Biography:Karl Christian Friedrich Krause

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Karl Christian Friedrich Krause
Karl Christian Friedrich Krause - Litographie von Dragendorff.png
Karl Christian Friedrich Krause, lithograph by Heinrich Dragendorff, published in Die reine d.i. allgemeine Lebenlehre und Philosophie der Geschichte (Göttingen, 1843)
Born6 May 1781 (1781-05-06)
Eisenberg, Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
Died27 September 1832 (1832-09-28) (aged 51)
Munich
Alma materUniversity of Jena
Era19th-century philosophy
RegionWestern philosophy
SchoolGerman idealism
Identitätsphilosophie
Krausism
Panentheism
Main interests
Mysticism
Notable ideas
Panentheism

Karl Christian Friedrich Krause (German: [ˈkʁaʊzə]; 6 May 1781 – 27 September 1832) - Germany philosopher, whose doctrines became known as Krausism. Krausism, when considered in its totality as a complete, stand-alone philosophical system, had only a small following in Germany, France, and Belgium, in contradistinction to certain other philosophical systems (such as Hegelianism) that had a much larger following in Europe at that time. However, Krausism became very popular and influential in Restoration Spain - not as a complete, comprehensive philosophical system per se, but as a broad cultural movement. In Spain, Krausism was known as "Krausismo", and Krausists were known as "Krausistas". Outside of Spain, the Spanish Krausist cultural movement was referred to as Spanish Krausism.

Education and Life

Krause was born in Eisenberg, Thuringia, in the duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, Germany. His parents were Johann Friedrich Gotthard Krause (January 1, 1747 - February 17, 1825) and Christiana Friederica Böhme (1755 - December 21, 1784). Karl's father Johann was a teacher at the lyceum in Eisenberg, and in 1795 became a Lutheran pastor and hymn collector in Nobitz.

Studies at the University of Jena, 1797-1802

Educated at first in Eisenberg, in 1797 Karl enrolled in the nearby University of Jena, where he studied philosophy under F. W. J. von Schelling,[1] J. G. Fichte,[2] C. G. Schütz,[3] H. K. A. Eichstädt,[4]and A. W. von Schlegel.[5] He also attended lectures by theologians Johann Jakob Griesbach (1745-1812), Heinrich Eberhard Gottlob Paulus (1761-1851), Karl David Ilgen (1763-1834), and Johann Adolf Jacobi (1769-1847), and lectures by professors in various departments of science and mathematics, including A. J. G. C. Batsch, F. F. Bretschneider, J. F. A. Göttling, J. C. F. Graumüller, J. G. Lenz, J. F. C. von Loder, K. D. M. Stahl, L. J. D. Suckow, and J. H. Voigt. Krause received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Jena on October 6, 1801, and became a Privatdozent in 1802.

Marriage and Children

With characteristic imprudence, on July 19, 1802, Krause married Sophie Amalie Concordia Fuchs (born 1780), without dowry. Amalie was a daughter of Augustin Christian Fuchs (1748-1812) and Christiane Friederike Herrmann. Karl and Amalie had 14 children in all, 12 of whom survived their parents. The children included: Sophie (Sophia) Christiane Friederike Krause[6] (d. December 1873), Karl Erasmus Friedrich Krause (September 20, 1805 - November 29, 1861), Maria Sidonia (Sidonie) Krause[7] (August 14, 1810 - 1875), Wilhelm, Julius, Otto, Emma, Friedrich, Ludwig, Hugo, Ernst, and Maria.

In 1804, lack of pupils compelled Krause to move to Rudolstadt, and later to Dresden, where he gave lessons in music. In 1805 his ideal of a universal world-society led him to join the Freemasons, whose principles seemed to tend in the direction he desired. In Dresden he published two books on Freemasonry, Höhere Vergeistigung der echt überlieferten Grundsymbole der Freimaurerei: in zwölf Logenvorträgen (1811) and Die drei ältesten Kunsterkunden der Freimaurerbrüderschaft (1819), but his opinions attracted opposition from the Masons.

Krause lived for a time in Berlin and became a privatdozent there, but was unable to obtain a professorship. He therefore proceeded to Dresden (where he taught Arthur Schopenhauer), and afterwards to Munich, where he died of apoplexy at the very moment when the influence of Franz von Baader had at last obtained a position for him.

Krause is buried in the Alter Südfriedhof (Old South Cemetery) (aka the Alter Südlicher Friedhof) in Munich, Germany.

