Biography:Edward DeLong

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Edward DeLong
DeLong performing fieldwork in Antarctica
Born1958 (age 67–68)
Sonoma, California, U.S.
Alma materSanta Rosa Junior College
University of California, Davis
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Known forWork in metagenomics and biogeochemical cycling
Scientific career
FieldsMicrobiology
InstitutionsMassachusetts Institute of Technology and University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa
Doctoral advisorArt Yayanos
Norman Pace (postdoc)

Edward Francis DeLong (born 1958), is a marine microbiologist and Professor Emeritus in the School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology at the University of Hawaii, Manoa,[1] and is considered a pioneer in the field of metagenomics. He is best known for his discovery of the bacterial use of the rhodopsin protein in converting sunlight to biochemical energy in marine microbial communities.

Early life and education

DeLong was born in Sonoma, California. He studied biology at Santa Rosa Junior College and obtained an Associate of Science degree in 1980. While continuing his education at the University of California, Davis, DeLong had originally planned on becoming a medical technologist, but after a meeting and working as an undergraduate researcher with bacteriologist Paul Baumann[2], he found a new interest in marine microbiology[3]. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in bacteriology at UCD in 1982 and moved to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, where he received a Ph.D. in marine biology after finishing doctoral work with biophysicist Art Yayanos[4] in 1986. DeLong completed his postdoctoral training at Indiana University in Bloomington with Norman Pace[5], where he surveyed communities of picoplankton[6] via DNA sequencing.

Work

Energy gathering mechanism in marine bacteria via Proteorhodopsin.

With Pace and his group at Indiana University, DeLong developed a method that can be used to identify single cells phylogenetically through the use of phylogenetic stains[7]. These rRNA-based probes identify the cells based on the binding of fluorescent probes to individual cells through use of oligonucleotides that are complementary to 16S rRNA sequences of specific phylogenetic groups. The use of multiple probes with different fluorescent dyes allows for the identification of different cell types in the same field.

DeLong subsequently expanded upon this work and applied gene cloning and sequencing to the study of complex marine microbial communities and their role in the biosphere. These techniques carried significance in that microbes could be studied without the use of a standard microbial culture[8][9].

After receiving an independent study award in 1989, DeLong spent some time at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, and would later on become associate professor in the Biology and Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology Departments at the University of California, Santa Barbara. DeLong's surveys during his time at UCSB led him to participate in the study of widespread abundance and diversity of marine archaea in the world's oceans[10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Prior to 1992, archaea were thought only to exist in the extreme environments of hypersaline lakes, hydrothermal vents, and similar places[17][18]. This helped change the general view of the scientific community on the habitats and roles of archaea in the biosphere, and opened up new possibilities in applied potential of such microbial assemblages.

In the years following, DeLong's work took him to the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute and it is during his time there that he made a crucial discovery in the understanding of the Earth's carbon and energy cycles. A team of microbiologists led by DeLong discovered a gene in several species of bacteria responsible for production of the protein rhodopsin[19][20][21][22][23][24][25], previously unheard of in the domain Bacteria. These proteins found in the cell membranes are capable of converting light energy to biochemical energy due to a change in configuration of the rhodopsin molecule as sunlight strikes it, causing the pumping of a proton from inside out and a subsequent inflow that generates the energy[24][26][27]. While at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, DeLong and his group also made some seminal discoveries about the Archaea and Bacteria involved in the then mysterious process of anoxic oxidation of methane within marine sediments[28][29][30][31][32].

In 2004, DeLong moved to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he worked on further developing functional metagenomic surveys[22][23][33][34][35][36][37], as well as gene expression studies targeting microbial communities in the wild. At MIT, his collaborations with CMORE and Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute colleagues, he discovered of highly synchronized microbial populations having diurnal, coordinated patterns of gene oscillating expression across many species and in different habitats[38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46]. In 2014, DeLong relocated to the University of Hawaii, where he served as co-director for the Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, C-MORE[47][48][49] and the Simons Collaboration on Ocean Processes and Ecology, SCOPE.[50]. From 2016 - 2022, DeLong also served as the Vice President, President, and Past President of the International Society for Microbial Ecology (ISME).

