Biography:Yoon Suk Yeol

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Short description: President of South Korea since 2022
In this article, the family name is Yoon.
His Excellency

Yoon Suk Yeol
윤석열
South Korea President Yoon Suk Yeol portrait.jpg
Official portrait, 2022
13th President of South Korea
Assumed office
10 May 2022
Prime Minister
  • Choo Kyung-ho (acting)
  • Han Duck-soo
Preceded byMoon Jae-in
Prosecutor General of South Korea
In office
25 July 2019 – 4 March 2021
PresidentMoon Jae-in
Preceded byMoon Moo-il
Succeeded byKim Oh-soo
Personal details
Born (1960-12-18) 18 December 1960 (age 63)
Seoul, South Korea
Political partyPeople Power (2021–present)
Other political
affiliations		Independent (before 2021)
Spouse(s)
Kim Keon-hee (m. 2012)
MotherChoi Jeong-ja
FatherYoon Ki-jung
ResidencePresidential residence
Alma materSeoul National University (LLB, LLM)
OccupationPolitician
ProfessionLawyer
ReligionRoman Catholicism (Christian name: Ambrose)[1]
Signature

Yoon Suk Yeol[lower-alpha 1] (Korean: 윤석열; born 18 December 1960), is a South Korean politician who has been serving as the 13th and current president of South Korea since 2022. Prior to his presidency, he served as the prosecutor general of South Korea between 2019 and 2021.

Born in Seoul, Yoon attended Seoul National University. In his capacity as the chief of the Seoul Central District Prosecutor's Office, he played a key role in convicting former presidents Park Geun-hye and Lee Myung-bak for abuse of power.[3][4][5] Yoon was appointed prosecutor general of South Korea by President Moon Jae-in in July 2019. During Yoon's leadership, the Supreme Prosecutor's Office conducted embattled investigations into Cho Kuk, an influential figure in President Moon's administration, that would lead to Cho's resignation.[6][7] Yoon's clashes with the Moon administration until his resignation as prosecutor general in March 2021 led to his rise as a presidential candidate.[3]

In June 2021, Yoon announced his candidacy in the 2022 South Korean presidential election. He joined the right-wing People Power Party (PPP) in July, and won the PPP nomination in November. Considered conservative and economically liberal, Yoon ran on a platform promising economic deregulation and other measures such as abolishing the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family. Yoon narrowly defeated Democratic Party nominee Lee Jae-myung on 9 March 2022 and assumed office as president on 10 May 2022. During his presidency, Yoon has attempted to raise the maximum working hours, moved to repair ties with Japan, expanded military exercises with the U.S., and taken a harder line against North Korea.

Early life and education

Yoon in 1976 at age 16

Yoon was born in Bomun-dong, Seongbuk District, Seoul, in 1960[8] and raised in Yeonhui-dong, Seodaemun District.[9][10] His father, Yoon Ki-jung, was born in Nonsan[11] and is a professor emeritus of economics at Yonsei University and a full member of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Korea.[9] His mother, Choi Jeong-ja, was born in Gangneung and was a lecturer at Ewha Womans University before leaving the position after getting married.[9]

Yoon attended Daegwang Elementary School and Joongrang Middle School, transferring to Choongam Middle School after finishing eighth grade. After graduating from Choongam High School,[12] he studied law at Seoul National University.[9][13][14] He is a colleague of Moon Kang-bae, a lawyer who described Yoon as an "extrovert and faithful" person.[9] Shortly after the Gwangju Uprising, Yoon and his colleagues held a mock trial, where he acted as a prosecutor, demanding the death penalty for Chun Doo-hwan, the president of the republic.[9][13] Following the mock trial, Yoon escaped to Gangwon Province.[9][13]

Yoon was exempted in 1982 from national service due to anisometropia.[15] Yoon later added that he was unable to obtain a driving licence because of the condition.[15]

Yoon passed the first part of the bar exam in Year 4 of university but failed the second.[9][13] He kept failing for the next nine years. He finally passed the bar in 1991,[9][12][13][14][10] in the same graduating class as Democratic Party assemblyman and minister of justice Park Beom-kye.[9]

Prosecutorial career

Early career

Yoon started his career at Daegu Public Prosecutor's Office in 1994.[9][12][13][14][10] He headed the Special Branch and Central Investigation Department, both of which investigate corruption-related cases.[9] In 1999, he arrested Assistant Commissioner Park Hui-won, who was corrupt[16][10] despite strong objections from bureaucrats in the Kim Dae-jung cabinet.[9]

In January 2002, Yoon worked briefly as a lawyer at Bae, Kim & Lee but left as he felt that he was not suited to the position.[10] Upon his return as a prosecutor, he prosecuted such pro-Roh Moo-hyun figures as Ahn Hee-jung and Kang Keum-won.[9] In 2006, he apprehended Chung Mong-koo for his complicity in a slush fund case at Hyundai Motor Company.[9][10] In 2008, he worked for the independent counsel team resolving the BBK incident related to President Lee Myung-bak.[9]

