Biography:Albert Uttley
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Short description: English scientist
Albert Maurel Uttley (14 August, 1906, London – 13 September, 1985 Bexhill)[1] was an English scientist involved in computing, cybernetics, neurophysiology and psychology. He was a member of the Ratio Club and was the person who suggested its name.[2]
Uttley received both a degree in Psychology and an honours degree in Mathematics from King's College, London, where he also did postgraduate research in visual perception.[3] (He achieved a Ph.D. no later than 1946.)[4]
He was designing conditional-probability neural nets for pattern recognition for the British military.[5] He showed that neural networks with Hebbian learning rules could learn to classify binary sequences.[6]
In the proposal document for the influential 1956 Dartmouth workshop on artificial intelligence, Uttley is one of the researchers noted for his work on neural networks.[7]
Albert was the son of George and Ethel Uttley. He married Gwendoline Lucy Richens.[1]
Publications
- Williams, F.C.; Uttley, A.M. (1946). "The Velodyne". Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers - Part IIIA: Radiolocation (Institution of Electrical Engineers) 93 (1): 317-318. doi:10.1049/ji-3a-1.1946.0108. ISSN 0020-3270. https://digital-library.theiet.org/doi/10.1049/ji-3a-1.1946.0108.
- Williams, F.C.; Uttley, A.M. (1946). "The Velodyne". Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers - Part IIIA: Radiolocation (Institution of Electrical Engineers) 93 (7): 1256-1274. doi:10.1049/ji-3a-1.1946.0211. ISSN 0020-3270. https://digital-library.theiet.org/doi/10.1049/ji-3a-1.1946.0108.
- Adams, D. E.; Uttley, A. M. (April 1950). "A Survey of Navigation Systems and Instrument Aids". The Journal of Navigation (Royal Institute of Navigation) 3 (2): 141–155. doi:10.1017/S0373463300045550. ISSN 0373-4633. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-navigation/article/abs/survey-of-navigation-systems-and-instrument-aids/1CE99BE20CCFCA239643332212C44F5F.
- Adams, D. E.; Uttley, A. M. (May 1950). "Navigational Systems and Instrument Aids". The Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (Royal Aeronautical Society) 54 (473): 269–293. doi:10.1017/S0368393100119315. ISSN 0368-3931. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/aeronautical-journal/article/abs/navigational-systems-and-instrument-aids/9B19140288F9D27317AE096F3145A798.
- Uttley, A. M.; Hammond, P. H. (1951). "The Stabilization of On-off Controlled Servo-mechanisms". Conference on Automatic Control. Cranfield: Butterworths Scientific Publications (published 1952). pp. 285-299. https://archive.org/details/automaticmanualc0000atus/page/285. Retrieved 16 May 2026.
- Sholl, D. A.; Uttley, A. M. (28 February 1953). "Pattern Discrimination and the Visual Cortex". Nature 171 (4348): 387–388. doi:10.1038/171387a0. ISSN 1476-4687. https://doi.org/10.1038/171387a0.
- Uttley, A. M. (1953). "The Telecommunications Research Establishment Parallel Electronic Digital Computer". in Bowden, B.V.. Faster Than Thought. London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd.. pp. 144-160. https://archive.org/details/fasterthanthough00bvbo/page/144. Retrieved 13 May 2026.
- "Information, machines, and brains", Trans. of the IRE Professional Group on Information Theory (TIT) 1: 143-149 (1953)
- Uttley, A. M. (1954). "The classification of signals in the nervous system". Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 6: 479-494. doi:10.1016/0013-4694(54)90064-4. ISSN 0013-4694. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0013469454900644.
- Uttley, A.M. (1954). The Classification of Signals in the Nervous System (Technical report). R.R.E. Memoranda. Royal Radar Establishment. 1047.
- Uttley, A.M. (27 September 1955). "The probability of neural connexions". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. B. Biological Sciences (The Royal Society) 6 (915): 229-240. doi:10.1098/rspb.1955.0054. ISSN 0080-4649. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/rspb/article/144/915/229/29959/The-probability-of-neural-connexions.
- "A theory on the mechanism of learning based on the computation of conditional probabilities", Proceedings of the First International Congress on Cybernetics, Naumur 1956 pp.830-856
- Uttley, Albert M. (1956). "Conditional Probability Machines and Conditioned Reflexes". Automata Studies. Annals of Mathematics Studies. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 253-275. doi:10.1515/9781400882618-013. ISBN 0691079161. OCLC 1303422567. Internet Archive copy
- Uttley, Albert M. (1956). "Temporal and Spatial Patterns in a Conditional Probability Machine". Automata Studies. Annals of Mathematics Studies. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 277-285. doi:10.1515/9781400882618-014. ISBN 0691079161. OCLC 1303422567. Internet Archive copy
- Uttley, A. M. (1958). "Conditional Probability Computing in a Nervous System". Mechanisation of Thought Processes. 1. National Physical Laboratory: Her Majesty's Stationery Office (published 1959). pp. 119-147. https://archive.org/details/mechanisationoft0001anon/page/119/. Retrieved 13 May 2026.
- "The Design of Conditional Probability Computers", Information and Control 2(1): 1-24 (1959)
- Uttley, Albert M. (1 April 1959). "Imitation of Pattern Recognition and Trial-and-Error Learning in a Conditional Probability Computer". Reviews of Modern Physics (American Physical Society) 31 (2): 546-548. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.31.546. https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.31.546.
- Uttley, A.M. (1961). "The Engineering Approach to the Problem of Neural Organization". Progress in Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry (Pergamon Press) 11: 25-52. doi:10.1016/S0096-4174(18)30208-7. ISSN 0096-4174. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0096417418302087.
