Astronomy:SN 1988Z

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Short description: Supernova in the constellation Leo
SN 1988Z
Event typeSupernova
Spectral classIIn
ConstellationLeo
Right ascension 10h 51m 50.10s[1]
Declination+16° 00′ 00.5″[1]
EpochJ2000
Redshift0.0225[1]
HostMCG +03-28-22[1]
Peak apparent magnitude16.80[1] (B)
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SN 1988Z was a prototypical[2] type IIn supernova event in the equatorial constellation of Leo. The apparent host is an irregular galaxy with the designation MCG +03-28-22.[1] It has a redshift of z equal to 0.0225.[1] This was a very luminous supernova that faded unusually slowly and has remained detectable three decades after the event. It is one of the most radio and X-ray luminous supernova ever detected, and it has been extensively studied.[3][4]

Observations

This event was discovered independently, both by C. Pollas at the Côte d'Azur Observatory on a photographic plate taken December 12, 1988, and by G. Candeo at the Asiago Astrophysical Observatory from a plate taken December 14.[5] The supernova was already past maximum when it was discovered. A spectrum taken December 17 showed this was most likely a type II supernova.[6]

Light curves for SN 1988Z in three photometric bands, Blue, Visual and Red, adapted from Turatto et al.[7]

This supernova displayed a number of unusual characteristics. It was unusually bright at maximum and showed very slow fading. There were strong, narrow emission lines caused by thick circumstellar material. Unlike a typical type II supernova, no P Cygni profiles or absorption lines were observed.[8] Emission lines of neutral helium were also visible. The spectral lines displayed a complex structure that evolved over time. Decline in the Hydrogen-alpha line strength was unusually slow and lacked an explanation in terms of radioactive decay. The overall picture suggested interaction between the supernova ejecta and a dense circumstellar medium.[7]

A year after the event, radio emission from the supernova was detected using the Very Large Array. The host galaxy shows a redshift of z equal to 0.022, making this the most distant radio supernova detected at that time. It was also one of the most luminous radio supernova discovered. The radio properties indicated a very massive progenitor star in the range of 20–30 M☉. In the late evolutionary stages of the star, it underwent a high rate of mass loss on the order of 10−4 M☉·yr−1, which created a dense circumstellar cocoon.[9] In 1996, X-ray emission from the supernova was detected by ROSAT, making it the most distant supernova to be detected in this band. The estimated X-ray luminosity was 1041 erg·s−1, which is consistent with a supernova event within dense circumstellar material.[10]

Most studies now favor a model of a very massive progenitor that ejected up to 10 M☉ at a rate of around 10−3 M☉·yr−1 for a period of about 10,000 years prior to the explosion. The mass loss rate ramped up during the final millennium prior to core collapse.[3]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Barbon, R.; Buondi, V.; Cappellaro, E.; Turatto, M. (2008), "VizieR Online Data Catalog: Asiago Supernova Catalogue (Version 2008-Mar)", VizieR On-line Data Catalog, Bibcode: 2008yCat.2283....0B. 
  2. ↑ Ransome, C. L. et al. (October 2021), "A systematic reclassification of Type IIn supernovae", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 506 (4): 4715–4734, doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1938, Bibcode: 2021MNRAS.506.4715R. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Smith, Nathan et al. (April 2017), "Endurance of SN 2005ip after a decade: X-rays, radio and Hα like SN 1988Z require long-lived pre-supernova mass-loss", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 466 (3): 3021–3034, doi:10.1093/mnras/stw3204, Bibcode: 2017MNRAS.466.3021S. 
  4. ↑ Schlegel, Eric M.; Petre, Robert (July 2006), "A Chandra ACIS Observation of the X-Ray-luminous SN 1988Z", The Astrophysical Journal 646 (1): 378–384, doi:10.1086/504890, Bibcode: 2006ApJ...646..378S. 
  5. ↑ Pollas, C. et al. (December 15, 1988), Marsden, Brian G., ed., "Supernova 1988Z in MCG +03-28-022", IAU Circulars (Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams) 4691, http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/04600/04691.html, retrieved 2024-01-08. 
  6. ↑ Heathcote, S. et al. (December 1988), Marsden, B. G., ed., "Supernova 1988Z in MCG +03-28-022", IAU Circular 4693: 1, Bibcode: 1988IAUC.4693....1H. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Turatto, M. et al. (May 1993), "The type II supernova 1988Z in MCG +03-28-022 : increasing evidence of interaction of supernova ejecta with a circumstellar wind", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 262: 128–140, doi:10.1093/mnras/262.1.128, Bibcode: 1993MNRAS.262..128T. 
  8. ↑ Stathakis, Raylee A.; Sadler, Elaine M. (June 1991), "What was supernova 1988Z?", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 250 (4): 786, doi:10.1093/mnras/250.4.786, Bibcode: 1991MNRAS.250..786S. 
  9. ↑ van Dyk, Schuyler D. et al. (December 1993), "SN 1988Z: The Most Distant Radio Supernova", The Astrophysical Journal 419: L69–L72, doi:10.1086/187139, Bibcode: 1993ApJ...419L..69V. 
  10. ↑ Fabian, A. C.; Terlevich, R. (May 1996), "X-ray detection of Supernova 1988Z with the ROSAT High Resolution Imager", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 280 (1): L5–L8, doi:10.1093/mnras/280.1.L5, Bibcode: 1996MNRAS.280L...5F. 

Further reading

  • Williams, Christopher L. et al. (December 2002), "Radio Emission from SN 1988Z and Very Massive Star Evolution", The Astrophysical Journal 581 (1): 396–403, doi:10.1086/344087, Bibcode: 2002ApJ...581..396W. 
  • Aretxaga, I. (May 2000), Arthur, Jane; Brickhouse, Nancy; Franco, José, eds., "The Hyper-Energetic SN 1988Z", Astrophysical Plasmas: Codes, Models, and Observations, Proceedings of the conference held in Mexico City, October 25-29, 1999, Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica (Serie de Conferencias) 9: pp. 286–287, Bibcode: 2000RMxAC...9..286A. 
  • Aretxaga, Itziar et al. (October 1999), "SN 1988Z: spectro-photometric catalogue and energy estimates*", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 309 (2): 343–354, doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02830.x, Bibcode: 1999MNRAS.309..343A. 
  • Chugai, N. N.; Danziger, I. J. (May 1994), "SN 1988Z: low-mass ejecta colliding with the clumpy wind?", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 268: 173–180, doi:10.1093/mnras/268.1.173, Bibcode: 1994MNRAS.268..173C. 



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