In 2013, Yoon led a special investigation team that looked into the National Intelligence Service (NIS)'s involvement in the 2012 NIS public opinion manipulation scandal. Yoon sought the prosecution of the former head of the NIS, Won Sei-hoon for violating the Public Official Election Act. He accused Justice Minister Hwang Kyo-ahn of influencing his investigation.[17] As a result, he was demoted from the Seoul prosecutors' office to the Daegu and Daejeon High Prosecutors' Office.[18][17]

Yoon later became head of investigations in the special prosecutor team of Park Young-soo, which investigated allegations pertaining to the 2016 Choi Soon-sil scandal involving Choi, Samsung vice-chairman Lee Jae-yong and then-president Park Geun-hye, which led to the impeachment of the president in December 2016.[18]

On 19 May 2017, the newly elected president Moon Jae-in appointed Yoon as chief of the Seoul Central District Prosecutors' Office.[14] The prosecution indicted two former presidents Lee Myung-bak and Park Geun-hye, three former NIS chiefs, former chief justice Yang Sung-tae and more than 100 other former officials and business executives under his tenure.[19] Yoon also led an investigation into accounting fraud at Samsung.[17]

Prosecutor general

On 17 June 2019, Yoon was nominated as prosecutor general, replacing Moon Moo-il.[13][10] His nomination was welcomed by the ruling Democratic Party and the Party for Democracy and Peace, but was opposed by the Liberty Korea Party and the Bareunmirae Party.[20] The minor party Justice Party remained neutral.[20] On 16 July, he was officially appointed as the new prosecutor general[21] and started his term nine days later.[22] President Moon ordered him to be neutral, adding that any kind of corruption must be strictly investigated though it is related to the government.[22]

During Yoon's leadership, the Supreme Prosecutor's Office launched investigations against Minister of Justice Cho Kuk, who was involved in various scandals.[23] His decision to investigate Cho was welcomed by the conservative opposition but was condemned by the Democratic Party and its supporters.[23][24][25]

After Choo Mi-ae was appointed the new minister of justice, she took an action against several prosecutors close to Yoon.[26][27] Choo attributed her decision to Yoon's failure to submit a reorganization plan for his department, which she requested, but this was seen as retaliation by the Blue House for Cho Kuk's prosecution.[28]

In April 2020, Democratic Party lawmakers again attacked Yoon and called on him to resign as the prosecution started investigations into election law violation cases involving both ruling and opposition politicians and also suspected election rigging of the Ulsan mayoral race for Mayor Song Cheol-ho in 2018 by senior secretaries at the Blue House.[29][30][31]

Suspension and reinstatement

On 24 November 2020, Minister of Justice Choo Mi-ae suspended Yoon from his position, citing alleged ethical violations, abuse of power, and interference into investigations of his associates and family members.[32] Yoon filed an injunction against the minister's suspension order, which was approved by the Seoul Administrative Court on 1 December, temporarily halting the suspension.[33][34] On 16 December, the Ministry of Justice then imposed a two-month suspension on Yoon, accepting four of six major charges for disciplinary action. The decision was subsequently approved by President Moon.[35] However, on 24 December, following an injunction filed at the Seoul Administrative Court, the suspension was overturned as the court accepted Yoon's claim that the process to suspend him was unfair.[36]

2022 presidential election

Yoon had been considered a potential presidential candidate for the 2022 presidential election since the aftermath of the Cho Kuk controversies, appearing as a significant candidate in general election opinion polls since at least January 2020.[37][38] In a January 2021 poll including all possible presidential candidates, Yoon led as the most favored with 30.4 percent of the vote, more than the individual supports for the ruling Democratic Party frontrunners Lee Jae-myung and Lee Nak-yon.[39]

On 4 March 2021, Yoon tendered his resignation as the prosecutor-general, which was accepted by President Moon.[40] On 29 June 2021, Yoon officially announced his candidacy in the 2022 presidential election.[41] On 12 July, he registered with the National Election Commission as an independent candidate.[42]

Yoon Suk Yeol leaving the People Power Party (PPP) headquarters shortly after joining the party on 30 July 2021

On 30 July 2021, Yoon officially joined the conservative People Power Party, which is currently the main opposition party in South Korea.[42] Prior to this Yoon had been a political independent, although his popular support came primarily from conservatives. Yoon was welcomed into the PPP by Choi Jae-hyung, a fellow 2022 presidential candidate, in a small public ceremony at the PPP headquarters located in Yeouido, Seoul. Choi was the former head of the Board of Audit and Inspection and had also just recently joined the PPP, officially having become a member on 15 July. Yoon's welcoming ceremony into the People Power Party notably did not include recently elected party leader Lee Jun-seok, who had been outside of Seoul at the time.[42]

During the primary election period, Yoon came under criticism for several perceived gaffes and controversial statements. In July, Yoon advocated for a 120-hour work week while critiquing President Moon's policy of the 52-hour maximum work week.[43] Yoon advocated deregulating food safety standards because, in his opinion, "poor people should be allowed to eat substandard food for lower prices", citing economist Milton Friedman's 1980 book Free to Choose: A Personal Statement as the inspiration for the idea.[44][45] In August, Yoon stated that South Korea's recent feminist movement was a significant contributing factor to the issue of the nation's low birth rates.[44] Later that same week, Yoon claimed during an interview with Busan Ilbo that there was "basically no radiation leak" from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster because "the reactors themselves didn't collapse."[46]

