Biography:Jacob Appelbaum

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Short description: American computer security researcher and journalist (born 1 April 1983)
Jacob Appelbaum
Jacob Appelbaum-IMG 9320.jpg
Jacob Appelbaum at the Congress on Privacy & Surveillance (2013) of the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL).
Born (1983-04-01) April 1, 1983 (age 41)
CitizenshipAmerican
Known for
Awards2014 Henri Nannen Prize
Scientific career
FieldsComputer security, Cryptography
InstitutionsUniversity of Washington,[1]
Eindhoven University of Technology,[3]
Noisebridge,[4]
WikiLeaks
Doctoral advisorTanja Lange, Daniel J. Bernstein[3][5]

Jacob Appelbaum (born 1 April 1983)[6] is an American independent journalist, computer security researcher, artist, and hacker.

Appelbaum studied at the Eindhoven University of Technology and was a core member of the Tor Project, a free software network designed to provide online anonymity, until he stepped down from his position after multiple victims came forward with sexual abuse and rape allegations in 2016.[7][8][9] He was among several people to work with NSA contractor Edward Snowden's top secret documents released in 2013.[10] His journalistic work has been published in Der Spiegel and elsewhere. Appelbaum is also known for representing WikiLeaks.[2] He has displayed his art in a number of institutions across the world and has collaborated with artists such as Laura Poitras, Trevor Paglen, and Ai Weiwei.[11]

Under the pseudonym "ioerror," Appelbaum was an active member of the Cult of the Dead Cow hacker collective from 2008[8] to 2016, when sexual abuse allegations led to him being the only person to ever be ejected from the group.[12] He was the co-founder of the San Francisco hackerspace Noisebridge with Mitch Altman. He worked for Kink.com[13] and Greenpeace[14] and volunteered for the Ruckus Society and the Rainforest Action Network.[2]

Many of these organizations, as well as his employer Tor, ended their association with Appelbaum in June 2016 following allegations of sexual abuse.[12][15][16][17][18][19] After a seven-week investigation led by an outside investigator, Tor concluded that many of the allegations of misconduct were accurate.[20][21] Appelbaum has denied the allegations.[22] Various activists and others publicly supported Appelbaum, voicing concerns about due process, trial by social media, and questioning the claims,[23][24][25] while others credit the incident with changing the information security community's attitude towards sheltering known abusers.[5] The affair has had repercussions in the online privacy advocacy world.[26] U.S. news media treated the allegations as credible,[20][21] and reactions in Germany were mixed.[27][28]

Early life and education

Appelbaum says that he tested out of high school and attended junior college briefly before he "stopped college and continued [his] education."[29] In a wide-ranging interview with Rolling Stone magazine in 2010, Appelbaum revealed that he comes from "a family of lunatics... [a]ctual, raving lunatics." He stated that his mother "is a paranoid schizophrenic" who "insisted that Jake had somehow been molested by his father while he was still in the womb". He was taken away from his mother by his aunt when he was 6. Two years later, he was placed in a children's home in Sonoma County. At age 10, his indigent father was awarded custody of him. According to him, having been introduced to computer programming by a friend's father saved his life: "The Internet is the only reason I'm alive today."[2] Appelbaum says that he developed OCD at a young age. He has also stated that his father, who struggled with heroin addiction,[2] has been murdered by poisoning.[29][30]

Starting in 2015, Appelbaum was a Ph.D. student studying under Tanja Lange and Daniel J. Bernstein at the Eindhoven University of Technology.[3][5] He received his Ph.D. in March 2022.[31]

Career

Journalism

Appelbaum was among several people to gain access to former NSA contractor Edward Snowden's top secret documents released in 2013.[10]

On 23 October 2013, Appelbaum and other writers and editors at Der Spiegel reported that their investigations had led German Chancellor Angela Merkel to confront the U.S. government over evidence that it was monitoring her personal cell phone.[32] US President Barack Obama denied the report.[33] The Der Spiegel team reported on the resulting controversy and detailed a further claim that the Embassy of the United States, Berlin, was being used as a base of operations for electronic surveillance of its German ally.[34] The BBC's Damien McGuinness commented that "The scandal has caused one of the biggest diplomatic rifts between Germany and the U.S."[35] At the scandal's peak, Merkel compared the National Security Agency with the East German Stasi secret police during an angry conversation with Obama.[36]

Appelbaum at a talk at 30C3 in Hamburg (2013).

