named for people associated with the Apollo program or other NASA projects.
Sections of Apollo's interior have been resurfaced with lava, leaving patches of the floor with a lower albedo than the surroundings. There is a large patch of this lunar mare in the middle part of the inner ring, which contains some ray system markings. A long stretch of the mare lies along the southern part of the crater. There is also a smaller section near the western rim.
Prior to formal naming in 1970 by the IAU,[2] the crater was known as Basin XVI.[3]
Topographic map
Gravity map based on GRAIL
Interior craters
Three craters are named after the crew of Apollo 8. In the southeast part of Apollo is Borman crater, named after commander Frank Borman. Near the southeastern margin of Apollo is Anders crater, named after William Anders. On the eastern margin is Lovell crater, named after Jim Lovell.
Many craters within and adjacent to the Apollo impact have been named to honor deceased NASA employees.
Dryden is attached to the west-northwestern exterior of the inner ring. Chaffee is a similar-sized crater that lies partly across the southwest section of the inner ring. Inside the inner ring are the craters Resnik, McAuliffe and Onizuka, and the Jarvis–McNair crater pair. The crater Smith lies across the northern part of the inner ring.
In 2006 the IAU approved a proposal to name seven interior craters to honor the astronauts killed in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.[4][5]
| Crater | Coordinates | Diameter | Name source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chawla | [ ⚑ ] 42°48′S 147°30′W / 42.8°S 147.5°W | 15 km | Kalpana Chawla |
| D. Brown | [ ⚑ ] 42°00′S 147°12′W / 42.0°S 147.2°W | 15 km | David McD. Brown |
| Husband | [ ⚑ ] 40°48′S 147°54′W / 40.8°S 147.9°W | 29 km | Richard D. Husband |
| L. Clark | [ ⚑ ] 43°42′S 147°42′W / 43.7°S 147.7°W | 16 km | Laurel B. S. Clark |
| McCool | [ ⚑ ] 41°42′S 146°18′W / 41.7°S 146.3°W | 21 km | William C. McCool |
| M. Anderson | [ ⚑ ] 41°36′S 149°00′W / 41.6°S 149.0°W | 17 km | Michael P. Anderson |
| Ramon | [ ⚑ ] 41°36′S 148°06′W / 41.6°S 148.1°W | 17 km | Ilan Ramon |
Three of the crater names include the respective astronaut's first initials to distinguish them from the existing craters called Anderson, Brown and Clark.
References
- ↑ Don E. Wilhelms; Charles J. Byrne (23 January 2009). "Stratigraphy of Lunar Craters". http://www.imageagain.com/Strata/StratigraphyCraters.2.0.htm.
- ↑ Apollo, Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature, International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN)
- ↑ Lunar Farside Chart (LFC-1A)
- ↑ Blue, Jennifer (2006-07-27). "Names for the Columbia astronauts provisionally approved". USGS Astrogeology. https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/HotTopics/index.php?/archives/147-Names-for-the-Columbia-astronauts-provisionally-approved.html.
- ↑ Blue, Jennifer (2006-08-30). "Provisional Names Approved". USGS. https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/HotTopics/index.php?/archives/203-Provisional-Names-Approved.html.
- Andersson, L. E.; Whitaker, E. A. (1982). NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA RP-1097.
- Blue, Jennifer (July 25, 2007). "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature". USGS. http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/.
- Bussey, B.; Spudis, P. (2004). The Clementine Atlas of the Moon. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81528-4.
- Cocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995). Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature. Tudor Publishers. ISBN 978-0-936389-27-1. https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780936389271.
- McDowell, Jonathan (July 15, 2007). "Lunar Nomenclature". Jonathan's Space Report. http://host.planet4589.org/astro/lunar/.
- Menzel, D. H.; Minnaert, M.; Levin, B.; Dollfus, A.; Bell, B. (1971). "Report on Lunar Nomenclature by the Working Group of Commission 17 of the IAU". Space Science Reviews 12 (2): 136–186. doi:10.1007/BF00171763. Bibcode: 1971SSRv...12..136M.
- Moore, Patrick (2001). On the Moon. Sterling Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-304-35469-6. https://archive.org/details/patrickmooreonmo00patr.
- Price, Fred W. (1988). The Moon Observer's Handbook. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33500-3.
- Rükl, Antonín (1990). Atlas of the Moon. Kalmbach Books. ISBN 978-0-913135-17-4.
- Webb, Rev. T. W. (1962). Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes (6th revised ed.). Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-20917-3. https://archive.org/details/celestialobjects00webb.
- Whitaker, Ewen A. (1999). Mapping and Naming the Moon. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62248-6.
- Wlasuk, Peter T. (2000). Observing the Moon. Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-193-1.
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