On 2 September 2021, news website Newsverse reported that during his time as prosecutor general, Yoon had allegedly ordered a senior prosecutor Son Jun-sung and politician Kim Woong to file politically motivated criminal complaints against Democratic Party politicians ahead of the 2020 legislative elections in an attempt to sway the elections.[47][48] In response to the allegations, an internal investigatory probe was launched by the Supreme Prosecutor's Office, and an investigation was launched by the recently formed Corruption Investigation Office for High-ranking Officials (CIO).[47][49] Yoon denied the allegations and reported informant Cho Sung-eun and Director of the National Intellience Service Park Jie-won to the CIO.[48]

In early September, support for PPP primary contender Hong Joon-pyo, who had been the nominee for PPP predecessor Liberty Korea Party in the 2017 presidential election, rose sharply in polls, which made Hong the most significant contender to Yoon since the beginning of the campaign cycle. A 6 September poll of contenders across all parties showed support for Hong at 13.6%, up from 4.2% a week earlier, behind Yoon who had support at 26.4%.[50]

Yoon with then-Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly Chung Jin-suk in November 2021

During primary debates amongst PPP presidential candidates, Yoon appeared to have the hanja character for "king" written on his left palm, a shamanist talisman for good luck.[51][52][53] Yoon's primary opponents, including Hong Joon-pyo and Yoo Seong-min, criticized Yoon for using shamanist practices and made comparisons to the Choi Soon-sil scandal.[52] In response to the criticism, Yoon stated that "a supporter drew that as a message of support, encouraging me to be confident like a 'king' during the debate", and that he had forgotten to wash the mark off.[54]

In October, Yoon made complimentary remarks about former authoritarian military dictator of South Korea Chun Doo-hwan. The remarks came during a meeting with People Power Party officials in Busan, during which Yoon said that "many people still consider Chun as having done well in politics, except the military coup and the Gwangju Uprising", later adding that he believed even people in Honam, the geographic area including Gwangju, felt the same way.[55] Chun Doo-hwan, a widely maligned figure in South Korea, was responsible for numerous human rights abuses, including the torture and killings of innocent civilians. Yoon apologized for these remarks.[56] However, news media and members of the Democratic Party speculated that a picture he posted on Instagram and later deleted indicated that the apology was insincere. The photo was of him feeding an apple to his dog, where the Korean words for "apple" and "apology" (사과) are homonyms. Yoon later denied the alleged symbolism of the photo.[57] Yoon again apologized for his remarks when he visited the May 18th National Cemetery in Gwangju on 10 November, although his visit was met by protesters.[58][59]

On 5 November 2021, Yoon officially won the nomination of the People Power Party for the 2022 presidential election.[60][61] The win came after Yoon fought off a surge in support for rival candidate Hong Joon-pyo in the latter weeks of the primary. The nomination resulted from a four-day period of voting by party members and the general public. Yoon Suk Yeol won 47.85% of the votes, a total of 347,963 votes, and of the remaining candidates Hong Joon-pyo won 41.50% of the votes, Yoo Seong-min won 7.47% of the votes, and Won Hee-ryong won 3.17% of the votes.[62]

On 7 November 2021, Yoon stated that if elected president he would pardon former presidents Lee Myung-bak and Park Geun-hye, both of whom were serving lengthy prison sentences for corruption (Park Geun-hye was later pardoned by President Moon Jae-in on 24 December of that same year).[63][64]

Yoon narrowly won the 2022 presidential election that took place on 9 March 2022. Democratic Party candidate Lee Jae-myung conceded defeat in the early hours of the following day.[65][66][67] Yoon won 48.56% of the votes, while Lee Jae-Myung won 47.83% of the vote.[68] Yoon's presidential election victory was by the closest margin in South Korean history.[69]

Presidency (2022–present)

Relocation of presidential office

Yoon takes the presidential oath of office outside the National Assembly, 10 May 2022

On 20 March 2022, he announced that he would establish his presidential office in the Ministry of National Defense building in Yongsan District, Seoul, instead of the Blue House, which was open to the public as a park on 10 May 2022.[70] He would take office that day.[71] This marked the end of the Blue House as the official presidential office and residence after 74 years.

