Astronomy:Solar cycle 25
| Solar cycle 25 | |
|---|---|
 ISES Solar Cycle 25 sunspot number progression up to September 2025 | |
| Sunspot data | |
| Start date | December 2019 |
| End date | about 2030 |
| Max count | 216 (not smoothed) 160.8 (smoothed) |
| Max count month | August 2024 (not smoothed)[1] October 2024 (smoothed)[2] |
| Min count | 1.8 |
| Cycle chronology | |
| Previous cycle | Solar cycle 24 (2008–2019) |
Solar cycle 25 is the current solar cycle, the 25th since 1755, when extensive recording of solar sunspot activity began. It began in December 2019 with a minimum smoothed sunspot number of 1.8.[3] It is expected to continue until about 2030.[4][5] While it was initially predicted by most scientists that cycle 25 would be relatively weak, solar activity has been much stronger than the predictions.
Predictions
Widely varying predictions regarding the strength of cycle 25 ranged from very weak with suggestions of slow slide in to a Maunder minimum like state[6][7] to a weak cycle similar to previous cycle 24[8] and even a strong cycle.[9][10][11] Upton and Hathaway predicted that the weakness of cycle 25 would make it part of the Modern Gleissberg Minimum.[6]
The Solar Cycle 25 Prediction Panel predicted in December 2019[12] that solar cycle 25 will be similar to solar cycle 24, with the preceding solar cycle minimum in April 2020 (± 6 months), and the number of sunspots reaching a (smoothed) maximum of 115 in July 2025 (± 8 months). This prediction is in line with the current general agreement in the scientific literature, which holds that solar cycle 25 will be weaker than average (i.e. weaker than during the exceptionally strong Modern Maximum).[8] However, observations from 2020 to 2022, the first three years of the cycle, significantly exceeded predicted values.[13]
The prediction of the smoothed cycle maximum is within the error bar in 3 cases: De Jager, C. et al. used an improved method of Schove based on wavelets (it gives almost the exact value), Xu, J.C. et al. a modified bimodal distribution method (it gives the exact month of the maximum) and Ozguc, et al. the empirical dynamical modelling method.
| Source | Date | Cycle max | Cycle start | Cycle end |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thompson, M.J. et al.[5] | August 2014 | Q4 2019 | ||
| Zharkova, V. et al 2014, 2015.[14] (Northumbria U.) | October 2014 | 65 (80% of cycle 24) | ||
| Upton, L.A. and Hathaway, D.H.[6] (Solar Observatories Group, Stanford University) | December 2018 | 78 (95% of cycle 24) | Late 2020 – Early 2021 | |
| Xu, J.C. et al.[9] (Chinese Academy of Sciences) | August 2018 | 168.5 ± 16.3 (2024) | October 2020 | |
| Bhowmik, P. and Nandy, D.[8] (IISER Kolkata) | December 2018 | 124 ± 15 (2023–2025) | 2020 | after 2031 |
| Ozguc, A. et al.[10] (Harvard U-ty) | December 2018 | 154 ± 12 (2023.2±1.1) | ||
| NOAA / SSRC[15] | April 2019 | 117 ± 23 (2023–2026) | mid-2019 – late 2020 | |
| NASA[16] | June 2019 | 70 ± 29 (30–50% lower than Cycle 24 (2025)) | 2020 | |
| NOAA / SSRC (update)[17] | December 2019 | 115 ± 10 (July 2025) | April 2020 (± 6 months) | |
| Mcintosh et al.[18][19] | June 2020 | 229 ± 25 | ||
| Mcintosh et al.[18][19] | December 2020 | 190 ± 20 | ||
| National Center for Atmospheric Research[20] | December 2020 | 233 | ||
| de Jager, C. and Duhau, S. [21] | December 2020 | 160 ± 8 (2025 ± 1) | ||
| Actual, for comparison | Present | >160.8 | December 2019 | – |
Progress
As of April 2018, the Sun showed signs of a reverse magnetic polarity sunspot appearing and beginning this solar cycle.[22] It is typical during the transition from one cycle to the next to experience a period where sunspots of both polarities exist (during the solar minimum). The polarward reversed polarity sunspots suggested that a transition to cycle 25 was in process.[23] The first cycle 25 sunspot may have appeared in early April 2018[24][25] or even December 2016.[23]
In November 2019, two reversed polarity sunspots appeared, possibly signaling the onset of cycle 25.[26][27]
Nandy et al., analyzed the polarity orientation of bipolar magnetic regions observed in December 2019 and concluded that magnetic regions with the underlying orientation of solar cycle 25 toroidal field component were brewing in the solar convection zone, representing early signs of the new cycle.[28]
Supersynoptic (time vs. solar latitude) map of the radial component of the solar magnetic field for cycles 24–25 based on observations from the Global Oscillations Network Group (GONG) shows magnetic activity of cycle 25 beginning November 2019 at about 30 degree latitudes in both solar hemispheres.[29] A more recent supersynoptic map is available.[30]
Solar Cycle 25 peaked in October 2024, with a Smoothed Sunspot Number of 161. SILSO stated: "For the coming years, another maximum remains a possibility, but it is unlikely it will be higher than the one in October last year because the Sun has completed its polar field reversal in 2023, and because the ongoing solar cycle is already 5.5 years in progress."
The following table gives the number of days so far in cycle 25 against the number up to the same point in cycle 24, which have passed various thresholds for the numbers of sunspots.
| Counts | SC 24 to Dec 1, 2014 |
SC 25 to Dec 1, 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| ≥100 | 622 | 947 |
| ≥125 | 327 | 662 |
| ≥150 | 123 | 406 |
| ≥175 | 30 | 200 |
| ≥200 | 3 | 98 |
| ≥225 | 0 | 36 |
| ≥250 | 0 | 16 |
| ≥275 | 0 | 5 |
As at Dec 1, 2025, solar cycle 25 is averaging 31% more spots per day than solar cycle 24 at the same point in the cycle (Dec 1, 2014).
- Year 1 of SC25 (Dec 2019 to Nov 2020) averaged 101% more spots per day than year 1 of SC24.
- Year 2 of SC25 (Dec 2020 to Nov 2021) averaged 7% more spots per day than year 2 of SC24.