The Der Spiegel team's reporting about Merkel earned the 2014 Henri Nannen prize[37] for investigative journalism. Appelbaum shared the prize with Der Spiegel writers and editors Marcel Rosenbach, Jörg Schindler [de], and Holger Stark [de]. A few days later he provoked a furor by condemning Nannen, the prize's namesake, for his Nazi collaboration,[38] declaring that he would have his bronze bust of Nannen melted down and recast, and donate his prize money to anti-fascist groups.[39][40]

On 28 December 2013, at the Chaos Communication Congress,[41][42] he presented documents showing that the NSA can turn iPhones into eavesdropping tools and has developed devices to harvest electronic information from a computer even if the computer is not online. An investigative team at Der Spiegel, including Appelbaum, simultaneously published their findings,[43] along with a descriptive list of the surveillance devices making up the NSA ANT catalog.[44]

On 3 July 2014, German broadcaster NDR/ARD carried disclosures by Appelbaum and others about the operation of NSA's top-secret XKeyscore surveillance software, including source code proving that a computer of Appelbaum's had been targeted.[45][46]

On 28 December 2014, Der Spiegel again drew from the Snowden documents to assess the NSA's ability to crack encrypted Internet communications.[47] In a separate article, they described how British and American intelligence used covert surveillance to target, often inaccurately, suspected Taliban fighters and drug smugglers for killing.[48]

Appelbaum has appeared several times on Democracy Now! as a security researcher, privacy activist, and target of government surveillance.[49][50][51] He appeared with Julian Assange on Episode 8 & 9 of World Tomorrow, "Cypherpunks".[52]

He is a contributor to Julian Assange's 2012 book Cypherpunks: Freedom and the Future of the Internet along with Andy Müller-Maguhn and Jérémie Zimmermann.

Appelbaum was a member of the outside volunteer technical advisory board of the Freedom of the Press Foundation until 8 June 2016.[53]

Technology

In 2005, Appelbaum gave two talks at the 22nd Chaos Communication Congress,[54] Personal Experiences: Bringing Technology and New Media to Disaster Areas, and A Discussion About Modern Disk Encryption Systems. At the 2006 23rd Chaos Communication Congress, he gave a talk with Ralf-Philipp Weinmann titled Unlocking FileVault: An Analysis of Apple's Encrypted Disk Storage System.[55][56]

Appelbaum has collaborated on several other high-profile research projects.

  • The cold boot attack, with J. Alex Halderman, Seth Schoen, Nadia Heninger, William Clarkson, William Paul, Joseph A. Calandrino, Ariel J. Feldman, and Edward W. Felten.[57][58] Winner of USENIX Security Best Student Paper award and the Pwnie Award for Most Innovative Research.[59]
  • The MD5 collision attack, with Alexander Sotirov, Marc Stevens, Arjen Lenstra, David Molnar, Dag Arne Osvik, and Benne de Weger.[60] The proof of concept was to use a cluster of 200 Sony PlayStation 3 systems to create two valid SSL certificates containing an MD5 collision.[61] The bogus "MD5 Collisions Inc." certificate authority still appears (blacklisted) in the Mozilla Firefox certificate store.[62]
  • Smart parking meter vulnerabilities, with Joe Grand and Chris Tarnovsky, presented as "'Smart' Parking Meter Implementations, Globalism, and You" at Black Hat 2008.[63][64][65]
  • The Open Observatory of Network Interference (OONI),[66][67] founded in collaboration with Arturo Filastò to collect "data which will show an accurate topology of network surveillance, interference and outright censorship."[68]

Art

One of several Autonomy Cubes on display.

Appelbaum has taken part in a number of art projects with dissident artists including Laura Poitras, Trevor Paglen, Ai Weiwei, and Angela Richter.[11] His art has given rise to projects such as Panda to Panda (P2P)[69] and the Autonomy Cube.[70][71]

Appelbaum is also a photographer who has contributed still photographs to film and game projects.[72] He exhibited his work in a solo show at NOME in 2016.[73]

Appelbaum appeared in Laura Poitras's Academy Award-winning film Citizenfour (2014),[74] which documents the public emergence of NSA whistle-blower Edward Snowden and the political circumstances leading to his actions. Appelbaum stars in Poitras's portrait of WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange, Risk (2016).[75] Appelbaum worked with Canadian film-maker Jamie Kastner for his documentary, "Nobody Wants to Talk About Jacob Appelbaum." The film was screened for buyers in September 2023.[76]

He was an artist in residence for the art group monochrom at Museumsquartier in 2006.[77]

Activism

Appelbaum talks at the protest march, Freedom not fear, in Berlin (2013).

Appelbaum represented Wikileaks founder Julian Assange in a keynote address at the 2010 HOPE conference.[2]

In August 2013, Appelbaum delivered Edward Snowden's acceptance speech after he was awarded the biannual Whistleblower Prize by a group of NGOs at the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities.[78][79]

Surveillance, airport detention, and WikiLeaks investigation

Appelbaum says he believes he has been under government surveillance since 2009, to the detriment of himself, his friends, and his close relations.[80] In interviews he has stated that living in Germany has given him a sense of relief from U.S. surveillance.[81] Appelbaum has described various aggressive surveillance events, and implies they are related to his work with WikiLeaks, to his privacy activism, and to relationships with other privacy activists, notably reporters linked to Edward Snowden.[80] In December 2013, Appelbaum said he suspected the U.S. government of breaking into his Berlin apartment and using his computer.[10]

While traveling, Appelbaum has been detained at airports and had his electronic equipment seized several times.[82][83][84][85]