Domestic policy

Economic policy

In 2023, Yoon attempted to raise South Korea's maximum weekly working hours from 52 to 69. However, widespread backlash, especially from the youth, led him to order government agencies to reconsider the plan.[72]

2022 police bureau proposal

In late July 2022, Yoon proposed the creation of a "police bureau", in order to ensure greater government oversight of the police force. In response, several police officers protested, claiming the measure was a dictatorial measure to compromise the political neutrality of the police.[73]

In response to the protests, Lee Sang-min, Yoon's Interior Minister, compared them to the 1979 Coup d'état of December Twelfth, though he later walked back the remarks. Yoon himself also criticised the protests, saying, "Like many, I am also deeply concerned about the collective protest of the police chiefs," and calling it a "serious breach" of police discipline.[73]

Following the protests, the presidential office threatened to punish police officers. Additional remarks by Yoon Hee-keun, President Yoon's choice as Commissioner General of the National Police Agency, suggesting that police should focus on wages rather than the establishment of a police bureau, further inflamed tensions.[74]

2022 Seoul crowd crush

On 29 October 2022, at least 158 people were crushed to death when a crowd surged in an alleyway during Halloween festivities in Seoul's Itaewon district. President Yoon declared a state of official national mourning.[75]

Foreign policy

Yoon at the 2022 NATO summit in Madrid, Spain.

Yoon's foreign policy has mainly focused on deterring threats from North Korea and mending ties with Japan . Yoon has visited the United States, and has considered sending weapons to Ukraine following the invasion by Russia.[76]

During his tenure so far, Yoon has made six presidential trips to nine countries. He has met with fellow leaders, such as during the NATO Summit Madrid 2022, becoming the first South Korean leader to do so.[77] He also attended the UN General Assembly and Global Fund's Seventh Replenishment Conference in New York City ; he met with U.S. President Joe Biden.[78]

United States

During US House Speaker Nancy Pelosi's visit to South Korea , part of a larger tour of Asia, on 4 August 2022, Yoon snubbed a meeting with her, stating that he wanted to enjoy his vacation.[79][80][81]

Yoon with President Biden in the Oval Office, April 2023.

On 25 April 2023, Yoon and First Lady Kim Keon-hee arrived in Washington D.C., to mark 70 years of the alliance between the Republic of Korea and the United States.[82] He visited Arlington National Cemetery to honor the lives lost in the Korean War.[83] He also visited NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland, with US Vice President Kamala Harris.[84]

The following day, Yoon was greeted by President Joe Biden at the White House for his state visit. During their meeting, the two stressed the importance of bilateral ties and deterring threats from North Korea.[85] Later in the day, at his request, Elon Musk of Tesla and SpaceX scheduled a meeting with Yoon in Washington to discuss potential opportunities for Tesla production in South Korea.[86] In the evening, Yoon was honored at a state dinner hosted by Biden. During the dinner, Biden remarked that he knew one of Yoon's favorite song's was Don McLean's "American Pie", Yoon then sang the ballad in front of rapturous applause. Yoon was then presented a guitar signed by the singer Don McLean.[87][88][89][90]

Two days later, on 27 April 2023, Yoon addressed a joint session of the United States Congress in the Capitol Building. In his speech, Yoon emphasized the long-standing relationship between the United States and Korea, noting how past language barriers were no longer an issue thanks to cultural ties. He affirmed their alliance was 'stronger than ever'.[91][92]

Queen Elizabeth's funeral

While in London for the funeral of Queen Elizabeth II, Yoon's opponents accused him of disrespect when he missed the chance to view the queen's coffin lying in state – which he blamed on traffic.[93]

MBC problem

Yoon at the seventh Global Fund meeting in New York City .

Yoon's People Power Party sued four senior executives of local broadcaster Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation, including MBC TV head Park Sung-je, on grounds of defamation after news outlets initially reported that he insulted the US Congress.[93][94] On 21 September 2022, after chatting with US President Joe Biden outside the seventh Global Fund meeting in New York City, Yoon was filmed telling his aides and top diplomats, "Wouldn't [inaudible] lose face if these saekki do not pass it in the legislature?"[95] Although the audio is hard to discern, MBC, who broke the story on air, determined in its subtitles that he said "Biden" in an apparent reference to the latter's bid to increase the American contribution to the Global Fund by $6 billion, an act that would require congressional approval. Yoon's office denies that he was talking about Biden or the US Congress. Instead, it claims that he was expressing concern that his country's opposition-controlled parliament would reject his plans for a $100 million contribution to the same fund, and his press secretary Kim Eun-hye suggested that the word he uttered was not "Biden", but "nallimyeon", a similar-sounding word that means "to blow or waste".[96] The video swiftly went viral, having been viewed repeatedly by millions. The controversy has also brought press freedom in South Korea to the public eye over the PPP's civil conduct involving MBC,[97] with some press freedom groups, including the International Federation of Journalists,[98] criticizing the lawsuit as politically motivated. A poll of 1,002 adult Koreans found his approval rating falling to 27.7 percent, a 3.7 percent drop from three weeks before, and that the majority (61.2 percent) believed Yoon said "Biden" compared to the 26.9 percent who thought he said "nallimyeon", and another poll of 1,000 adult Koreans found an even greater majority (70.8 percent) who said that he should directly apologize for his profanity versus the 27.9 percent who said he did not need to apologize.[99] The Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs sued MBC 'to restore trust in diplomacy'. This has been likened to the oppression of journalists by the Lee Myung-bak government in the past.[100]

Japan

Yoon met with Prime Minister Fumio Kishida of Japan on 16 March 2023.

Yoon has been accused of having a pro-Japanese stance on historical issues and colonialism by liberals and some conservative[101][102] politicians in South Korea.