- Year 3 of SC25 (Dec 2021 to Nov 2022) averaged 8% more spots per day than year 3 of SC24.
- Year 4 of SC25 (Dec 2022 to Nov 2023) averaged 41% more spots per day than year 4 of SC24.
- Year 5 of SC25 (Dec 2023 to Nov 2024) averaged 71% more spots per day than year 5 of SC24.
- Year 6 of SC25 (Dec 2024 to Nov 2025) averaged 10% more spots per day than year 6 of SC24.
Events
The strongest flares of Solar Cycle 25 (above M5.0 class) and related events
| Class | Date | Sunspot region |
Radio B. | SR Storm | CME | GM Storm |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| X9.05 | 2024-10-03 | 3842 | R3 | – | Yes | G2 |
| X8.79 | 2024-05-14 | 3664 | R3 | – | Yes | ? |
| X8.11 | 2026-02-02 | 4366 | R3 | – | Yes | – |
| X7.15 | 2024-10-01 | 3842 | R3 | – | Yes | – |
| X6.37 | 2024-02-23 | 3590 | R3 | – | No | – |
| X5.89 | 2024-05-11 | 3664 | R3 | S2 | Yes | ? |
| X5.16 | 2025-11-11 | 4274 | R3 | S2 | Yes | ? |
| X5.01 | 2023‑12‑31 | 3536 | R3 | S1 | Yes | – |
| X4.54 | 2024-09-14 | 3825 | R3 | S1 | Yes | G3 |
| X4.52 | 2024-05-06 | 3663 | R3 | – | Yes | G5 |
| X4.05 | 2025-11-14 | 4274 | R3 | – | Yes | G1 |
| X3.98 | 2024-05-10 | 3664 | R3 | S2 | Yes | G5 |
| X3.48 | 2024-05-15 | 3664 | R3 | – | Yes | ? |
| X3.38 | 2024-02-09 | 3575 | R3 | S2 | Yes | – |
| X3.33 | 2024-10-24 | 3869 | R3 | S0 | Yes | – |
| X2.99 | 2024-05-15 | 3685 | R3 | S1 | Yes | ? |
| X2.9 | 2024-05-27 | 3697 | R3 | – | Yes | – |
| X2.87 | 2023‑12‑14 | 3514 | R3 | S1 | Yes | G1 |
| X2.7 | 2025-05-14 | 4087 | R3 | – | Yes | ? |
| X2.56 | 2024-02-16 | 3576 | R3 | S0 | Yes | – |
| X2.39 | 2024-11-06 | 3883 | R3 | – | Yes | G2 |
| X2.29 | 2024-12-08 | 3912 | R3 | – | Yes | – |
| X2.28 | 2023‑02‑17 | 3229 | R3 | – | Yes | – |
| X2.25 | 2022‑04‑20 | 2992 | R3 | – | Yes | – |
| X2.25 | 2024-05-09 | 3664 | R3 | S2 | Yes | G5 |
| X2.2 | 2024-12-08 | 3912 | R3 | – | Yes | – |
| X2.19 | 2024-10-07 | 3842 | R3 | S0 | Yes | G3 |
| X2.07 | 2023‑03‑03 | 3234 | R3 | – | Yes | – |
| X2.03 | 2024-10-31 | 3878 | R3 | – | Yes | – |
| X2.03 | 2025-02-23 | 4001 | R3 | S0 | Yes | G1 |
| X2.0 | 2024-07-16 | 3738 | R3 | – | Yes | ? |
| X1.98 | 2023‑01‑09 | 3184 | R3 | – | No | – |
| X1.95 | 2025-12-01 | 4299 | R3 | – | Yes | – |
| X1.91 | 2025-06-19 | 4114 | R3 | – | Yes | – |
| X1.9 | 2024-02-21 | 3590 | R3 | – | No | – |
| X1.86 | 2024-10-26 | 3872 | R3 | S2 | Yes | G1 |
| X1.85 | 2025-01-04 | 3947 | R3 | – | Yes | – |
| X1.84 | 2024-10-09 | 3848 | R3 | S3 | Yes | G5 |
| X1.8 | 2025-11-04 | 4274 | R3 | – | Yes | – |
| X1.73 | 2024-08-05 | 3767 | R3 | S0 | Yes | – |
| X1.72 | 2024-05-14 | 3664 | R3 | – | Yes | ? |
| X1.7 | 2024-02-22 | 3590 | R3 | – | No | – |
| X1.7 | 2025-11-09 | 4274 | R3 | – | Yes | – |
| X1.69 | 2024-05-02 | 3663 | R3 | – | Yes | – |
| X1.63 | 2023‑08‑05 | 3386 | R3 | S1 | Yes | – |
| X1.59 | 2021‑07‑03 | 2838 | R3 | – | Yes | – |
| X1.59 | 2024-12-30 | 3936 | R3 | S0 | Yes | G4 |
| X1.57 | 2024-07-29 | 3764 | R3 | – | No | – |
| X1.55 | 2024-06-10 | 3697 | R3 | – | Yes | ? |
| X1.54 | 2024-05-11 | 3664 | R3 | – | No | – |
| X1.51 | 2022‑05‑10 | 3006 | R3 | – | No | – |
| X1.51 | 2023‑08‑07 | 3386 | R3 | S1 | Yes | – |
| X1.45 | 2024-05-29 | 3697 | R3 | S0 | Yes | ? |
| X1.43 | 2024-06-01 | 3697 | R3 | – | No | – |
| X1.43 | 2024-10-09 | 3842 | R3 | – | Yes | G4 |
| X1.38 | 2022‑03‑30 | 2975 | R3 | S1 | Yes | G1 |
| X1.32 | 2024-05-05 | 3663 | R3 | – | No | – |
| X1.31 | 2024-08-08 | 3777 | R3 | – | Yes | – |
| X1.3 | 2024-09-12 | 3825 | R3 | – | No | – |
| X1.29 | 2024-05-05 | 3663 | R3 | – | No | – |
| X1.27 | 2023‑03‑29 | 3256 | R3 | – | Yes | – |
| X1.27 | 2024-07-14 | 3738 | R3 | – | No | – |
| X1.27 | 2025-06-17 | 4114 | R3 | – | No | – |
| X1.25 | 2024-05-14 | 3664 | R3 | – | Yes | ? |
| X1.22 | 2023‑01‑06 | 3182 | R3 | – | No | – |
| X1.21 | 2025-01-03 | 3947 | R3 | – | Yes | G1 |
| X1.21 | 2025-05-13 | 4086 | R3 | S0 | Yes | ? |
| X1.21 | 2025-11-10 | 4274 | R3 | – | Yes | – |
| X1.18 | 2024-05-31 | 3697 | R3 | – | No | – |
| X1.17 | 2022‑04‑17 | 2994 | R3 | – | Yes | – |
| X1.17 | 2024-08-05 | 3780 | R3 | – | No | – |
| X1.16 | 2023‑02‑11 | 3217 | R3 | – | No | – |
| X1.14 | 2025-01-03 | 3947 | R3 | – | Yes | G1 |
| X1.14 | 2025-03-28 | 4046 | R3 | – | Yes | – |
| X1.14 | 2025-12-08 | 4298 | R3 | – | Yes | – |
| X1.13 | 2022‑04‑30 | 2994 | R3 | – | Yes | – |
| X1.13 | 2022‑05‑03 | 3006 | R3 | – | No | – |
| X1.12 | 2024-03-23 | 3614 | R3 | S2 | Yes | G4 |
| X1.12 | 2024-03-29 | 3615 | R3 | – | Yes | – |
| X1.12 | 2025-05-25 | 4098 | R3 | – | Yes | – |
| X1.12 | 2024-05-09 | 3664 | R3 | S2 | Yes | G5 |
| X1.11 | 2023‑06‑20 | 3341 | R3 | – | Yes | – |
| X1.11 | 2024-08-14 | 3784 | R3 | – | Yes | – |
| X1.11 | 2024‑12-29 | 3936 | R3 | – | Yes | – |
| X1.1 | 2025-01-03 | 3947 | R3 | – | No | – |
| X1.1 | 2025-11-04 | 4276 | R3 | – | Yes | – |
| X1.08 | 2023‑07‑02 | 3354 | R3 | – | No | – |
| X1.08 | 2024-05-08 | 3663 | R3 | – | No | – |
| X1.06 | 2022‑10‑02 | 3110 | R3 | – | Yes | – |
| X1.06 | 2023‑01‑10 | 3186 | R3 | – | Yes | – |
| X1.04 | 2024-05-08 | 3663 | R3 | – | Yes | G5 |
| X1.03 | 2024-06-01 | 3697 | R3 | ? | ? | ? |
| X1.02 | 2024-05-08 | 3664 | R3 | – | No | – |
| X1.02 | 2024-05-12 | 3664 | R3 | – | No | – |
| X1.02 | 2024-10-07 | 3842 | R3 | S0 | Yes | G3 |