In 2010, the US Department of Justice obtained a court order compelling Twitter to provide data associated with the user accounts of Appelbaum, as well as several other individuals associated with WikiLeaks. While the order was originally sealed, Twitter successfully petitioned the court to unseal it, permitting the company to inform its users that their account information had been requested.[50][86]

In September 2013, he testified before the European Parliament, mentioning that his partner had been spied on by men in night-vision goggles as she slept.[87]

In 2015, it was revealed that Google had been forced to turn over information from his Gmail account.[88]

In 2019, he told reporters that he had been contacted by Alexandria prosecutors about cooperating with the WikiLeaks grand jury for immunity, but had refused.[89]

Allegations of sexual misconduct

In March 2015, Appelbaum was suspended from his position at the Tor Project for ten days due to alleged incidents of harassment.[90][91][92]

On 25 May 2016, Appelbaum stepped down from his position at Tor;[93][94][95] this was announced on 2 June by the non-profit in a short statement.[96] On 4 June, Shari Steele, the former executive director of the Tor Project, published a much longer statement, noting that although prior allegations of sexual abuse regarding Appelbaum were consistent with "rumors some of us had been hearing for some time," that "the most recent allegations are much more serious and concrete than anything we had heard previously."[8][97]

Also on 4 June, a website appeared with anonymous accounts of mistreatment by Appelbaum.[98] On 6 June, Appelbaum issued a statement denouncing the allegations as part of a concerted strategy to damage his reputation.[22][99][100] Security engineer Leigh Honeywell came forward on 7 June to publicly relate the website's stories with her relationship with Appelbaum, in which she described Appelbaum ignoring a safeword and becoming violent.[101] An anonymously leaked letter that the Tor Project's human resources manager had written to Appelbaum in conjunction with his March 2015 suspension for unprofessional conduct was published on 7 June.[91][92][102] On 15 June, Alison Macrina (the director of the Library Freedom Project) and Isis Lovecruft (a Tor developer) publicly announced that the website's anonymous accounts of sexual abuse, under the pseudonyms of "Sam" and "Forest," respectively, were their own.[16]

In response to the allegations, the Cult of the Dead Cow ejected Appelbaum on 7 June,[103][104] and the Freedom of the Press Foundation removed him from their volunteer technical advisory board on 8 June.[15][105] Noisebridge announced on 10 June that co-founder Appelbaum had triggered their Anti-Harassment policy and is "no longer welcome in our community, either in its physical or online spaces,"[16][17] and on 17 June the Chaos Computer Club announced that he was not welcome.[18] On 18 June his status as a Debian project developer was revoked. On 1 July Linux Australia barred Appelbaum from future events.[106]

On 10 June, a woman whom three witnesses claimed to have seen being abused,[98] denied the abuse allegations.[107] In a statement released by Gizmodo journalist William Turton, she wrote that her experience was distorted and reported without her consent.[108] On 17 June 2016, activists, journalists and legal professionals supporting Appelbaum signed a document defending his right to due process, and deploring the story's treatment by social media.[23][24][25] In June 2016, the façade of the building in which Appelbaum's Berlin apartment is located was defaced in English and German with graffiti directly referencing the allegations.[109]

In July 2016, the Tor Project announced it had completed a seven-week investigation led by a hired investigator. According to Shari Steele, Tor Project "did everything in our power" to treat Mr. Appelbaum fairly, and "we determined that the allegations against him appear to be true."[20][21] According to her summary of the investigation, which was not released, "many people inside and outside the Tor Project have reported incidents of being humiliated, intimidated, bullied, and frightened" by Jacob Appelbaum, and that "several experienced unwanted sexually aggressive behavior from him."[21]

In July 2016, Süddeutsche Zeitung reported that allegations against Appelbaum had been known in Berlin hacker circles for years. A hacker from Berlin told the newspaper that "I can feel a huge sense of relief that the silence has at last been broke."[28][110] On 11 August 2016, the German weekly Die Zeit published a lengthy investigation into the rape charges, including interviews with three people present at the scene of the alleged rape. None of these witnesses corroborated the claims made by the anonymous victim. The article also reports that a second falsely identified victim had demanded that her story be removed from the anonymous website.[27] A change in attitude in the information security community towards calling out known abusers and believing reports of sexual misconduct was partially credited to Appelbaum's precedent.[5]

Personal life

Appelbaum is an atheist of Jewish background and identifies himself as queer.[2] Politically, he is an anarchist.[2][111]