Yoon Suk Yeol's government does not seek direct compensation or apology from the Japanese government and companies for victims of forced labor, a war crime committed by the Empire of Japan government and Japanese companies during World War II, but instead expresses its stance to receive voluntary donations from South Korean companies through the foundation. (This is a solution to the 2018 South Korean Supreme Court ruling, which was one of the causes of the Japan-South Korea trade dispute, which demanded compensation from companies and the Japanese government for past war crimes against victims who were forcibly recruited by the Japanese Empire during World War II.) The Democratic Party of Korea (DPK) criticized this, saying, "It tramples on the victims and represents Japan's companies interests".[103] The Justice Party (JP) also joined DPK in 'declarations of the state of affairs' (시국선언) to criticize the Yoon Suk Yeol government.[104] As of March 2023, 11 of the 15 surviving victims opposed the Yoon Suk Yeol government's solution and demanded direct compensation from the Japanese government and companies.[105]

Yoon Suk Yeol's remarks at a commemorative event related to the Samiljeol (3.1 절 or 삼일절), 1 March 2023 caused a great controversy in South Korea. Samiljeol is celebrates Koreans' spirit of resistance to regain their identity from colonial Japan. Yoon Suk Yeol said, "Korea lost its national sovereignty and suffered because it was not properly prepared for historical changes in the world at the time, and we should reflect on this past.". The remarks drew criticism from liberals, progressives and some moderate conservatives in the South Korea as "Chinil" (친일),[106] "colonialist historical perspective" (식민사관),[107] and "pro-Japanese highly submissive diplomacy" (친일 굴종외교).[108] Conservative Lee Un-ju criticized Yoon's remarks, saying, "It is destroyed national pride".[101] The Kyunghyang Shinmun official article referred to his claim as "sophistry" (궤변), saying that President Yoon claims to be a cooperative partner even though Japan does not reflect on the past.[109] The DPK and the JP also criticized his remarks in a strong tone.[110]

Fumio Kishida with Yoon in Seoul, May 2023.

When the South Korean president Yoon Suk Yeol visited Japan on March 17, 2023. Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan (CDP) leader Kenta Izumi, who asked Yoon about the Statue of Peace issue. The Statue of Peace is a symbol promoted by the South Korean government and South Korean civic groups to various countries to honor the victims of Comfort women, an example of Japanese war crimes. The CDP insists on removing the Statue of Peace. Kyunghyang Shinmun simultaneously criticized the Japanese people's historical revisionist perception and Yoon Suk Yeol's foreign policy toward Japan.[111]

On 20 March 2023, moderate conservative politician Yoo Seung-min criticized Yoon Suk Yeol's pro-Japanese diplomacy. Yoo Seung-min said, "The historical fact that Japanese is the 'perpetrator' and [South] Korean is the 'victim' remains unchanged. Why should the victim understand the perpetrator? The perpetrator must understand the victim.".[112] In South Korean politics, pro-Japanese diplomacy is regarded as a "far-right" (극우) in the sense that it ignores the human rights and anti-Japanese sentiment of victims of Japanese war crimes.[113] On 24 April 2023, Yoo criticized Yoon and pointed out that Yoon is exonerating Japan of crimes against humanity. Yoon Suk Yeol is making a very radical argument [by South Korean standards] that South Koreans should no longer demand an apology and compensation from Japan.[102] Lee Jae-myung criticized, "Even if [Yoon Suk Yeol] unconditionally friendly diplomacy with Japan, [the Japanese people and politicians] only do provocative acts such as visiting Yasukuni Shrine".[114]

On 7 May 2023, Prime Minister Kishida visited Seoul in a historic trip, to further deepen ties.[115] Yoon emphasized that historical issues had to be "completely settled".[116] Kishida also expressed sympathy to Korean victims of colonial Japan.[117] However, Kishida was criticized by many South Korean media because he did not "apologize" for forced labor victims during World War II and did not mention Japan's responsibility for war crimes.[118][119] Some South Korean politicians also expressed strong dissatisfaction that Kishida did not apologize.[120]

Public approval

Less than three months into his presidency, Yoon's approval rating dropped to less than 30 percent amidst the 2021–2022 inflation surge, a controversial education policy rollout (including a proposal to lower the starting elementary school age from six to five), controversies over nepotism in personnel appointments, the police bureau proposal, and conflicts within Yoon's People Power Party.[121][122] His popularity fell further to 19% in August.[123] In December, Yoon's approval rating rose back to above 40% for the first time in five months.[124] By April 2023, this has dropped back to 30%, largely due to widespread disapproval of Yoon's Japanese policy.[125]

Political positions

Yoon Suk Yeol (left) with PPP party leader Lee Jun-seok (right)

Yoon identifies himself as "conservative".[126] Chung Doo-un, a former conservative member of parliament, has considered Yoon a conservative.[127] Political commentator Chin Jung-kwon, called his political inclination "libertarianism" (자유지상주의).[128][129] He has also been described as a social conservative.[130] His critical attitude toward feminism, nationalist nature, hostile attitude toward the opposition and the liberal media, has led the media and experts to call him and his policies "K-Trumpism" (한국판 트럼프 or K-트럼프) and "far-right" (극우), allegations denied by him and his supporters.[131][132][133]