Identitätsphilosophie, Panentheism, and other aspects of Krausism

Krause's philosophy, as a whole, is an example of what historians of philosophy refer to as Identitätsphilosophie (Philosophy of Identity).[8] An Identitätsphilosophie is a philosophical system that posits the fundamental identity of spirit and nature. In Krause's philosophical system, the parts of the system which, technically, constitute its "panentheism", are only parts of a much broader whole. Therefore, although Krause's philosophy is accurately described as being "panentheistic", Krausism as a whole is better categorized as an Identitätsphilosophie which features panentheism as one of its primary fundamental components.

Krause endeavoured to reconcile the ideas of a God known by faith or conscience and the world as known to sense. According to Krause, God - intuitively known by conscience - is not a personality (which implies limitations), but an all-inclusive essence (Wesen), which contains the universe within itself. Krause used the term panentheism (panentheismus in German) in an attempt to accurately describe and encapsulate - in a single technical term - diverse aspects of his philosophical system which were cosmo-theological (simultaneously cosmological and theological) in nature. When considered from a theological perspective, panentheism can be viewed, broadly, as a synthesis of various elements derived from both monotheism and pantheism.

Origin of the term "panentheism"

Historians of philosophy usually give Krause sole and complete credit for "coining" (originating) the term "panentheism", in 1828. However, according to evidence provided by Philip Clayton,[9] the German idealist philosopher Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling (1775-1854) had already used this term (albeit in a slightly different form - in the form of the phrase "pan + en + theism"), and also had discussed numerous concepts and issues related to it, in his Philosophische Untersuchungen über das Wesen der menschlichen Freiheit und die damit zusammenhängenden Gegenstände (1809) (Philosophical Inquiries into the Essence of Human Freedom and the Objects connected with it).[10] Additionally, Krause and Schelling scholars now recognize that Krause's philosophy, as a whole, reflects, and partially incorporates, many of the themes, concepts and insights present in Schelling's Naturphilosophie (Philosophy of Nature), which itself is a form of panentheism. It now appears that Schelling's work may have provided much more of the framework of Krausean panentheism than historians of philosophy in the past had realized. Based on Clayton's evidence, it is quite possible that Krause, who was well-acquainted with Schelling and his works, adopted at least some of the initial basic concepts of his own panentheistic system from various works of Schelling (especially from Schelling's Philosophical Inquiries into the Essence of Human Freedom), and then gradually developed these basic concepts into his own very elaborate version of panentheism. Looking forward, it might be more accurate for historians of philosophy to now say, that Schelling, in 1809, provided not only the terminological framework of Krausean panentheism, but also some of the basic concepts (at least), of what was to become Krausean panentheism, and that Krause not only adopted and greatly expanded upon these concepts and insights of Schelling's, but that he also adopted Schelling's phrase "pan + en + theism", and that in 1828 he merely reduced Schelling's phrase into a more concise and compact form (as the single term "panentheism"), in an attempt to succinctly and adequately describe - in a single term - the cosmo-theological aspects of his own philosophical system.

In his published works, Krause first used the term "panentheism" (in its German-language form "panentheismus") in Vorlesungen über das System der Philosophie (Göttingen: 1828).[11] The term "panentheismus" next appears in his Vorlesungen über die Grundwahrheiten der Wissenschaft, zugleich in ihrer Beziehung zu dem Leben. Nebst einer kurzen Darstellung und Würdigung der bisherigen Systeme der Philosophie, vornehmlich der neusten von Kant, Fichte, Schelling und Hegel, und der Lehre Jacobi's. (Göttingen: 1829).[12]

Krause argued that the world itself and mankind, its highest component, constitute an organism (Gliedbau), and the universe is therefore a divine organism (Wesengliedbau). The process of development is the formation of higher unities, and the last stage is the identification of the world with God. The form which this development takes, according to Krause, is Right or the Perfect Law.

Right is not the sum of the conditions of external liberty but of absolute liberty, and embraces all the existence of nature, reason and humanity. It is the mode, or rationale, of all progress from the lower to the highest unity or identification. By its operation the reality of nature and reason rises into the reality of humanity. God is the reality which transcends and includes both nature and humanity. Right is, therefore, at once the dynamic and the safeguard of progress.

Ideal society results from the widening of the organic operation of this principle from the individual man to small groups of men, and finally to mankind as a whole. The differences disappear as the inherent identity of structure predominates in an ever-increasing degree, and in the final unity Man is merged in God. Krause's theory of the world and of humanity is therefore universal and idealistic.

Influence and works

The comparatively small area of Krause's influence was due partly to him being overshadowed by Schelling and Hegel, and partly to two difficulties present in his written works. The spirit of his thought is mystical and by no means easy to follow, and this problem is accentuated, even for German readers, by his use of artificial and/or invented terminology. He makes use of Germanized foreign terms which are unintelligible to the ordinary man.