| X1.0 | 2021‑10‑28 | 2887 | R3 | S1 | Yes | – |
| M9.92 | 2024-07-28 | 3762 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M9.87 | 2024-05-08 | 3664 | R2 | – | Yes | G5 |
| M9.82 | 2023‑11‑28 | 3500 | R2 | – | Yes | G3 |
| M9.76 | 2024-03-28 | 3615 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M9.75 | 2024-06-08 | 3697 | R2 | S3 | Yes | ? |
| M9.67 | 2022‑03‑31 | 2975 | R2 | – | Yes | |
| M9.66 | 2022‑04‑21 | 2993 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M9.62 | 2023‑05‑16 | 3310 | R2 | No | – | |
| M9.56 | 2024-06-10 | 3697 | R2 | – | Yes | ? |
| M9.53 | 2023-04-30 | 3654 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M9.53 | 2024-10-26 | 3873 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M9.49 | 2024-11-10 | 3889 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M9.45 | 2024-11-25 | 3910 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M9.42 | 2024-03-30 | 3615 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M9.4 | 2024-07-30 | 3772 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M9.39 | 2024-03-30 | 3615 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M9.36 | 2024-06-23 | 3723 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M9.13 | 2024-05-04 | 3663 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M9.10 | 2024-05-04 | 3663 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M9.05 | 2024-12-23 | 3932 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M9.04 | 2024-02-10 | 3576 | R2 | S1 | Yes | – |
| M8.96 | 2023‑05‑20 | 3311 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M8.9 | 2025-05-25 | 4098 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M8.88 | 2025-02-03 | 3981 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M8.87 | 2024-05-11 | 3664 | R2 | S2 | Yes | – |
| M8.77 | 2022‑10‑02 | 3110 | R2 | – | Yes | G1 |
| M8.77 | 2024-07-29 | 3762 | R2 | – | Yes | ? |
| M8.72 | 2023‑09‑21 | 3435 | R2 | – | Yes | G2 |
| M8.69 | 2024-05-08 | 3664 | R2 | – | Yes | G5 |
| M8.67 | 2022‑08‑29 | 3088 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M8.65 | 2025-11-05 | 4274 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M8.62 | 2023‑02‑28 | 3234 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M8.42 | 2024-05-05 | 3663 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M8.4 | 2025-06-15 | 4114 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M8.29 | 2024-05-07 | 3663 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M8.24 | 2024-08-01 | 3772 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M8.23 | 2023‑09‑20 | 3435 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M8.2 | 2025-05-31 | 4100 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M8.12 | 2025-12-06 | 4299 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M7.92 | 2022‑09‑16 | 3098 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M7.92 | 2024-05-08 | 3664 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M7.88 | 2024-07-28 | 3766 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M7.79 | 2024-07-28 | 3762 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M7.77 | 2024-10-09 | 3842 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M7.75 | 2024-07-31 | 3772 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M7.74 | 2025-05-14 | 4087 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M7.69 | 2025-02-06 | 3981 | R2 | – | Yes | G1 |
| M7.68 | 2024-09-30 | 3842 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M7.64 | 2025-01-04 | 3947 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M7.6 | 2025-02-07 | 3981 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M7.48 | 2024-03-20 | 3615 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M7.47 | 2024-05-05 | 3663 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M7.46 | 2025-01-17 | 3964 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M7.45 | 2025-11-05 | 4274 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M7.43 | 2024-03-10 | 3599 | R2 | S0 | Yes | – |
| M7.43 | 2024-08-02 | 3768 | R2 | – | Yes | G3 |
| M7.35 | 2024-06-01 | 3697 | R2 | – | Yes | ? |
| M7.34 | 2024-12-26 | 3938 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M7.3 | 2024-08-03 | 3775 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M7.29 | 2022‑04‑20 | 2992 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M7.27 | 2023‑05‑03 | 3293 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M7.25 | 2024-05-17 | 3685 | R2 | ? | Yes | ? |
| M7.24 | 2022‑08‑26 | 3089 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M7.24 | 2024-10-30 | 3878 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M7.2 | 2025-12-31 | 4324 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M7.17 | 2024-05-08 | 3664 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M7.14 | 2024-12-29 | 3936 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M7.12 | 2023‑05‑01 | 3288 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M7.1 | 2024-03-28 | 3615 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M6.97 | 2023‑07‑12 | 3372 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M6.97 | 2023‑12‑15 | 3514 | R2 | – | Yes | G1 |
| M6.87 | 2024-09-12 | 3811 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M6.83 | 2023‑07‑11 | 3368 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M6.83 | 2024-01-29 | 3559 | R2 | S2 | Yes | – |