- Uttley, A.M. (March 1962). "Properties of Plastic Networks". Biophysical Journal (Cell Press) 2 (2, Part 2): 169-188. doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(62)86954-9. ISSN 0006-3495. https://www.cell.com/biophysj/fulltext/S0006-3495(62)86954-9. Retrieved 13 May 2026.
- Uttley, A.M. (1966). "The transmission of information and the effect of local feedback in theoretical and neural networks". Brain Research 2 (1): 21-50. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(66)90060-6. ISSN 0006-8993. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0006899366900606.
- Bliss, T. V. P.; Delisle, B.; Uttley, A. M. (1 March 1968). "Factors affecting the conductivity of pathways in the cerebral cortex". The Journal of Physiology 195 (2): 339-367. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1968.sp008462. ISSN 0022-3751. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1351667/.
- Uttley, A.M. (April 1970). "The informon: A network for adaptive pattern recognition". Journal of Theoretical Biology 27 (1): 31-67. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(70)90128-1. ISSN 0022-5193. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0022519370901281.
- Uttley, A.M. (February 1975). "The informon in classical conditioning". Journal of Theoretical Biology 49 (2): 355-376. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(75)90178-2. ISSN 0022-5193. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0022519375901782.
- Uttley, Albert M. (March 1975). "The conversion of printed characters into speechlike sound for a blind reading aid". Medical and biological engineering 13 (2): 285–293. doi:10.1007/BF02477741. ISSN 0140-0118. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02477741.
- Uttley, A.M. (30 January 1976). "A two-pathway informon theory of conditioning and adaptive pattern recognition". Brain Research 102 (1): 23-35. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(76)90573-4. ISSN 0165-0173. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0006899376905734.
- Uttley, A.M. (30 January 1976). "Simulation studies of learning in an informon network". Brain Research 102 (1): 37-53. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(76)90574-6. ISSN 0165-0173. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0006899376905746.
- Uttley, A.M. (30 January 1976). "Neurophysiological predictions of a two-pathway informon theory of neural conditioning". Brain Research 102 (1): 55-70. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(76)90575-8. ISSN 0165-0173. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0006899376905758.
- Uttley, A.M. (7 December 1977). "Methods of simulating the behaviour of granule cells in hippocampus based on informon theory". Journal of Theoretical Biology 69 (3): 391-399. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(77)90147-3. ISSN 0022-5193. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0022519377901473.
- Uttley, A.M. (7 December 1977). "Similarity of behaviour of granule cells in hippocampus to that predicted by informon theory". Journal of Theoretical Biology 69 (3): 401-413. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(77)90148-5. ISSN 0022-5193. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0022519377901485.
- Uttley, A. M. (1979). Information transmission in the nervous system. London: Academic Press. ISBN 0127097503. OCLC 5103526. [lower-alpha 1]
- Uttley, Albert (1982). Brain, mind and spirit. OCLC 847467780.
External links
- Listing of technical reports and memos written or cowritten by Uttley for the TRE or Royal Radar Establishment, compiled by the Malvern Radar and Technology History Society.
- A. M. Uttley biography at the Purbeck Radar Museum Trust
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Albert Maurel Uttley". Geni.com. https://www.geni.com/people/Albert-Uttley/6000000014242559571. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
- ↑ Husbands, Phil; Holland, Owen (2008). Husbands, Phil; Holland, Owen; Wheeler, M. eds. "The Ratio Club: A Hub of British Cybernetics". The Mechanical Mind in History (MIT Press): 91–148. doi:10.7551/mitpress/9780262083775.003.0006. ISBN 9780262083775. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265258561.
- ↑ Uttley, A. M. (1958). "Conditional Probability Computing in a Nervous System". Mechanisation of Thought Processes. 1. National Physical Laboratory: Her Majesty's Stationery Office (published 1959). p. 120. https://archive.org/details/mechanisationoft0001anon/page/120/. Retrieved 13 May 2026. "BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE¶Dr. Uttley took an Honours degree in Mathematics at King's College, London where he also took a degree in Psychology and did post-graduate work in Visual Perception. At the Royal Radar Establishment he designed and built analogue and digital computers. For the last five years Dr. Uttley has been working on theories of computing in the nervous system."
- ↑ Williams, F.C.; Uttley, A.M. (1946). "The Velodyne". Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers - Part IIIA: Radiolocation (Institution of Electrical Engineers) 93 (7): 1256. doi:10.1049/ji-3a-1.1946.0211. ISSN 0020-3270. https://digital-library.theiet.org/doi/10.1049/ji-3a-1.1946.0211. "A. M. UTTLEY, Ph.D.".
- ↑ Kline, Ronald (April 2011). "Cybernetics, Automata Studies, and the Dartmouth Conference on Artificial Intelligence". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 33 (4): 5–16. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2010.44. ISSN 1934-1547. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/5477410/.
- ↑ Cowan, Jack D.; Sharp, David H. (1988). "Neural Nets and Artificial Intelligence". Daedalus 117 (1): 85–121. ISSN 0011-5266. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20025140.
- ↑ McCarthy, J.; Minsky, M.L.; Rochester, N.; Shannon, C.E. (31 August 1955), A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, p. 2, http://jmc.stanford.edu/articles/dartmouth/dartmouth.pdf, retrieved 2026-05-22, "3. Neuron nets¶How can a set of (hypothetical) neurons be arranged so as to form concepts. Considerable theoretical and experimental work has been done on this problem by Uttley, Rashevsky and his group, Farley and Clark, Pitts and McCulloch, Minsky, Rochester and Holland, and others. Partial results have been obtained but the problem needs more theoretical work."
Footnotes
- ↑ Not to be confused with the 1980 Raven Press book of the same title edited by Harold M. Pinsker and William D. Willis, ISBN 0890044228, OCLC 6040580.
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