In 2012, he moved to Berlin,[80] he has stated that he doesn't want to go back to the United States because he doesn't feel safe there[112] and in interviews he has provided specific examples of experiences that left him feeling unsafe.[80]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Tor Project: Core People". Tor. https://www.torproject.org/about/corepeople.html. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Rich, Nathaniel (1 December 2010). "The American Wikileaks Hacker". Rolling Stone. https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/meet-the-american-hacker-behind-wikileaks-20101201. "An anarchist street kid raised by a heroin- addict father, he dropped out of high school, taught himself the intricacies of code and developed a healthy paranoia along the way." 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Appelbaum, Jacob (Sep 1, 2015). "Today is my first day as a PhD student with @hyperelliptic and @hashbreaker at @tue_mcs. #pqc". https://twitter.com/ioerror/status/638735997396774912. 
  4. ↑ "Noisebridge user page". Noisebridge. https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/User:Ioerror. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Jeong, Sarah (2017-12-21). "What happened when the infosec community outed its own sexual predators". https://www.theverge.com/2017/12/21/16807116/infosec-community-sexual-predators-weinstein-assault. 
  6. ↑ "Ai Weiwei Teams Up With Wikileaks Activist Jacob Appelbaum For Collaboration". 2015-04-28. https://artlyst.com/news/ai-weiwei-teams-up-with-wikileaks-activist-jacob-appelbaum-for-collaboration/. 
  7. ↑ "Jacob Appelbaum leaves the Tor Project". Tor Project. 2 June 2016. https://blog.torproject.org/jacob-appelbaum-leaves-tor-project/. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Farivar, Cyrus (5 June 2016). "Tor developer Jacob Appelbaum quits after "sexual mistreatment" allegations". Conde Nast. https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/06/tor-developer-jacob-appelbaum-quits-after-sexual-mistreatment-allegations/. 
  9. ↑ Abbelbaum, Jacob (6 June 2016). "Twitlonger - When you talk too much for Twitter". https://twitter.com/ioerror/status/739731362404536320. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "Snowden ally Appelbaum claims his Berlin apartment was invaded". 21 December 2013. http://www.dw.de/snowden-ally-appelbaum-claims-his-berlin-apartment-was-invaded/a-17315069. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Poitras, Laura (9 June 2015). "The Art of Dissent". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/09/opinion/the-art-of-dissent.html. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "CULT OF THE DEAD COW Statement on Jacob Appelbaum / ioerror" (Press release). Cult of the Dead Cow. 6 June 2016. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 2016-06-08.
  13. ↑ Hartwell, Lane (10 June 2007). "So Who Wants to F**k a Robot?". Wired.com. https://www.wired.com/underwire/2007/10/so-who-wants-to/. 
  14. ↑ Appelbaum, Jacob (22 June 2004). "Geeks Love Trees, Too". Greenpeace – Weblog. http://weblog.greenpeace.org/intheforest/archives/001473.html. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Trevor, Timm (8 June 2016). "Statement on Jacob Appelbaum". Freedom of the Press Foundation. https://freedom.press/blog/2016/06/statement-jacob-appelbaum. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Cameron, Dell; Larson, Selena (15 June 2016). "2 more people publicly allege sexual misconduct by Jacob Appelbaum". The Daily Dot. http://www.dailydot.com/politics/jacob-appelbaum-sexual-assault-alison-macrina/. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Noisebridge Statement on Jacob Appelbaum". http://blog.noisebridge.net/post/145728465358/noisebridge-statement-on-jacob-appelbaum. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Turton, William (2016-06-17). "Jacob Appelbaum Banned From Prominent Hacker Conference Following Sexual Assault Allegations". https://gizmodo.com/jacob-appelbaum-banned-from-prominent-hacker-conference-1782164249. 