| M6.8 | 2025-06-14 | 4105 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M6.77 | 2024-03-18 | 3615 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M6.76 | 2025-01-31 | 3978 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M6.73 | 2022‑08‑28 | 3088 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M6.71 | 2024-12-11 | 3912 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M6.66 | 2024-05-13 | 3664 | R2 | S2 | Yes | ? |
| M6.57 | 2023‑05‑09 | 3296 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M6.52 | 2024-10-19 | 3854 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M6.51 | 2024-07-29 | 3772 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M6.5 | 2023‑05‑20 | 3311 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M6.5 | 2024-02-12 | 3576 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M6.46 | 2024-12-10 | 3922 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M6.4 | 2025-06-16 | 4114 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M6.39 | 2023‑02‑07 | 3213 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M6.36 | 2022‑12‑14 | 3165 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M6.35 | 2023‑02‑25 | 3229 | R2 | S1 | Yes | G3 |
| M6.2 | 2022‑09‑16 | 3098 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M6.17 | 2025-02-03 | 3981 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M6.14 | 2024-03-28 | 3615 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M6.14 | 2024-08-05 | 3780 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M6.12 | 2024-06-06 | 3697 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M6.07 | 2024-08-01 | 3772 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M6.07 | 2025-12-04 | 4300 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M6.04 | 2024-07-31 | 3772 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M6.03 | 2023‑01‑15 | 3191 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M6.01 | 2023‑09‑03 | 3413 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M5.97 | 2024-05-10 | 3664 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M5.96 | 2025-11-28 | 4294 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M5.89 | 2025-01-03 | 3947 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M5.86 | 2022‑10‑01 | 3110 | R2 | – | Yes | G1 |
| M5.86 | 2023‑07‑11 | 3372 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M5.84 | 2023‑12‑14 | 3514 | R2 | – | Yes | G1 |
| M5.8 | 2023‑03‑06 | 3243 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M5.76 | 2022‑05‑04 | 3004 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M5.76 | 2024-06-20 | 3719 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M5.74 | 2022‑12‑15 | 3165 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M5.73 | 2024-05-29 | 3691 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M5.72 | 2023‑07‑17 | 3363 | R2 | S2 | Yes | – |
| M5.68 | 2023‑05‑20 | 3311 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M5.67 | 2023‑01‑11 | 3184 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M5.61 | 2025-04-01 | 4046 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M5.59 | 2024-11-04 | 3883 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M5.57 | 2024-09-01 | 3813 | R2 | S0 | Yes | – |
| M5.54 | 2022‑05‑19 | 3014 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M5.51 | 2023‑08‑06 | 3386 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M5.5 | 2022‑01‑20 | 2929 | R2 | S1 | Yes | – |
| M5.49 | 2023‑12‑08 | 3511 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M5.47 | 2024-04-11 | 3639 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M5.46 | 2024-08-03 | 3775 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M5.41 | 2023‑03‑30 | 3256 | R2 | S0 | Yes | – |
| M5.41 | 2024-09-13 | 3811 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M5.39 | 2022‑08‑26 | 3089 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M5.39 | 2023‑05‑19 | 3311 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M5.39 | 2024-07-31 | 3772 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M5.35 | 2024-07-13 | 3738 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M5.34 | 2024-06-12 | 3697 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M5.32 | 2022‑05‑04 | 3006 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M5.32 | 2024-08-14 | 3790 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M5.32 | 2025-05-14 | 4087 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M5.31 | 2024-11-06 | 3889 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M5.3 | 2024-08-10 | 3780 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M5.28 | 2024-09-13 | 3811 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M5.27 | 2022‑03‑04 | 3234 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M5.25 | 2022‑11‑07 | 3141 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M5.2 | 2023‑05‑20 | 3311 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M5.18 | 2024-02-07 | 3575 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M5.18 | 2024-05-07 | 3663 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M5.18 | 2024-08-23 | 3800 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M5.15 | 2023‑01‑10 | 3186 | R2 | S0 | Yes | – |