Economics

Yoon opposes economic interventionism by the government and is generally regarded as pro-business,[72] and as a fiscal conservative.[134] He has cited economist Milton Friedman and Friedman's 1980 book Free to Choose: A Personal Statement as a major influence on his belief in economic liberalism.[135] According to the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Yoon will attempt to reduce dependence on China and promote supply chain resilience.[136]

Gender equality policy

President Yoon entered office with a pledge to abolish the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family. This measure came from the unique context of South Korea, where the gender conflict has become very intense. He announced that the new government would not address gender as a collective, but rather focus on and respond to specific individual issues.[137]

As of May 2022, there were only three women among the State Councilors of the Yoon Suk Yeol government and only two women among the vice-ministerial level officials, so there is some criticism that the government lacks women's representation.[138] In response to these criticisms, Yoon appointed Park Soon-ae as the Minister of Education and Kim Seung-hee as the Minister of Welfare, setting the ratio of female-to-male ministers in the cabinet to 30%.[139] However, Park Soon-ae resigned on 5 August, just 34 days into her tenure; Yoon's approval rating had fallen from 30% to 24%, largely due to public backlash against Park's school reform plans.[140]

Military

He is a conservative nationalist and has expressed active support for the possibility of South Korea having indigenous nuclear weapons. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace referred to his policy as "nuclear populism". Some research shows that nationalist attitudes and anti-American sentiment are prevalent among supporters of an indigenous nuclear arsenal.[141]

On 22 September 2021, Yoon stated that he will ask that the United States redeploy tactical nuclear weapons in South Korea if there is a threat from North Korea.[142] Nuclear weapons have not been deployed by the US in South Korea since the early 1990s, after an agreement with Russia and in an effort to ease tensions between North and South Korea.[143] Speaking for the United States, U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Japan and Korea Mark Lambert rejected Yoon's call for the re-nuclearization of South Korea and said the proposal was against U.S. policy.[143]

On 12 November 2021, Yoon indicated that he would be open to more US THAAD missile deployments in South Korea.[144]

Supplying lethal aid to Ukraine

In a Reuters interview on 19 April 2023, President Yoon Suk Yeol hinted at supplying lethal aid to Ukraine, stating, "If there is a situation the international community cannot condone, such as any large-scale attack on civilians, massacre or serious violation of the laws of war, it might be difficult for us to insist only on humanitarian or financial support." Previously, South Korea had only provided humanitarian and economic aid to Ukraine.

Yoon linked the struggle in Ukraine to the Korean War when the international community supported South Korea. He added, "I believe there won't be limitations to the extent of the support to defend and restore a country that's been illegally invaded both under international and domestic law. However, considering our relationship with the parties engaged in the war and developments in the battlefield, we will take the most appropriate measures."

In response, former Russian President Dmitry Medvedev suggested that Russia could supply North Korea on a "...quid pro quo" basis.[145][146]

The Democratic Party of Korea,[147] Justice Party,[148][149] and Progressive Party,[150] along with other liberal and progressive parties, opposed the Yoon Suk Yeol administration's policy toward Ukraine, fearing that his pro-Ukraine diplomacy would lead to Russia supporting North Korea's weapons and South Korean companies being penalized by Russia's economic sanctions.[147][148]

Electoral history

2022 South Korean presidential election People Power Primary
Party Candidate Votes %
style="background-color: Template:People Power Party (South Korea)/meta/color; width: 5px;" | [[People Power Party (South Korea)|Template:People Power Party (South Korea)/meta/shortname]] Yoon Suk Yeol 347,963 47.85
style="background-color: Template:People Power Party (South Korea)/meta/color; width: 2px;" | [[People Power Party (South Korea)|Template:People Power Party (South Korea)/meta/shortname]] Hong Jun-pyo 301,786 41.50
style="background-color: Template:People Power Party (South Korea)/meta/color; width: 2px;" | [[People Power Party (South Korea)|Template:People Power Party (South Korea)/meta/shortname]] Yoo Seong-min 54,304 7.47
style="background-color: Template:People Power Party (South Korea)/meta/color; width: 2px;" | [[People Power Party (South Korea)|Template:People Power Party (South Korea)/meta/shortname]] Won Hee-ryong 23,085 3.17
Total votes 727,138 100.00
Template:Election box candidate minor party no changeTemplate:Election box candidate minor party no changeTemplate:Election box candidate minor party no changeTemplate:Election box gain with party link no change
2022 South Korean presidential election
Party Candidate Votes %
style="background-color: Template:People Power Party (South Korea)/meta/color; width: 5px;" | [[People Power Party (South Korea)|Template:People Power Party (South Korea)/meta/shortname]] Yoon Suk Yeol 16,394,815 48.56
style="background-color: Template:Democratic Party of Korea/meta/color; width: 2px;" | [[Democratic Party of Korea|Template:Democratic Party of Korea/meta/shortname]] Lee Jae-myung 16,147,738 47.83
style="background-color: Template:Justice Party (South Korea)/meta/color; width: 2px;" | [[Justice Party (South Korea)|Template:Justice Party (South Korea)/meta/shortname]] Sim Sang-jung 803,358 2.38
style="background-color: Template:National Revolutionary Dividends Party/meta/color; width: 2px;" | [[National Revolutionary Dividends Party|Template:National Revolutionary Dividends Party/meta/shortname]] Huh Kyung-young 281,481 0.83
style="background-color: Template:Progressive Party (South Korea, 2017)/meta/color; width: 2px;" | [[Progressive Party (South Korea, 2017)|Template:Progressive Party (South Korea, 2017)/meta/shortname]] Kim Jae-yeon 37,366 0.11
style="background-color: Template:Our Republican Party (2020)/meta/color; width: 2px;" | [[Our Republican Party (2020)|Template:Our Republican Party (2020)/meta/shortname]] Cho Won-jin 25,972 0.08
style="background-color: Template:Basic Income Party/meta/color; width: 2px;" | [[Basic Income Party|Template:Basic Income Party/meta/shortname]] Oh Jun-ho 18,105 0.05
style="background-color: Template:Labor Party (South Korea)/meta/color; width: 2px;" | [[Labor Party (South Korea)|Template:Labor Party (South Korea)/meta/shortname]] Lee Baek-yun 9,176 0.03
style="background-color: Template:Saenuri Party (2017)/meta/color; width: 2px;" | [[Saenuri Party (2017)|Template:Saenuri Party (2017)/meta/shortname]] Ok Un-ho 4,970 0.01
Total votes 33,760,311 100.00