Honoraria, fellowships, and memberships

  • Honorary Professorship, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 1999–2002
  • Elected Fellow in the American Academy of Microbiology, August 2000
  • Moore Investigator in Marine Microbiology, August, 2004
  • Elected Fellow in the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, May 2005
  • In April 2008, DeLong was presented with the Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky Medal for "important contributions to geomicrobiology and biogeochemical cycling through the innovative use of molecular tools and a genomic approach" at the European Geosciences Union
  • Elected Fellow in the National Academy of Sciences, April 2008
  • The American Society for Microbiology presented DeLong with the Procter & Gamble Award in Applied and Environmental Microbiology in May 2008 and the D.C. White Research and Mentoring Award in February 2009
  • Elected Fellow in the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2011
  • UC Davis College of Biological Sciences Outstanding Alumni Award, UC Davis, 2012
  • Moore Investigator in Marine Microbiology, 2012
  • A.G. Huntsman Award for Excellence in the Marine Sciences, 2014
  • Elected Member in the European Molecular Biology Association EMBO, 2015
  • Elected President of the International Society for Microbial Ecology (ISME)

See also

References

  1. ↑ Uyemura, Angelos K. Hannides and Kristin. "Department of Oceanography at UH Manoa - Home". http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/oceanography/. 
  2. ↑ Baumann, Paul; Baumann, Linda; Woolkalis, Marilyn J.; Bang, Sookie S. (1983). "EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS IN VIBRIO AND PHOTOBACTERIUM: A BASIS FOR A NATURAL CLASSIFICATION". Annual Review of Microbiology 37 (1): 369–398. doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.37.100183.002101. ISSN 0066-4227. 
  3. ↑ DeLong, Edward F. "Oceans of Archaea". ASM News Volume 69, Number 10, 2003. http://www.cen.ulaval.ca/merge/pdf/OceansofArchaea.pdf. 
  4. ↑ Yayanos, A. Aristides (1995). "Microbiology to 10,500 Meters in the Deep Sea" (in en). Annual Review of Microbiology 49 (1): 777–805. doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.49.100195.004021. ISSN 0066-4227. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.mi.49.100195.004021. 
  5. ↑ Yong, Ed (2017-07-20). "The Man Who Blew The Door Off The Microbial World" (in en). https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/07/the-man-who-blew-the-door-off-the-microbial-world/534246/. 
  6. ↑ Schmidt, T M; DeLong, E F; Pace, N R (1991). "Analysis of a marine picoplankton community by 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing". Journal of Bacteriology 173 (14): 4371–4378. doi:10.1128/jb.173.14.4371-4378.1991. ISSN 0021-9193. PMID 2066334. 
  7. ↑ DeLong, Edward F.; Wickham, Gene S.; Pace, Norman R. (1989-03-10). "Phylogenetic Stains: Ribosomal RNA-Based Probes for the Identification of Single Cells". Science 243 (4896): 1360–1363. doi:10.1126/science.2466341. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 2466341. Bibcode: 1989Sci...243.1360D. 
  8. ↑ Stein, J L; Marsh, T L; Wu, K Y; Shizuya, H; DeLong, E F (1996). "Characterization of uncultivated prokaryotes: isolation and analysis of a 40-kilobase-pair genome fragment from a planktonic marine archaeon". Journal of Bacteriology 178 (3): 591–599. doi:10.1128/jb.178.3.591-599.1996. ISSN 0021-9193. PMID 8550487. 