  19. ↑ "Security expert Appelbaum no longer part of Debian". ITWire. 18 June 2016. http://www.itwire.com/business-it-news/open-source/73415-security-expert-appelbaum-no-longer-part-of-debian.html. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Perlroth, Nicole (27 July 2016). "Tor Project Confirms Sexual Misconduct Claims Against Employee". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/28/technology/tor-project-jacob-appelbaum.html. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 "Investigation confirms Jacob Appelbaum sexual misconduct at Tor Project" (in en-US). 2016-07-28. https://www.dailydot.com/debug/tor-project-jacob-appelbaum-sexual-assault-rape-investigation/. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Yadron, Danny (6 June 2016). "Digital privacy activist Jacob Appelbaum denies colleagues' assault allegations". https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jun/06/jacob-appelbaum-tor-denies-assault-allegations. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Riegel, Tobias (13 June 2016). "Die Presse und der Pranger" (in de). https://www.neues-deutschland.de/artikel/1015075.die-presse-und-der-pranger.html. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Alphonso, Don (13 June 2016). "Aktivistinnen rufen zum Ende der Hetzjagd gegen Appelbaum auf" (in de). Faz.net. https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/medien/offener-brief-zu-vorwuerfen-ueber-jacob-appelbaum-14284019.html. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "In solidarity with Jacob Applebaum and on the side of justice for all". Jun 8, 2017. https://ourresponse.org/. 
  26. ↑ Peterson, Andrea (2016-07-28). "Jacob Appelbaum was an online privacy hero. Then a sex misconduct scandal exploded". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2016/07/27/what-you-should-know-about-the-sexual-misconduct-scandal-that-shook-the-privacy-world/#comments. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Fuchs, Christian; Weisbrod, Lars; Mondial, Sebastian (13 August 2016). "Jacob Appelbaum: What Has This Man Done?" (in en). Die Zeit (zeit.de). Number 34. http://www.zeit.de/kultur/2016-08/jacob-appelbaum-rape-sexual-abuse-allegations/komplettansicht. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Boie, Johannes (6 June 2016). "Jacob Appelbaum weist Missbrauchsvorwürfe zurück" (in de). https://www.sueddeutsche.de/digital/jacob-appelbaum-missbrauchsvorwuerfe-erschuettern-berliner-hacker-szene-1.3022341. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "The following is a personal interview by Esther Sassaman". http://crypto.nsa.org/f-21/blogger-in-the-lions-den.html. 
  30. ↑ Appelbaum, Jacob (29 December 2007) (in en), Personal experiences bringing technology and new media to disaster areas, https://media.ccc.de/v/22C3-478-en-desaster_areas, retrieved 2021-04-26 
  31. ↑ "Jacob R. Appelbaum" (in en). https://research.tue.nl/en/persons/jacob-r-appelbaum/publications/. 
  32. ↑ Appelbaum, Jacob; Stark, Holger; Rosenbach, Marcel; Schindler, Jörg (23 October 2013). "Berlin Complains: Did US Tap Chancellor Merkel's Mobile Phone?". http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/merkel-calls-obama-over-suspicions-us-tapped-her-mobile-phone-a-929642.html. 
  33. ↑ Jackson, David (23 October 2013). "Obama says NSA not spying on Merkel's cellphone". https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/10/23/obama-merkel-national-security-agency/3171477/. 
  34. ↑ Appelbaum, Jacob; Blome, Nikolaus; Gude, Hubert; Neukirch, Ralf; Pfister, René; Poitras, Laura; Rosenbach, Marcel; Schindler, Jörg et al. (27 October 2013). "Embassy Espionage: The NSA's Secret Spy Hub in Berlin". http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/cover-story-how-nsa-spied-on-merkel-cell-phone-from-berlin-embassy-a-930205.html. 
  35. ↑ "US bugged Merkel's phone from 2002 until 2013, report claims". 27 October 2013. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-24690055. 
  36. ↑ "Merkel compared NSA to Stasi in heated encounter with Obama". 20 December 2013. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/17/merkel-compares-nsa-stasi-obama. 
  37. ↑ "Henri-Nannen-Preis 2014: SPIEGEL-Redakteurin gewinnt mit Gurlitt-Reportage" (in de). 16 May 2014. http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/henri-nannen-preis-spiegel-redakteure-ausgezeichnet-a-969932.html. 
  38. ↑ Schreiber, Hermann (4 June 2014). "Henri Nannen im Nationalsozialismus: Verseuchte Vergangenheit" (in de). http://www.stern.de/panorama/gesellschaft/henri-nannen-im-nationalsozialismus-verseuchte-vergangenheit-3166768.html. 
  39. ↑ "Preisträger Appelbaum will Henri-Nannen-Skulptur einschmelzen" (in de). 24 May 2014. http://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/kritik-an-nazi-vergangenheit-preistraeger-appelbaum-will-henri-nannen-preis-einschmelzen-1.197417. 
  40. ↑ Appelbaum, Jacob (23 May 2014). "The social pressure of conformity". http://www.nachtkritik.de/index.php?view=article&id=9572. 
  41. ↑ Democracy Now!: Jacob Appelbaum: Futuristic-Sounding "Radar Wave Devices" Can Help NSA Monitor Your Computer Usage | Democracy Now!