| M5.15 | 2025-02-02 | 3977 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M5.15 | 2024-08-21 | 3796 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M5.12 | 2024-01-23 | 3559 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M5.09 | 2023‑02‑21 | 3234 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M5.08 | 2022‑08‑16 | 3078 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M5.07 | 2024-07-13 | 3738 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M5.05 | 2024-07-17 | 3743 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M5.04 | 2023‑03‑05 | 3243 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M5.03 | 2024-09-12 | 3811 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M5.02 | 2023‑05‑09 | 3296 | R2 | – | No | – |
| M5.02 | 2024-08-07 | 3777 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
| M5.01 | 2025-11-03 | 4274 | R2 | – | Yes | – |
Farside flares (above M5.0 class) observed by STIX[31]
| Class | Date | Sunspot region |
Class (seen from Earth) |
|---|---|---|---|
| X14 | 2024-07-22 | 3738 | – |
| X12 | 2024-05-20 | 3664 | – |
| X9 | 2023-07-16 | 3368 | – |
| X9 | 2024-05-15 | 3664 | X3.48 |
| X9 | 2024-05-15 | 3664 | – |
| X7 | 2024-07-24 | 3738 | – |
| X6 | 2023-01-03 | 3182 | C4.06 |
| X6 | 2023-07-16 | 3368 | – |
| X6 | 2023-12-31 | 3536 | X5.01 |
| X6 | 2024-05-17 | 3664 | – |
| X5 | 2024-05-16 | 3664 | – |
| X4 | 2023-09-08 | 3413 | – |
| X4 | 2023-09-11 | 3413 | – |
| X4 | 2024-09-09 | 3792 | – |
| X3 | 2024-04-03 | ? | – |
| X3 | 2024-06-11 | 3697 | – |
| X3 | 2024-06-13 | 3697 | – |
| X3 | 2024-06-17 | 3697 | – |
| X3 | 2024-09-03 | 3792 | – |
| X2 | 2022-04-30 | 2994 | M1.99 |
| X2 | 2023-07-10 | 3354 | – |
| X2 | 2024-02-02 | ? | – |
| X2 | 2024-05-14 | 3664 | X1.25 |
| X2 | 2024-08-20 | ? | – |
| X2 | 2024-09-05 | 3792 | – |
| X1 | 2020-11-18 | 2786 | – |
| X1 | 2022-05-01 | 2994 | C1.9 |
| X1 | 2022-08-29 | 3088 | M8.68 |
| X1 | 2022-08-30 | 3088 | M1.7 |
| X1 | 2022-08-30 | 3088 | C7.18 |
| X1 | 2022-09-29 | 3112 | C5.76 |
| X1 | 2022-12-27 | 3180 | – |
| X1 | 2023-05-14 | 3310 | – |
| X1 | 2023-05-23 | 3323 | – |
| X1 | 2023-07-07 | 3354 | – |
| X1 | 2023-07-08 | 3354 | – |
| X1 | 2023-07-13 | 3360 | – |
| X1 | 2023-07-14 | 3372 | – |
| X1 | 2023-07-18 | 3368 | – |
| X1 | 2023-07-24 | ? | – |
| X1 | 2024-05-25 | 3664 | – |
| X1 | 2024-06-16 | 3697 | – |
| X1 | 2024-07-24 | 3738 | – |
| X1 | 2024-07-25 | 3738 | – |
| X1 | 2024-07-27 | 3738 | – |
| X1 | 2024-07-28 | 3738 | – |
| X1 | 2024-08-02 | 3738 | M1.33 |
| X1 | 2024-08-04 | 3762 | – |
| X1 | 2024-08-06 | 3762 | – |
| X1 | 2024-08-20 | ? | – |
| X1 | 2024-08-21 | ? | – |
| X1 | 2024-11-25 | 3910 | M9.45 |
| X1 | 2024-12-30 | ? | M5.02 |
| X1 | 2025-04-16 | 4043 | – |
| M9 | 2022-05-05 | 2994 | – |
| M9 | 2022-08-29 | 3088 | M4.71 |
| M9 | 2022-09-05 | 3088 | – |
| M9 | 2022-09-11 | 3089 | – |
| M9 | 2023-05-30 | 3323 | – |
| M9 | 2023-06-01 | 3310 | – |
| M9 | 2023-07-15 | ? | – |
| M9 | 2023-07-18 | 3368 | – |
| M9 | 2024-07-23 | 3738 | – |
| M8 | 2022-05-01 | 2994 | – |
| M8 | 2022-05-10 | 2994 | – |
| M8 | 2022-08-31 | 3088 | – |
| M8 | 2022-09-10 | 3089 | – |
| M8 | 2022-12-27 | 3180 | – |
| M8 | 2023-05-14 | 3310 | – |
| M8 | 2023-06-04 | ? | – |
| M8 | 2023-01-10 | 3549 | C9.64 |
| M8 | 2024-07-30 | 3738 | – |
| M8 | 2024-08-05 | 3762 | – |
| M8 | 2024-08-15 | 3796 | – |
| M8 | 2024-08-20 | ? | – |
| M8 | 2024-08-23 | ? | – |
| M7 | 2022-01-12 | ? | – |
| M7 | 2022-01-25 | ? | C3.79 |
| M7 | 2022-05-05 | 2994 | – |
| M7 | 2022-05-10 | 2994 | – |
| M7 | 2022-08-30 | 3088 | C7.57 |
| M7 | 2022-09-11 | 3089 | – |
| M7 | 2023-01-10 | 3190 | – |
| M7 | 2023-05-25 | 3323 | – |
| M7 | 2023-07-11 | 3354 | – |
| M7 | 2024-06-10 | ? | – |
| M7 | 2024-06-17 | 3697 | – |
| M7 | 2024-08-17 | ? | – |
| M7 | 2024-09-05 | 3792 | – |
| M7 | 2024-09-13 | 3811 | M5.41 |
| M7 | 2024-12-19 | 3928 | M3.81 |
| M7 | 2024-12-21 | ? | – |
| M6 | 2022-04-30 | 2994 | M4.82 |
| M6 | 2022-05-01 | 2994 | – |
| M6 | 2022-05-01 | 2994 | – |
| M6 | 2022-05-05 | 2994 | – |
| M6 | 2022-09-17 | 3098 | M2.61 |
| M6 | 2023-02-14 | 3229 | – |
| M6 | 2023-02-20 | 3234 | M4.43 |
| M6 | 2023-07-07 | 3354 | – |
| M6 | 2023-07-09 | 3354 | – |
| M6 | 2023-07-09 | 3354 | – |
| M6 | 2023-07-09 | 3354 | – |
| M6 | 2023-07-11 | 3372 | M1.17 |
| M6 | 2023-07-13 | 3360 | – |
| M6 | 2023-07-19 | 3363 | M3.81 |
| M6 | 2023-07-22 | 3363 | – |
| M6 | 2023-10-31 | 3477 | – |
| M6 | 2024-01-10 | 3549 | C7.01 |
| M6 | 2024-06-13 | 3697 | – |
| M6 | 2024-06-17 | 3697 | – |
| M6 | 2024-07-29 | 3762 | – |
| M6 | 2024-08-13 | ? | – |
| M6 | 2024-08-23 | ? | – |
| M6 | 2024-12-20 | 3928 | M2.53 |
| M6 | 2025-04-17 | 4043 | – |
| M5 | 2021-07-15 | ? | – |
| M5 | 2022-04-19 | 2992 | M3.71 |
| M5 | 2022-05-17 | 3014 | C9.91 |
| M5 | 2022-08-29 | 3088 | M2.58 |
| M5 | 2022-09-01 | 3088 | – |
| M5 | 2022-09-14 | 3089 | – |
| M5 | 2022-09-29 | 3112 | – |
| M5 | 2022-12-28 | 3180 | C6.09 |
| M5 | 2023-05-12 | 3310 | – |
| M5 | 2023-05-16 | 3310 | – |
| M5 | 2023-06-08 | ? | – |
| M5 | 2023-07-16 | ? | – |
| M5 | 2023-08-08 | 3387 | M3.67 |
| M5 | 2023-08-08 | 3387 | – |
| M5 | 2024-05-12 | 3685 | – |
| M5 | 2024-05-14 | 3685 | – |
| M5 | 2024-05-16 | 3664 | – |
| M5 | 2024-05-16 | 3664 | – |