  9. ↑ Schleper, C; Swanson, R V; Mathur, E J; DeLong, E F (1997). "Characterization of a DNA polymerase from the uncultivated psychrophilic archaeon Cenarchaeum symbiosum". Journal of Bacteriology 179 (24): 7803–7811. doi:10.1128/jb.179.24.7803-7811.1997. ISSN 0021-9193. PMID 9401041. Bibcode: 1997JBact.179.7803S. 
  10. ↑ DeLong, E F (1992-06-15). "Archaea in coastal marine environments.". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 89 (12): 5685–5689. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.12.5685. ISSN 0027-8424. Bibcode: 1992PNAS...89.5685D. 
  11. ↑ DeLong, Edward F.; Wu, Ke Ying; Prézelin, Barbara B.; Jovine, Raffael V. M. (1994). "High abundance of Archaea in Antarctic marine picoplankton". Nature 371 (6499): 695–697. doi:10.1038/371695a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 7935813. Bibcode: 1994Natur.371..695D. 
  12. ↑ Preston, C M; Wu, K Y; Molinski, T F; DeLong, E F (1996-06-25). "A psychrophilic crenarchaeon inhabits a marine sponge: Cenarchaeum symbiosum gen. nov., sp. nov.". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 93 (13): 6241–6246. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.13.6241. ISSN 0027-8424. Bibcode: 1996PNAS...93.6241P. 
  13. ↑ Hallam, Steven J.; Konstantinidis, Konstantinos T.; Putnam, Nik; Schleper, Christa; Watanabe, Yoh-ichi; Sugahara, Junichi; Preston, Christina; de la Torre, José et al. (2006-11-28). "Genomic analysis of the uncultivated marine crenarchaeote Cenarchaeum symbiosum". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (48): 18296–18301. doi:10.1073/pnas.0608549103. PMID 17114289. Bibcode: 2006PNAS..10318296H. 
  14. ↑ Massana, R; Murray, A E; Preston, C M; DeLong, E F (1997). "Vertical distribution and phylogenetic characterization of marine planktonic Archaea in the Santa Barbara Channel". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 63 (1): 50–56. doi:10.1128/aem.63.1.50-56.1997. ISSN 0099-2240. Bibcode: 1997ApEnM..63...50M. 
  15. ↑ Karner, Markus B.; DeLong, Edward F.; Karl, David M. (2001). "Archaeal dominance in the mesopelagic zone of the Pacific Ocean". Nature 409 (6819): 507–510. doi:10.1038/35054051. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 11206545. Bibcode: 2001Natur.409..507K. 
  16. ↑ Hallam, Steven J; Mincer, Tracy J; Schleper, Christa; Preston, Christina M; Roberts, Katie; Richardson, Paul M; DeLong, Edward F (2006-03-21). "Pathways of Carbon Assimilation and Ammonia Oxidation Suggested by Environmental Genomic Analyses of Marine Crenarchaeota". PLOS Biology 4 (4). doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040095. ISSN 1545-7885. PMID 16533068. 
  17. ↑ DeLong, Edward (1998-04-24). "Archaeal Means and Extremes". Science 280 (5363): 542–543. doi:10.1126/science.280.5363.542. ISSN 0036-8075. Bibcode: 1998Sci...280..542D. 
  18. ↑ DeLong, Edward F (1998). "Everything in moderation: Archaea as 'non-extremophiles'". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 8 (6): 649–654. doi:10.1016/s0959-437x(98)80032-4. ISSN 0959-437X. PMID 9914204. 
  19. ↑ Béjà, Oded; Aravind, L.; Koonin, Eugene V.; Suzuki, Marcelino T.; Hadd, Andrew; Nguyen, Linh P.; Jovanovich, Stevan B.; Gates, Christian M. et al. (2000-09-15). "Bacterial Rhodopsin: Evidence for a New Type of Phototrophy in the Sea". Science 289 (5486): 1902–1906. doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1902. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 10988064. Bibcode: 2000Sci...289.1902B. 
  20. ↑ Béjà, Oded; Spudich, Elena N.; Spudich, John L.; Leclerc, Marion; DeLong, Edward F. (2001). "Proteorhodopsin phototrophy in the ocean". Nature 411 (6839): 786–789. doi:10.1038/35081051. ISSN 0028-0836. Bibcode: 2001Natur.411..786B. 