  42. ↑ CBS News: NSA can spy on offline computers wirelessly, says security expert - CBS News
  43. ↑ Appelbaum, Jacob; Horchert, Judith; Reissmann, Ole; Rosenbach, Marcel; Schindler, Jörg; Stöcker, Christian (30 December 2013). "NSA Secret Toolbox: ANT Unit Offers Spy Gadgets for Every Need". http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/nsa-secret-toolbox-ant-unit-offers-spy-gadgets-for-every-need-a-941006.html. 
  44. ↑ "Interactive Graphic: The NSA's Spy Catalog". 30 December 2013. http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/a-941262.html. 
  45. ↑ Appelbaum, J.; Gibson, A.; Goetz, J.; Kabisch, V.; Kampf, L.; Ryge, L. (3 July 2014). "NSA targets the privacy-conscious". http://daserste.ndr.de/panorama/aktuell/NSA-targets-the-privacy-conscious,nsa230.html. 
  46. ↑ "xkeyscorerules100". Panorama (ARD (broadcaster)). 3 July 2014. http://daserste.ndr.de/panorama/xkeyscorerules100.txt. 
  47. ↑ Appelbaum, Jacob; Gibson, Aaron; Grothoff, Christian; Müller-Maguhn, Andy; Poitras, Laura; Sontheimer, Michael; Stöcker, Christian (28 December 2014). "Prying Eyes: Inside the NSA's War on Internet Security". http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/inside-the-nsa-s-war-on-internet-security-a-1010361.html. 
  48. ↑ Appelbaum, Jacob; Gebauer, Matthias; Koelbl, Susanne; Poitras, Laura; Repinski, Gordon; Rosenbach, Marcel; Stark, Holger (28 December 2014). "Obama's Lists: A Dubious History of Targeted Killings in Afghanistan". http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/secret-docs-reveal-dubious-details-of-targeted-killings-in-afghanistan-a-1010358.html. 
  49. ↑ ""We Don't Live in a Free Country": Jacob Appelbaum on Being Target of Widespread Gov't Surveillance". 20 April 2012. http://www.democracynow.org/2012/4/20/we_do_not_live_in_a. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 "Court: Gov't Can Secretly Obtain Email, Twitter Info from Ex-WikiLeaks Volunteer Jacob Appelbaum". 5 February 2013. http://www.democracynow.org/2013/2/5/court_govt_can_secretly_obtain_email. 
  51. ↑ "Part 2: Daniel Ellsberg and Jacob Appelbaum on the NDAA, WikiLeaks and Unconstitutional Surveillance". 6 February 2013. http://www.democracynow.org/blog/2013/2/6/part_2_daniel_ellsberg_and_jacob_appelbaum_on_the_ndaa_wikileaks_and_unconstitutional_surveillance. 
  52. ↑ Sewell, Anne (5 June 2012). "Assange 'The World Tomorrow' — Ep 8: Cypherpunks Part 1". Digitaljournal.com. http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/326070. 
  53. ↑ Trevor, Timm (8 June 2016). "Statement on Jacob Appelbaum". Freedom of the Press Foundation. https://freedom.press/blog/2016/06/statement-jacob-appelbaum. 
  54. ↑ "22nd Chaos Communication Congress: Jacob Appelbaum". 15 January 2007. https://events.ccc.de/congress/2005/fahrplan/speakers/165.en.html. Untrusted connection. 
  55. ↑ "Unlocking FileVault: An analysis of Apple's encrypted disk storage system". 30 January 2007. https://events.ccc.de/congress/2006/Fahrplan/events/1642.en.html. 
  56. ↑ Jade, Charles (December 2006). "FileVault or VileFault?". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/apple/news/2006/12/6436.ars. 
  57. ↑ Markoff, John (22 February 2008). "Researchers Find Way to Steal Encrypted Data". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/22/technology/22chip.html?_r=3&hp&oref=slogin&oref=slogin&oref=slogin. 
  58. ↑ "Lest We Remember: Cold Boot Attacks on Encryption Keys". San Jose, CA: Princeton University. 21 February 2008. http://citp.princeton.edu/memory/. 
  59. ↑ "Winners of Pwnie Awards 2008". pwnies.com. http://pwnies.com/archive/2008/winners/. 
  60. ↑ Sotirov, Alexander; Stevens, Marc; Appelbaum, Jacob; Lenstra, Arjen; Molnar, David; Osvik, Dag Arne; de Weger, Benne (30 December 2008). "MD5 considered harmful today". http://www.win.tue.nl/hashclash/rogue-ca/. Retrieved 10 August 2016. 
  61. ↑ Schmidt, Jürgen (7 January 2009). "Hashes revisited: The consequences of the successful MD5 attacks". h-online.com. http://www.h-online.com/security/features/Consequences-of-the-successful-MD5-attacks-746221.html. 
  62. ↑ Krebs, Brian (30 December 2008). "Researchers Hack Internet Security Infrastructure". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/12/30/ST2008123001136.html. 
  63. ↑ McCullagh, Declan (30 July 2009). "Hackers: We can bypass San Francisco e-parking meters". CNET News. http://news.cnet.com/8301-1009_3-10300233-83.html. 
  64. ↑ Zetter, Kim (30 July 2009). "Smart Parking Meters Hacked — Free Parking For All!". https://www.wired.com/2009/07/parking-meters/. 
  65. ↑ ""Smart" Parking Meter Implementations, Globalism, and You". blackhat.com. https://www.blackhat.com/html/bh-usa-09/bh-usa-09-archives.html#Grand. 