Personal life

President Yoon has been married to Kim Keon-hee since 2012. His wife has stated that she prefers the term first spouse instead of the first lady.[151]

Kim is the president of Covana Contents, a company that focuses on art exhibitions.[152] Kim has faced an investigation that alleged she had taken 'kickbacks' for hosting art exhibitions, in addition to reports that circulated in the South Korean media that she inflated her resume with connections to New York University Stern School of Business. She responded by offering a public apology.[151]

Yoon is the fourth South Korean president who is a Catholic, after his previous predecessors Moon Jae-in, Kim Dae-jung and Roh Moo-hyun (a lapsed Catholic). He was baptized with the Christian name Ambrose.[8]

Notes

  1. ↑ According to regular Korean reading rules, Yoon's given name should be pronounced 서결 Seogyeol /sʌ.kjʌl/, but he prefers to pronounce his name as 성녈 Seongnyeol /sʌŋ.njʌl/, as if it was written 석렬 Seogryeol or 석녈 Seognyeol.[2]

References

  1. ↑ "윤석열 후보자 정보 대선2022" (in ko). https://www.joongang.co.kr/election2022/candidates/YoonSeokRyeol. 
  2. ↑ 박창원 (13 April 2021). "윤석열, '윤서결' 혹은 '윤성녈'". 경북매일. https://www.kbmaeil.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=873639. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Who is Yoon Seok-youl, South Korea's conservative candidate for president?". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2021/11/18/who-is-yoon-seok-youl-south-koreas-conservative-candidate-for-president. 
  4. ↑ Shin, Hyonhee (5 November 2021). "S.Korea's ex-top prosecutor to challenge Moon's party in 2022 presidential election" (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/china/skoreas-ex-top-prosecutor-challenge-moons-party-2022-presidential-election-2021-11-05/. 
  5. ↑ Shin, Mitch (5 November 2021). "Yoon Suk-yeol Wins People Power Party's Presidential Primary". The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2021/11/yoon-seok-youl-wins-people-power-partys-presidential-primary/. 
  6. ↑ Gibson, Jenna (October 16, 2019). "South Korea's Cho Kuk Saga Ends". thediplomat.com. https://thediplomat.com/2019/10/south-koreas-cho-kuk-saga-ends/. 
  7. ↑ Gibson, Jenna (December 10, 2020). "South Korea's Prosecution Reform Saga Heads Toward Final Showdown". thediplomat.com. https://thediplomat.com/2020/12/south-koreas-prosecution-reform-saga-heads-toward-final-showdown/. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "文정권 적폐청산 칼잡이, 정권교체 '별의순간' 잡다...尹인생역정". Yonhap News Agency. 10 March 2022. https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20220309044500001. 
  9. ↑ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 "Unlikely white knight brought conservatives back to power". Korea JoongAng Daily. 10 March 2022. https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2022/03/10/national/politics/Yoon-Sukyeol-candidate-president/20220310180101601.html. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 "윤석열 검찰총장 후보자는? "강직한 성품 원리원칙주의자"". 19 June 2019. http://www.sisaweekly.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=20840. 
  11. ↑ "[윤석열 당선 "가문의 영광" 부친 고향 논산·공주 문중, 자부심·기대"]. 10 March 2022. https://www.mk.co.kr/news/politics/view/2022/03/222754/. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 "Chronology of major events in President-elect Yoon Suk-yeol's biography". Yonhap News Agency. 10 March 2022. https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20220308009800315. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 "검찰총장 직행 윤석열은 누구?...대학때 전두환에 사형구형". 17 June 2019. http://news1.kr/articles/?3647417. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 "[프로필 '강골 검사'의 컴백... 윤석열 서울중앙지검장"]. 19 May 2017. https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20170519072900004. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "윤석열 '부동시' 군면제·아내 예금 50억, 청문회 쟁점 되나". 21 June 2019. http://news.tvchosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2019/06/21/2019062190124.html. 