  21. ↑ de la Torre, José R.; Christianson, Lynne M.; Béjà, Oded; Suzuki, Marcelino T.; Karl, David M.; Heidelberg, John; DeLong, Edward F. (2003-10-28). "Proteorhodopsin genes are distributed among divergent marine bacterial taxa". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100 (22): 12830–12835. doi:10.1073/pnas.2133554100. PMID 14566056. Bibcode: 2003PNAS..10012830D. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Frigaard, Niels-Ulrik; Martinez, Asuncion; Mincer, Tracy J.; DeLong, Edward F. (2006). "Proteorhodopsin lateral gene transfer between marine planktonic Bacteria and Archaea". Nature 439 (7078): 847–850. doi:10.1038/nature04435. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 16482157. Bibcode: 2006Natur.439..847F. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Martinez, A.; Bradley, A. S.; Waldbauer, J. R.; Summons, R. E.; DeLong, E. F. (2007-03-27). "Proteorhodopsin photosystem gene expression enables photophosphorylation in a heterologous host". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (13): 5590–5595. doi:10.1073/pnas.0611470104. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 17372221. Bibcode: 2007PNAS..104.5590M. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Yoshizawa, Susumu; Kumagai, Yohei; Kim, Hana; Ogura, Yoshitoshi; Hayashi, Tetsuya; Iwasaki, Wataru; DeLong, Edward F.; Kogure, Kazuhiro (2014-03-31). "Functional characterization of flavobacteria rhodopsins reveals a unique class of light-driven chloride pump in bacteria". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (18): 6732–6737. doi:10.1073/pnas.1403051111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 24706784. Bibcode: 2014PNAS..111.6732Y. 
  25. ↑ Olson, Daniel K; Yoshizawa, Susumu; Boeuf, Dominique; Iwasaki, Wataru; DeLong, Edward F (2018-04-01). "Proteorhodopsin variability and distribution in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre" (in en). The ISME Journal 12 (4): 1047–1060. doi:10.1038/s41396-018-0074-4. ISSN 1751-7362. PMID 29476140. Bibcode: 2018ISMEJ..12.1047O. 
  26. ↑ DeLong, Edward F.; Béjà, Oded (2010-04-27). "The Light-Driven Proton Pump Proteorhodopsin Enhances Bacterial Survival during Tough Times" (in en). PLOS Biology 8 (4). doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000359. ISSN 1545-7885. PMID 20436957. 
  27. ↑ Pinhassi, Jarone; DeLong, Edward F.; Béjà, Oded; González, José M.; Pedrós-Alió, Carlos (2016). "Marine Bacterial and Archaeal Ion-Pumping Rhodopsins: Genetic Diversity, Physiology, and Ecology" (in en). Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 80 (4): 929–954. doi:10.1128/MMBR.00003-16. ISSN 1092-2172. PMID 27630250. Bibcode: 2016MMBR...80..929P. https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/MMBR.00003-16. 
  28. ↑ Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe; Hayes, John M.; Sylva, Sean P.; Brewer, Peter G.; DeLong, Edward F. (1999). "Methane-consuming archaebacteria in marine sediments". Nature 398 (6730): 802–805. doi:10.1038/19751. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 10235261. Bibcode: 1999Natur.398..802H. 
  29. ↑ Orphan, Victoria J.; House, Christopher H.; Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe; McKeegan, Kevin D.; DeLong, Edward F. (2001-07-20). "Methane-Consuming Archaea Revealed by Directly Coupled Isotopic and Phylogenetic Analysis". Science 293 (5529): 484–487. doi:10.1126/science.1061338. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 11463914. 