His principal works are (beside those quoted above): Entwurf des Systems der Philosophie (1804), System der Sittenlehre (1810), and Das Urbild der Menschheit (1811). He left behind at his death a mass of unpublished notes, some of which have been collected and published by his disciples K. D. A. Röder,[13] J. H. Ahrens,[14] F. W. T. Schliephake,[15] H. K. von Leonhardi[16] (Krause's son-in-law), Guillaume Tiberghien,[17] and others.

Krausism became particularly influential in Spain in the 19th century, where Krause's ideas were introduced and promoted by Julián Sanz del Río[18] (1814-1869), an academic based in Madrid. Krause's philosophy flourished in Spain (where it was known as "Krausismo") because it contains elements which were very appealing - at the time - to a diverse class of people. Krausism in Spain was popular and successful, more as a broad cultural movement rather than as a specialised form of cosmo-theology. As a cultural movement, it emphasised scientific rationalism, combined with Christian spirituality, a liberal commitment to individual freedom, and opposition to privilege and arbitrary power.[19] Spanish intellectuals influenced by Krause include Francisco Giner de los Ríos (1839-1915) and Gumersindo de Azcárate (1840-1917). In addition, Krause's influence extended to Latin America, where his work made an impact on Hipólito Yrigoyen (1852-1933), José Batlle y Ordóñez (1856-1929) and Juan José Arévalo (1904-1990).[20] Richard Gott has argued that Krause influenced José Martí (1853-1895), Fidel Castro (1926-2016) (through Martí and other Cuban thinkers), and Che Guevara (1928-1967) (through the influence of Yrigoyen).[21]

Bibliography

  • Krause, Karl Christian Friedrich: Ausgewählte Schriften. Edited by Enrique M. Ureña and Erich Fuchs. Stuttgart: Frommann-Holzboog, ISBN:978-3-7728-2340-4.
    • Vol. 1: Entwurf des Systemes der Philosophie. Erste Abtheilung enthaltend die allgemeine Philosophie, nebst einer Anleitung zur Naturphilosophie. Ed. by Thomas Bach and Olaf Breidbach. 2007, ISBN:978-3-7728-2341-1.
    • Vol. 2: Philosophisch-freimaurerische Schriften (1808-1832). Ed. and introduced by Johannes Seidel, Enrique M. Ureña and Erich Fuchs. 2008, ISBN:978-3-7728-2342-8.
    • Vol. 3: Vermischte Schriften. 2014, ISBN:978-3-7728-2343-5.
    • Vol. 5: Das Urbild der Menschheit. Ein Versuch. Dresden 1811. 2017, ISBN:978-3-7728-2345-9.

Notes

  1. ↑ Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling (1775-1854)
  2. ↑ Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762-1814)
  3. ↑ Christian Gottfried Schütz (May 19, 1747 - May 7, 1832)
  4. ↑ Heinrich Karl Abraham Eichstädt (August 8, 1772 - March 4, 1848)
  5. ↑ August Wilhelm von Schlegel (September 8, 1767 - May 12, 1845)
  6. ↑ On April 4, 1825 Sophie (Sophia) Christiane Friederike Krause married Johann Heinrich Plath (August 25, 1802 - November 16, 1874), who became a famous German Sinologist.
  7. ↑ On October 19, 1841 Maria Sidonia (Sidonie) Krause married Hermann Karl von Leonhardi, who became a well-known philosopher.
  8. ↑ Some of Schelling's early philosophical works are often cited as being groundbreaking works in the field of Identitätsphilosophie. These works include Erster Entwurf eines Systems der Naturphilosophie (1799) (First Plan of a System of the Philosophy of Nature), System der transcendentalen Idealismus (1800) (System of Transcendental Idealism), and System der gesammten Philosophie und der Naturphilosophie insbesondere (1804) (System of the Whole of Philosophy and of the Philosophy of Nature in Particular).
  9. ↑ Philip Clayton, "Panentheisms East and West", Sophia 49 (2) (June 2010), p. 183.
  10. ↑ This work is also referred to, more briefly, as Freiheitsschrift (Freedom Text, Freedom Essay, Essay on Freedom, or Of Human Freedom).
  11. ↑ Lectures on the System of Philosophy - In this work, the term "panentheismus" appears on page 256.
  12. ↑ Lectures on the Basic Truths of Science and their Relationship to Life. In Addition to a Brief Presentation and Appreciation of the Previous Systems of Philosophy, especially the Most Recent Ones from Kant, Fichte, Schelling and Hegel, and Jacobi's Teaching. - In this work, the term "panentheismus" appears on page 484, and it also appears as a term listed in the book's Index (on page 573, referring to its appearance on page 484).
  13. ↑ Karl David August Röder (June 23, 1806 - December 20, 1879)
  14. ↑ Julius Heinrich Ahrens (July 14, 1808 - August 2, 1874)
  15. ↑ Friedrich Wilhelm Theodor Schliephake (April 28, 1808 - September 8, 1871)
  16. ↑ Hermann Karl von Leonhardi (March 12, 1809 - August 21, 1875). His original full name was Peter Karl Pius Gustav Hermann von Leonhardi. On October 19, 1841 he married Marie Sidonie Krause (aka Maria Sidonia Krause) (August 14, 1810 - 1875), who was a daughter of K. C. F. Krause (1781-1832).
  17. ↑ Guillaume Tiberghien (August 9, 1819 - November 28, 1901)
  18. ↑ Julián Sanz del Río (March 10, 1814 - October 12, 1869)
  19. ↑ Heywood, Paul (2003). Marxism and the Failure of Organised Socialism in Spain, 1879-1936. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–23. ISBN 9780521530569. https://books.google.com/books?id=VsfQfYk8iVgC&q=krause. Retrieved 8 May 2014. 
  20. ↑ Delaney, Jeane Hunter (February 2001). "Karl Christian Friedrich Krause and His Influence in the Hispanic World (review)". Hispanic American Historical Review (Duke University Press) 81 (1): 176–178. doi:10.1215/00182168-81-1-176. http://hahr.dukejournals.org.abc.cardiff.ac.uk/content/81/1/176.short. Retrieved 7 May 2014. 
  21. ↑ Gott, Richard (2002). Karl Krause and the Ideological Origins of the Cuban Revolution. University of London Institute of Latin American Studies Occasional Papers. London: Institute of Latin American Studies. http://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/249/1/Gott.1.pdf. Retrieved 8 May 2014. 