  66. ↑ "OONI: Open Observatory of Network Interference". torproject.org. https://ooni.torproject.org/. 
  67. ↑ Greenberg, Andy (30 April 2012). "The Tor Project's New Tool Aims To Map Out Internet Censorship". forbes.com. https://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2012/04/30/the-tor-projects-new-tool-aims-to-map-out-internet-censorship/#6edf75dd4396. Retrieved 9 August 2016. 
  68. ↑ "OONI: Open Observatory of Network Interference". 6 August 2012. https://www.usenix.org/conference/foci12/workshop-program/presentation/filast%C3%B2. 
  69. ↑ Hill, Kashmir (27 April 2015). "Three days in Beijing with three of the world's most famous dissidents". http://fusion.net/story/125475/ai-weiwei-jacob-appelbaum-and-laura-poitras/. 
  70. ↑ Greenberg, Andy (1 April 2016). "The Artist Using Museums to Amplify Tor's Anonymity Network". https://www.wired.com/2016/04/sculpture-lets-museums-amplify-tors-anonymity-network/. 
  71. ↑ "Autonomy Cube (2014)". http://paglen.com/index.php?l=work&s=cube. 
  72. ↑ "Jacob Appelbaum". https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3335834/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1. 
  73. ↑ "NOME presents Jacob Appelbaum's first solo show". http://www.nomeproject.com/news/nome-presents-jacob-appelbaums-first-solo-show. 
  74. ↑ "Citizenfour (2014) Full Cast & Crew". https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4044364/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm. 
  75. ↑ "Risk (2016)". https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4964772/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1. 
  76. ↑ Benzine, Adam (2023-09-07). "Doc ‘Nobody Wants to Talk About Jacob Appelbaum’ Gets Buyers Screening at Toronto (EXCLUSIVE)" (in en-US). https://variety.com/2023/film/news/doc-nobody-wants-to-talk-about-jacob-appelbaum-1235715781/. 
  77. ↑ "Monochrom". http://monochrom.at/. 
  78. ↑ Detlef Borchers (23 July 2013). "Whistleblower-Preis für Edward Snowden". http://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Whistleblower-Preis-fuer-Edward-Snowden-1922132.html. 
  79. ↑ Edward Snowden: Die Wahrheit auszusprechen, hat Whistleblower ihre Freiheit gekostet - the acceptance speech in English and German , Die Zeit, 3 September 2013
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 80.2 80.3 Schneider, Ruth (Sep 22, 2014). "Jacob Appelbaum: Revolutionary times". https://www.exberliner.com/berlin/jacob-appelbaum-on-the-usa-and-nsa/. 
  81. ↑ "John Lubbock, "Jacob Appelbaum's Utopia", Vice News, 6 October 2013". http://motherboard.vice.com/blog/jacob-appelbaum-utopia-interview. 
  82. ↑ Democracy Now!: "We Don't Live in a Free Country": Jacob Appelbaum on Being Target of Widespread Gov't Surveillance |Democracy Now!
  83. ↑ Mills, Elinor (31 July 2010). "Researcher detained at U.S. border, questioned about Wikileaks". CNET News. http://news.cnet.com/8301-27080_3-20012253-245.html. 
  84. ↑ Jardin, Xeni (12 January 2011). "Wikileaks volunteer detained and searched (again) by US agents". Boing Boing. http://www.boingboing.net/2011/01/12/wikileaks-volunteer-1.html. 
  85. ↑ Fontain, Paul (27 October 2011). "Jacob Appelbaum Detained At Keflavík Airport". Grapevine. http://grapevine.is/News/ReadArticle/Jacob-Appelbaum-Detained-At-Keflavik-Airport. 
  86. ↑ McCullagh, Declan (7 January 2011). "DOJ sends order to Twitter for Wikileaks-related account info". CNET News. http://news.cnet.com/8301-31921_3-20027893-281.html. 
  87. ↑ NSA Hearing European Parliament. YouTube. 5 September 2013. Event occurs at 2:23:01. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  88. ↑ Gallagher, Ryan (June 20, 2015). "Revealed: How DOJ Gagged Google over Surveillance of WikiLeaks Volunteer" (in en). https://theintercept.com/2015/06/20/wikileaks-jacob-appelbaum-google-investigation/. 
  89. ↑ "U.S. prosecutors press witnesses to testify against Assange-WikiLeaks" (in en-US). 23 January 2019. https://news.yahoo.com/u-prosecutors-press-witnesses-testify-against-assange-wikileaks-220435691.html. 
  90. ↑ Greenberg, Andy (6 June 2016). "Tor Developer Jacob Appelbaum Resigns Amid Sex Abuse Claims". Wired (Condé Nast). https://www.wired.com/2016/06/tor-developer-jacob-appelbaum-resigns-amid-sex-abuse-claims/. Retrieved 19 June 2016. 
  91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 Bernstein, Joseph (10 June 2016). "Sources: Tor Project Board Knew Of Allegations Against Jacob Appelbaum For Over A Year". BuzzFeed Inc.. https://www.buzzfeed.com/josephbernstein/sources-tor-project-board-knew-about-allegations-against-jac. 