  30. ↑ Orphan, Victoria J.; House, Christopher H.; Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe; McKeegan, Kevin D.; DeLong, Edward F. (2002-05-14). "Multiple archaeal groups mediate methane oxidation in anoxic cold seep sediments". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99 (11): 7663–7668. doi:10.1073/pnas.072210299. ISSN 0027-8424. 
  31. ↑ Hallam, Steven J.; Girguis, Peter R.; Preston, Christina M.; Richardson, Paul M.; DeLong, Edward F. (2003). "Identification of Methyl Coenzyme M Reductase A ( mcrA ) Genes Associated with Methane-Oxidizing Archaea". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69 (9): 5483–5491. doi:10.1128/aem.69.9.5483-5491.2003. ISSN 0099-2240. PMID 12957937. Bibcode: 2003ApEnM..69.5483H. 
  32. ↑ Hallam, Steven J.; Putnam, Nik; Preston, Christina M.; Detter, John C.; Rokhsar, Daniel; Richardson, Paul M.; DeLong, Edward F. (2004-09-03). "Reverse Methanogenesis: Testing the Hypothesis with Environmental Genomics". Science 305 (5689): 1457–1462. doi:10.1126/science.1100025. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 15353801. Bibcode: 2004Sci...305.1457H. 
  33. ↑ DeLong, Edward F.; Preston, Christina M.; Mincer, Tracy; Rich, Virginia; Hallam, Steven J.; Frigaard, Niels-Ulrik; Martinez, Asuncion; Sullivan, Matthew B. et al. (2006-01-27). "Community Genomics Among Stratified Microbial Assemblages in the Ocean's Interior". Science 311 (5760): 496–503. doi:10.1126/science.1120250. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 16439655. Bibcode: 2006Sci...311..496D. 
  34. ↑ Konstantinidis, Konstantinos T.; Braff, Jennifer; Karl, David M.; DeLong, Edward F. (2009-08-15). "Comparative Metagenomic Analysis of a Microbial Community Residing at a Depth of 4,000 Meters at Station ALOHA in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75 (16): 5345–5355. doi:10.1128/aem.00473-09. ISSN 0099-2240. PMID 19542347. Bibcode: 2009ApEnM..75.5345K. 
  35. ↑ Martinez, Asuncion; Tyson, Gene W.; DeLong, Edward F. (2009-12-29). "Widespread known and novel phosphonate utilization pathways in marine bacteria revealed by functional screening and metagenomic analyses". Environmental Microbiology 12 (1): 222–238. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02062.x. ISSN 1462-2912. PMID 19788654. 
  36. ↑ McSorley, Fern R.; Wyatt, Peter B.; Martinez, Asuncion; DeLong, Edward F.; Hove-Jensen, Bjarne; Zechel, David L. (2012-05-11). "PhnY and PhnZ Comprise a New Oxidative Pathway for Enzymatic Cleavage of a Carbon–Phosphorus Bond". Journal of the American Chemical Society 134 (20): 8364–8367. doi:10.1021/ja302072f. ISSN 0002-7863. Bibcode: 2012JAChS.134.8364M. 
  37. ↑ Fontanez, Kristina M.; Eppley, John M.; Samo, Ty J.; Karl, David M.; DeLong, Edward F. (2015-05-19). "Microbial community structure and function on sinking particles in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre". Frontiers in Microbiology 6. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00469. ISSN 1664-302X. PMID 26042105. 
  38. ↑ Shi, Yanmei; Tyson, Gene W.; DeLong, Edward F. (2009). "Metatranscriptomics reveals unique microbial small RNAs in the ocean's water column". Nature 459 (7244): 266–269. doi:10.1038/nature08055. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 19444216. Bibcode: 2009Natur.459..266S. 
  39. ↑ McCarren, Jay; Becker, Jamie W.; Repeta, Daniel J.; Shi, Yanmei; Young, Curtis R.; Malmstrom, Rex R.; Chisholm, Sallie W.; DeLong, Edward F. (2010-09-21). "Microbial community transcriptomes reveal microbes and metabolic pathways associated with dissolved organic matter turnover in the sea". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 (38): 16420–16427. doi:10.1073/pnas.1010732107. PMID 20807744. 