| M5 | 2024-05-22 | 3664 | – |
| M5 | 2024-06-28 | ? | – |
| M5 | 2024-07-03 | ? | – |
| M5 | 2024-07-24 | 3738 | – |
| M5 | 2024-08-23 | ? | – |
| M5 | 2024-08-24 | ? | – |
| M5 | 2024-12-15 | 3920 | M3.11 |
| M5 | 2025-04-15 | 4062 | M1.52 |
| M5 | 2025-05-19 | ? | M3.27 |
| M5 | 2025-05-20 | ? | – |
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2020
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On 29 May, the first C-class solar flares of Solar Cycle 25 took place, as well as the first M-class flare. Solar activity continued to increase in the following months, especially abruptly in October, with flares taking place on a near-daily basis by November. On 29 November, an M4.4 flare, the strongest of the cycle to date, took place, possibly indicating that the solar cycle would be more active than initially thought.[34]
On 8 December, a small coronal mass ejection was found heading directly towards Earth shortly after a strong C-class solar flare, hitting the planet on 9–10 December and causing bright aurorae at high latitudes.[35][36]
2021
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The first X-class solar flare of the cycle took place on 3 July, peaking at X1.59.[38]
On 22 July, a total of six different active regions were seen on the solar disk for the first time since 6 September 2017.[39]
On 9 October, a M1.6 class solar flare erupted sending a coronal mass ejection that hit Earth on 12 October, triggering a (moderate) G2 geomagnetic storm.[40]
The second X-class flare of the solar cycle erupted on 28 October, producing a CME and a S1 solar radiation storm.[41] Reports initially predicted that the CME could graze Earth,[41] however geomagnetic storms on 30–31 October only reached a moderate Kp index of 4.[42]
On 3 and 4 November, the Kp index reached 8−, equivalent to a G4 geomagnetic storm.[43] This was the most intense geomagnetic storm to hit Earth since September 2017.
2022
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In late March, sunspot region 2975 released X1.3 and M9.6 flares, the former causing a G1 geomagnetic storm on 31 March despite being near the solar limb.[44] The region rotated out of view of Earth on 5 April, but helioseismic measurements on April 8 showed it still active on the far side of the Sun.[45] On 12 April, a Coronal Mass Ejection on the far side likely erupted from the region,[46] with helioseismic measurements showing the region to have intensified since crossing over the limb. As the region began rotating into view from Earth, a possibly X-class flare occurred on 15 April.[47]
After rotating to the visible hemisphere of the Sun, the regions of the sunspot complex were designated 2993 through 2996. On 17 April, sunspot group 2994 released an X1.2 flare.[48][49] However, the complex's activity subsided slightly in the next few days.[50] While crossing the solar limb, sunspot region 2992 emitted M7.3 and X2.2 flares, the latter being the strongest of the cycle up to that point.[50]
2023
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On 24 March, an intense geomagnetic storm hit Earth unexpectedly, reaching a level of G4 and producing auroras as far south as New Mexico. A minor CME from an M1 flare was predicted to hit the day earlier, but the timing and intensity were unexpected.[52] Later, on 23 and 24 April, more G4 storms hit Earth, on the former day being tied with several days in solar cycle 24 for the strongest storm since 2005.[53] Auroras were visible as far south as San Antonio, Texas.[54]
On 14 December, a solar flare measuring X2.87 was recorded from sunspot region 3514, making it the strongest solar flare of the cycle for just 17 days,[55] as on 31 December, a solar flare measuring X5.0 was recorded from sunspot 3536.[56]
2024
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On 9 February, region 3575 produced an X3.4 flare, the second strongest of the cycle up to that point, causing radiation levels to briefly exceed S2 over the following days.[58] On 12 February, after rotating to the far side of the Sun, the same region released a strong CME. As it was invisible from Earth, it was impossible to assess the flare's strength, but it nonetheless caused proton storm levels to briefly reach S2 again on February 12–13.
On 22 February, region 3590 produced a solar flare measuring X6.3.[59]
In May, the strongest solar storm in 20 years produced aurorae at far lower latitudes than usual. A few days later, on 14 May, region 3664 produced the strongest solar flare up to that point of the solar cycle, measuring X8.7.[60][61]
On 20 May 2024, an X12 solar flare produced x-rays and gamma rays that hit Mars, while a coronal mass ejection launched a solar wind.[62]
On 1 October 2024, an X7.1 solar flare occurred in sunspot region 3842, followed by an X9.0 solar flare just two days later.[63]
2025
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On November 11, region 4274 produced an X5.16, being the strongest flare in 2025 and the 6th largest in Solar Cycle 25. It also released a super-fast CME at 1950km per second. Because of this, NOAA SWPC issue a rare, G4 watch for the next day. It also created an S2 solar radiation storm which followed from an S1 solar radiation storm a few days prior.