  92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 Gierow, Hauke (8 June 2016). "Appelbaum wurde bereits 2015 von Tor suspendiert" (in de). http://www.golem.de/news/missbrauchsvorwuerfe-appelbaum-wurde-bereits-2015-von-tor-suspendiert-1606-121375.html. 
  93. ↑ "Jacob Appelbaum leaves the Tor Project". The Tor Project, Inc. 2 June 2016. https://blog.torproject.org/blog/jacob-appelbaum-leaves-tor-project. 
  94. ↑ Smith, Jack IV (4 June 2016). "Jacob Appelbaum, Digital Rights Activist, Leaves Tor Amid Sexual Misconduct Allegations". Tech.Mic. https://mic.com/articles/145279/jacob-appelbaum-digital-rights-activist-leaves-tor-amid-sexual-misconduct-allegations. 
  95. ↑ Steele, Shari (4 June 2016). "Statement". The Tor Project, Inc. https://blog.torproject.org/blog/statement. 
  96. ↑ Cimpanu, Catalin (5 June 2016). "Jacob Appelbaum Leaves Tor Project amid Multiple "Sexual Misconduct" Accusations: Tor Project leadership distances itself from Appelbaum as the "sexual misconduct" accusations gain more ground". Softpedia. http://news.softpedia.com/news/jacob-appelbaum-leaves-tor-project-over-multiple-sexual-misconduct-accusations-504873.shtml. 
  97. ↑ Beuth, Patrick (5 June 2016). "Abuse allegations against Jacob Appelbaum". http://www.zeit.de/digital/internet/2016-06/tor-projekt-trennt-sich-von-jacob-appelbaum. 
  98. ↑ 98.0 98.1 Turton, William (7 June 2016). "Eyewitnesses Recount Tor Developer Jacob Appelbaum's Unwanted Sexual Advances". https://gizmodo.com/eyewitnesses-recount-tor-developer-jacob-appelbaum-s-un-1781048751. 
  99. ↑ Turton, William (6 June 2016). "Tor Developer Jacob Appelbaum Resigns, Denies Sexual Assault Claims". https://gizmodo.com/tor-developer-jacob-appelbaum-denies-sexual-assualt-acc-1780440997. 
  100. ↑ Farivar, Cyrus (6 June 2016). "Breaking silence, ex-Tor developer decries "vicious and spurious allegations"". Condé Nast. https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/06/ex-tor-dev-jacob-appelbaum-denies-criminal-sexual-misconduct-allegations/. 
  101. ↑ Larson, Selena (7 June 2016). "Security engineer goes public about Appelbaum: 'I felt afraid and violated'". http://www.dailydot.com/politics/jacob-appelbaum-harassment-woman-comes-forward/. 
  102. ↑ "Jacob Appelbaum Suspension". 7 June 2016. http://www.fearlessblogging.com/post/view/33546. 
  103. ↑ Grauer, Yael (10 June 2016). "Security News You Might Have Missed: Twitter Hacks And Snowden Concerns". https://www.forbes.com/sites/ygrauer/2016/06/10/security-news-you-might-have-missed-twitter-hacks-and-snowden-concerns/#bd981d374c69. 
  104. ↑ Holland, Martin (8 June 2016). "Nach Missbrauchsvorwürfen: Cult of the Dead Cow trennt sich von Jacob Appelbaum" (in de). http://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Nach-Missbrauchsvorwuerfen-Cult-of-the-Dead-Cow-trennt-sich-von-Jacob-Appelbaum-3231479.html. 
  105. ↑ Turton, William (8 June 2016). "Jacob Appelbaum Has Allegedly Engaged in Sexual Misconduct for Over a Decade". https://gizmodo.com/jacob-appelbaum-has-allegedly-engaged-in-sexual-miscond-1781314215. 
  106. ↑ Blemings, Hugh (1 July 2017). "[Linux-aus Clarifying our position"]. linux.org.au. http://lists.linux.org.au/pipermail/linux-aus/2016-July/022778.html. 
  107. ↑ Cameron, Dell; O'Neill, Patrick Howell (10 June 2016). "Woman refutes claims that Jacob Appelbaum sexually harassed her". http://www.dailydot.com/layer8/jacob-appelbaum-jill-bahring-statement/. 
  108. ↑ Turton, William (9 June 2016). "Jill Bahring: I Was Not Assaulted by Jacob Appelbaum". https://gizmodo.com/jill-bahring-i-was-not-assaulted-by-jacob-appelbaum-1781684838. 
  109. ↑ Winterbauer, Stefan (13 June 2016). "Jacob Appelbaum und Gina-Lisa Lohfink: Sex als Ware und Waffe im Netz und in den Medien" (in de). http://meedia.de/2016/06/13/jacob-appelbaum-und-gina-lisa-lohfink-sex-als-ware-und-waffe-im-netz-und-in-den-medien/. 
  110. ↑ "Famed Berlin hacker linked to Wikileaks fends off rape claim". June 6, 2016. https://www.thelocal.de/20160606/berlin-hacker-linked-to-wikileaks-fends-off-rape-allegations. 
  111. ↑ "Jacob Appelbaum (Part 1/2) Digital Anti-Repression Workshop - April 26, 2012". https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=HHoJ9pQ0cn8#at=3323. "Like, for me, as an atheist, bisexual, Jew, I'm gonna go on, uh - oh and Emma Goldman is one of my great heroes and I really think that anarchism is a fantastic principle by which to fashion a utopian society even if we can't get there." 
  112. ↑ "Video: Roger Dingledine and Jacob Appelbaum: Q&A". https://gnunet.org/tor2013tum-video. 

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