  40. ↑ Stewart, Frank J.; Ulloa, Osvaldo; DeLong, Edward F. (2011-01-07). "Microbial metatranscriptomics in a permanent marine oxygen minimum zone". Environmental Microbiology 14 (1): 23–40. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02400.x. ISSN 1462-2912. PMID 21210935. 
  41. ↑ Ottesen, Elizabeth A.; Young, Curtis R.; Eppley, John M.; Ryan, John P.; Chavez, Francisco P.; Scholin, Christopher A.; DeLong, Edward F. (2013-01-23). "Pattern and synchrony of gene expression among sympatric marine microbial populations". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110 (6). doi:10.1073/pnas.1222099110. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 23345438. 
  42. ↑ Ottesen, EA; Young, CR; Gifford, SM; Eppley, JM; Marin, R 3rd; Schuster, SC; Scholin, CA; DeLong, EF (2014). "Ocean microbes. Multispecies diel transcriptional oscillations in open ocean heterotrophic bacterial assemblages". Science 345 (6193): 207–12. doi:10.1126/science.1252476. PMID 25013074. http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/526323/1/DeLong_Multispecies%20diel.pdf. 
  43. ↑ Aylward, Frank O.; Eppley, John M.; Smith, Jason M.; Chavez, Francisco P.; Scholin, Christopher A.; DeLong, Edward F. (2015-04-28). "Microbial community transcriptional networks are conserved in three domains at ocean basin scales" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 (17): 5443–5448. doi:10.1073/pnas.1502883112. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 25775583. Bibcode: 2015PNAS..112.5443A. 
  44. ↑ Martínez, Asunción; Ventouras, Laure-Anne; Wilson, Samuel T.; Karl, David M.; DeLong, Edward F. (2013). "Metatranscriptomic and functional metagenomic analysis of methylphosphonate utilization by marine bacteria". Frontiers in Microbiology 4: 340. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2013.00340. ISSN 1664-302X. PMID 24324460. Bibcode: 2013FrMic...400340M. 
  45. ↑ Wilson, Samuel T.; Aylward, Frank O.; Ribalet, Francois; Barone, Benedetto; Casey, John R.; Connell, Paige E.; Eppley, John M.; Ferrón, Sara et al. (2017-07-31). "Coordinated regulation of growth, activity and transcription in natural populations of the unicellular nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Crocosphaera" (in en). Nature Microbiology 2 (9). doi:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.118. ISSN 2058-5276. Bibcode: 2017NatMb...217118W. https://www.nature.com/articles/nmicrobiol2017118. 
  46. ↑ Aylward, Frank O.; Boeuf, Dominique; Mende, Daniel R.; Wood-Charlson, Elisha M.; Vislova, Alice; Eppley, John M.; Romano, Anna E.; DeLong, Edward F. (2017-10-24). "Diel cycling and long-term persistence of viruses in the ocean's euphotic zone" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (43): 11446–11451. doi:10.1073/pnas.1714821114. ISSN 0027-8424. Bibcode: 2017PNAS..11411446A. 
  47. ↑ "Center for Microbial Oceanography – Research and Education". http://cmore.soest.hawaii.edu. 
  48. ↑ DeLong, Edward F.; Karl, David M. (2005-09-14). "Genomic perspectives in microbial oceanography". Nature 437 (7057): 336–342. doi:10.1038/nature04157. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 16163343. Bibcode: 2005Natur.437..336D. 
  49. ↑ DeLong, Edward F. (2009). "The microbial ocean from genomes to biomes". Nature 459 (7244): 200–206. doi:10.1038/nature08059. ISSN 0028-0836. Bibcode: 2009Natur.459..200D. 
  50. ↑ "Simons Collaboration on Ocean Processes and Ecology (SCOPE)". http://scope.soest.hawaii.edu. 



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