See also
References
- ↑ "Solar Cycle Progression". NOAA. 2025-07-02. https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/solar-cycle-progression.
- ↑ "Sunspot Number and Long-term Solar Observations: on-line Sunspot Number catalogue". SILSO, World Data Center. Royal Observatory of Belgium. https://www.sidc.be/SILSO/home.
- ↑ National Weather Service. "Hello Solar Cycle 25". https://www.weather.gov/news/201509-solar-cycle. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
- ↑ Odenwald, Sten (2016-09-02). "Waiting for the next sunspot cycle: 2019-2030". The Huffington Post. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-sten-odenwald/waiting-for-the-next-suns_b_11812282.html. Retrieved 2017-11-22.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 McIntosh, Scott W.; Wang, Xin; Leamon, Robert J.; Davey, Alisdair R.; Howe, Rachel; Krista, Larisza D.; Malanushenko, Anna V.; Markel, Robert S. et al. (8 August 2014). "Deciphering Solar magnetic activity: On the relationship between the sunspot cycle and the evolution of small magnetic features". The Astrophysical Journal 792 (1): 12. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/792/1/12. Bibcode: 2014ApJ...792...12M.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Upton, Lisa A.; Hathaway, David H. (28 August 2018). "An updated solar cycle 25 prediction with AFT: The modern minimum". Geophysical Research Letters 45 (16): 8091–8095. doi:10.1029/2018GL078387. Bibcode: 2018GeoRL..45.8091U.
- ↑ Kitiashvili, Irina N. (June 2019). "Global evolution of solar magnetic fields and prediction of activity cycles". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 15 (S354): 147–156. doi:10.1017/S174392132000071X. "According to this analysis, Solar Cycle 25 will be weaker than the current cycle and will start after an extended solar minimum during 2019 – 2021.".
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Bhowmik, Prantika; Nandy, Dibyendu (6 December 2018). "Prediction of the strength and timing of sunspot cycle 25 reveal decadal-scale space environmental conditions". Nature Communications 9 (1): 5209. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07690-0. PMID 30523260. Bibcode: 2018NatCo...9.5209B.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Li, F.Y.; Kong, D.F.; Xie, J.L.; Xiang, N.B.; Xu, J.C. (December 2018). "Solar cycle characteristics and their application in the prediction of cycle 25". Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 181: 110–115. doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2018.10.014. Bibcode: 2018JASTP.181..110L.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Sarp, V; Kilcik, A; Yurchyshyn, V; Rozelot, J P; Ozguc, A (December 2018). "Prediction of solar cycle 25: a non-linear approach". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 481 (3): 2981–2985. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2470. Bibcode: 2018MNRAS.481.2981S.
- ↑ McIntosh, Scott W.; Chapman, Sandra C.; Leamon, Robert J.; Egeland, Ricky; Watkins, Nicholas W. (2020-06-26). "Overlapping Magnetic Activity Cycles and the Sunspot Number: Forecasting Sunspot Cycle 25 Amplitude". Solar Physics 295 (12): 163. doi:10.1007/s11207-020-01723-y. Bibcode: 2020SoPh..295..163M.
- ↑ "Solar Cycle 25 Forecast Update | NOAA / NWS Space Weather Prediction Center". https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/news/solar-cycle-25-forecast-update.
- ↑ "Solar Cycle 25 Continues to Strengthen Rapidly". climateimpactcompany.com. 10 July 2022. https://climateimpactcompany.com/solar-cycle-25-continues-to-strengthen-rapidly-3/.
- ↑ Shepherd, Simon J.; Zharkov, Sergei I.; Zharkova, Valentina V. (13 October 2014). "Prediction of solar activity from solar background magnetic field variations in cycles 21–23". The Astrophysical Journal 795 (1): 46. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/795/1/46. Bibcode: 2014ApJ...795...46S.
- ↑ Kunches, Joe (2019-04-11). "Scientists predict a new solar cycle is about to begin and that it might be stronger than the last one". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2019/04/11/scientists-predict-new-solar-cycle-is-about-begin-that-it-will-be-stronger-than-last-one/.
- ↑ "Solar activity forecast for next decade favorable for exploration". NASA Ames. 12 June 2019. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/ames/solar-activity-forecast-for-next-decade-favorable-for-exploration.
- ↑ "SOLAR CYCLE 25 FORECAST UPDATE". SPACE WEATHER PREDICTION CENTER – NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION. 2019-12-09. https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/news/solar-cycle-25-forecast-update.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 McIntosh, Scott W.; Chapman, Sandra C.; Leamon, Robert J.; Egeland, Ricky; Watkins, Nicholas W. (December 2020). "Overlapping Magnetic Activity Cycles and the Sunspot Number: Forecasting Sunspot Cycle 25 Amplitude". Solar Physics 295 (12): 163. doi:10.1007/s11207-020-01723-y. Bibcode: 2020SoPh..295..163M.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Solar Cycle 25: The Overachiever". https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/news/view/466/20220411-solar-cycle-25-the-overachiever.html.
- ↑ Cappucci, Matthew (2020-12-19). "Maverick astrophysicist calls for unusually intense solar cycle, straying from consensus view". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2020/12/19/solar-cycle-prediction-mcintosh/.
- ↑ de Jager, Kees (2020-12-01). "Solar magnetic variability and climate". Stip Media. Bibcode: 2020smvc.book.....D. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020smvc.book.....D%2F/abstract.
- ↑ "Coronal hole faces Earth" (in en). https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/news/view/338/20180417-coronal-hole-faces-earth.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Phillips, Tony (November 20, 2018). "A sunspot from the next solar cycle". https://spaceweatherarchive.com/2018/11/20/a-sunspot-from-the-next-solar-cycle/.
- ↑ "Cycle 25 observations in SDO HMI imagery" (in en). http://www.solen.info/solar/cycle25_spots.html.
- ↑ Hudson, Hugh (10 April 2018). "A sunspot from cycle 25 for sure". RHESSI project. http://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~tohban/wiki/index.php/A_Sunspot_from_Cycle_25_for_sure.
- ↑ "Do we see a dawn of solar cycle 25?". 25 November 2019. https://www.nso.edu/blog/do-we-see-a-dawn-of-solar-cycle-25/.