References

  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "Krause, Karl Christian Friedrich". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.  This article in turn cites:
    • Heinrich Simon Lindemann (July 12, 1807 - January 27, 1855) - Uebersichtliche Darstellung des Lebens und der Wissenschaftlehre Carl Chr. Fdr. Krause's, und dessen Standpunktes zur Freimaurerbrüderschaft (München: Ernst August Fleischmann, 1839)
    • Paul Theodor Hohlfeld (March 24, 1840 - July 21, 1910) - Krause'sche Philosophie in ihrem geschichtlichen Zusammenhange und in ihrer Bedeutung für das Geistesleben der Gegenwart (Jena: Hermann Wilhelm Costenoble, 1879)
    • Johann Friedrich August Procksch (April 10, 1841 - August 4, 1924) - Karl Christian Friedrich Krause: ein Lebensbild nach seinen Briefen dargestellt; mit Krauses Photographie nach Hänels Büste (Leipzig: Friedrich Wilhelm Grunow, 1880) [1]
    • Rudolf Christoph Eucken (January 5, 1846 - September 15, 1926) - Zur Erinnerung an K. Ch. F. Krause: Festrede Gehalten zu Eisenberg am 100. Geburtstage des Philosophen von Rud. Eucken (Leipzig: Veit & Comp., 1881)
    • Br. (Bruder) Martin (pseudonym of Theodor Busch) - Karl Christian Friedrich Krause's Leben, Lehre und Bedeutung (Leipzig: Joseph Gabriel Findel, 1881)
    • Histories of Philosophy by Eduard Zeller, Wilhelm Windelband and Harald Høffding.

Further reading

  • Benedikt Paul Göcke: The Panentheism of Karl Christian Friedrich Krause (1781-1832). From Transcendental Philosophy to Metaphysics.Peter Lang, New York. ISBN:978-3-631-74689-9
  • Orden Jiménez, Rafael Valeriano (born 1965): (1998) El Sistema de la Filosofía de Krause. Génesis y desarrollo del panenteísmo. UPCo, Madrid (Spain). ISBN:84-89708-30-4.
  • Göcke, Benedikt Paul (born 1981): "Alles in Gott? Zur Aktualität des Panentheismus Karl Christian Friedrich Krauses." Regensburg: Pustet Verlag, ISBN:978-3791724300
  • Göcke, Benedikt Paul: "Gott und die Welt? Bemerkungen zu Karl Christian Friedrich Krauses System der Philosophie" In: Theologie und Philosophie. Vol. 87 (1). 25-45. 2012
  • Göcke, Benedikt Paul. "On the Importance of Karl Christian Friedrich Krause's Panentheism." In: Zygon. Vol. 48 (2). 364-379. 2013
  • Ward, Thomas (born 1953): (2004) La teoría literaria. Romanticismo, krausismo y modernismo ante la globalización industrial University, Mississippi: Romance Monographs, No. 61. ISBN:1-889441-14-7.
  • Stoetzer, Otto Carlos (June 28, 1921 - March 25, 2011): Karl Christian Friedrich Krause and his Influence in the Hispanic World (Köln: Böhlau, 1998) ISBN:3-412-13597-6



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