- ↑ "Spaceweather.com Time Machine". https://spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&day=24&month=12&year=2019.
- ↑ Nandy, Dibyendu; Bhatnagar, Aditi; Pal, Sanchita (2 March 2020). "Sunspot Cycle 25 is Brewing: Early Signs Herald its Onset". Research Notes of the AAS 4 (2): 30. doi:10.3847/2515-5172/ab79a1. Bibcode: 2020RNAAS...4...30N.
- ↑ Pevtsov, Alexei A.; Bertello, Luca; Nagovitsyn, Yury A.; Tlatov, Andrey G.; Pipin, Valery V. (22 January 2021). "Long-term studies of photospheric magnetic fields on the Sun". J. Space Weather Space Clim. 11: 4. doi:10.1051/swsc/2020069. Bibcode: 2021JSWSC..11....4P.
- ↑ Pevtsov, Alexei (13 March 2021). "Time vs. solar latitude diagram of the radial component of the solar magnetic field (supersynoptic map of "butterfly" diagram". https://gonewithsolarwind.com/index.php/images/.
- ↑ "STIX solar flare list". https://datacenter.stix.i4ds.net/view/flares/list.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 "Aurora and solar activity archive". https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/archive/2022/01.html.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Aurora and solar activity archive". https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/archive/2020/01.html.
- ↑ "M4.44 solar flare". spaceweatherlive.com. 29 November 2020. https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/news/view/420/20201129-m4-44-solar-flare.html.
- ↑ "Earth-directed coronal mass ejection". spaceweatherlive.com. https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/news/view/423/20201208-earth-directed-coronal-mass-ejection.html.
- ↑ Van Dam, Derek (9 December 2020). "Sun launches explosion of electromagnetic energy towards Earth: Geomagnetic Storm Watch issued". CNN (CNN). https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/09/us/northern-lights-display-wednesday-night-scn/index.html.
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 "Aurora and solar activity archive". https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/archive/2021/01.html.
- ↑ "First X-class solar flare of Solar Cycle 25". Space Weather Live. 3 July 2021. https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/news/view/436/20210703-first-x-class-solar-flare-of-solar-cycle-25.html.
- ↑ "Solar max might come a bit early". https://www.spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&day=03&month=08&year=2021.
- ↑ "Geomagnetic Storm: Solar Eruption Arrives at Earth". 16 October 2021. https://scitechdaily.com/geomagnetic-storm-solar-eruption-arrives-at-earth/.
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 "Sun Unleashes Major X-class Solar Flare". 28 October 2021. https://www.space.com/sun-unleashes-major-x-class-solar-flare-october-2021.
- ↑ "The aurora and solar activity archive – October 2021". https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/archive/2021/10.html.
- ↑ "Viewing archive of Thursday, 4 November 2021". https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/archive/2021/11/04/kp.html.
- ↑ "X1.3 solar flare". https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/news/view/462/20220330-x1-3-solar-flare.html.
- ↑ "What's happening on farside of the Sun?". https://spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&day=09&month=04&year=2022.
- ↑ "Farside explosion targets MErcury". https://spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&day=12&month=04&year=2022.
- ↑ "An active sunspot is approaching". https://spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&day=15&month=04&year=2022.
- ↑ "X-class solar flare (updated)". https://spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&day=17&month=04&year=2022.
- ↑ "X1.1 solar flare". https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/news/view/468/20220417-x1-1-solar-flare.html.
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 "M7.3 and X2.2 solar flares". https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/news/view/469/20220420-m7-3-and-x2-2-solar-flares.html.
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 "Aurora and solar activity archive". https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/archive/2023/01.html.
- ↑ "Spaceweather.com Time Machine". https://spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&day=24&month=03&year=2023.
- ↑ Phillips, Tony (23 April 2023). "An Earth-Directed Explosion on the Sun" (in en). Spaceweather.com. https://spaceweatherarchive.com/2023/04/23/an-earth-directed-explosion-on-the-sun/.
- ↑ "Spaceweather.com Time Machine". https://spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&day=24&month=04&year=2023.
- ↑ "Major X2.8 solar flare". SpaceWeatherLive. December 14, 2023. https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/news/view/514/20231214-major-x2-8-solar-flare.html. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
- ↑ "Major X5.0 solar flare". SpaceWeatherLive. January 1, 2024. https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/news/view/517/20240101-major-x5-0-solar-flare.html.
- ↑ 57.0 57.1 "Aurora and solar activity archive". https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/archive/2024/01.html.
- ↑ "New day, new coronal mass ejections to look at!". Space Weather Live. 10 February 2024. https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/news/view/520/20240210-new-day-new-coronal-mass-ejections-to-look-at.html.
- ↑ "X6.3 solar flare". Space Weather Live. 22 February 2024. https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/news/view/524/20240222-x6-3-solar-flare.html. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
- ↑ Garofalo, Meredith (14 May 2024). "Sun unleashes massive X8.7 solar flare, biggest of current cycle, from super-active monster sunspot (video)". https://www.space.com/sun-solar-flare-sunspot-ar3664-x88-class-may-14-2024. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
- ↑ "Region 3664 not done yet! Produces X8.7 flare...largest of the solar cycle!". 14 May 2024. https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/news/region-3664-not-done-yet-produces-x87-flarelargest-solar-cycle. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
- ↑ todd, iain (13 June 2024). "Solar storm erupts on Mars: aurora and radiation would have hit astronauts with the power of 30 chest x-rays" (in en). https://www.skyatnightmagazine.com/news/mars-solar-storm-20-may-2024.
- ↑ Thomson, Jess (3 October 2024). "Auroras Forecast Over US As Solar Storm Gets Special Fall Boost". https://www.newsweek.com/geomagnetic-storm-cme-auroras-northern-lights-space-weather-1963397. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
- ↑ 64.0 64.1 "Aurora and solar activity archive". https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/en/archive/2025/01.html.
External links
- "Solar Cycle Prediction". NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. https://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/predict.shtml.
- "Solar Cycle Progression". NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center. https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/solar-cycle-progression.
- "Solar Cycle Prediction". http://solarcyclescience.com/forecasts.html.
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