  16. ↑ "[치안감 영장 '수사권 독립' 겹쳐 파문"]. 20 May 1999. https://news.joins.com/article/3781069. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 "South Korea's maverick prosecutor takes aim at heart of Samsung" (in en-GB). Nikkei Asian Review. 18 June 2019. https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Companies/South-Korea-s-maverick-prosecutor-takes-aim-at-heart-of-Samsung. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Pulling out a Sword Against Deep-Rooted Irregularities: Surprise Nomination of Yoon Seok-yeol" (in en-GB). The Kyunghyang Sinmun. 18 June 2019. https://english.khan.co.kr/khan_art_view.html?code=710100&artid=201906181913177&medid=enkh. 
  19. ↑ "[Kim Myong-sik Defender of justice or enforcer for power?"] (in en-GB). The Korea Herald. 31 July 2019. http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20190730000680. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "한국당·바른미래 "채택 거부" vs 정의당 "유보" vs 평화당 "적격"" (in ko). The Chosun Ilbo. 9 July 2019. http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2019/07/09/2019070903257.html. 
  21. ↑ "文대통령, 윤석열 검찰총장 임명... 청문보고서 없이 16번째" (in ko). The Chosun Ilbo. 16 July 2019. http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2019/07/16/2019071601517.html. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "文, 윤석열 검찰총장 임명..."살아있는 권력에도 엄정하게"(종합)" (in ko). Newsis. 25 July 2019. http://www.newsis.com/view/?id=NISX20190725_0000722093&cID=10301&pID=10300. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "윤석열 검찰은 왜 조국 수사에 사활 거는가" (in ko). 6 September 2019. http://www.mediatoday.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=202245. 
  24. ↑ "대규모 촛불집회에 ... 윤석열 총장 "검찰 개혁, 국민 뜻 받들 것"" (in ko). Hankook Ilbo. 29 September 2019. https://www.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/201909291603733421. 
  25. ↑ "與일각 "윤석열 사퇴하라" vs 한국당 "문 대통령 홍위병 앞세워 사법 쿠데타"" (in ko). Korea Economic Daily. 30 September 2019. https://www.hankyung.com/politics/article/2019093043111. 
  26. ↑ "칼 빼든 추미애, '윤석열 라인' 대거 전보 조치" (in ko). Pressian. 8 January 2020. http://www.pressian.com/news/article/?no=273235. 
  27. ↑ "Reshuffle dismantles prosecutor general's team, probes of Blue House". Korea JoongAng Daily. 9 January 2020. https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3072419. 
  28. ↑ "South Korea's Moon wants to punish 'almighty' prosecutor over unapproved probes into officials". Japan Times. 12 January 2020. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/01/12/asia-pacific/south-korea-moon-jae-in-prosecutor-investigation/#.XrZfYmgzY2w. 
  29. ↑ "Ruling party takes aim at Prosecutor General Yoon". Korea JoongAng Daily. 19 April 2020. https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3076241. 
  30. ↑ "Ulsan mayor questioned in election-meddling probe". Yonhap. 20 January 2020. https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20200120003000315. 
  31. ↑ "[Kim Myong-sik Blue House and 2018 Ulsan mayoral election conspiracy"]. The Korea Herald. 12 February 2020. http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20200211000862. 
  32. ↑ "Justice minister orders suspension of top prosecutor from duty amid feud over reforms, investigations". The Korea Times. 24 November 2020. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2020/11/356_299848.html. 
  33. ↑ "Chief prosecutor seeks injunction against justice minister's order to suspend him". The Korea Times. 26 November 2020. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2020/11/356_299941.html. 
  34. ↑ Kang, Seung-woo (2 December 2020). "Conflicts with minister further pushes top prosecutor's popularity as presidential hopeful". The Korea Times. https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2020/12/356_300275.html. 
  35. ↑ Ock, Kee-won (16 December 2020). "Justice Ministry suspends Yoon Seok-youl for 2 months, recognizes 4 out of 6 charges levied". Hankyoreh. http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/974538.html. 
  36. ↑ "Editorial: Respect court's decision". Korea Times. 25 December 2020. https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/opinion/2020/12/202_301459.html. 
  37. ↑ "윤석열, 차기 대통령감 반열에...PK서 홍준표와 공동 4위 [한국갤럽"] (in ko). The Dong-a Ilbo. 17 January 2020. http://www.donga.com/news/article/all/20200117/99273550/2. 
  38. ↑ "[대권주자 지지율 윤석열, 1%로 대권주자 반열에 올랐다... 이낙연 24%, 황교안 9%, 안철수 4%"] (in ko). Sisaweek. 17 January 2020. https://www.sisaweek.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=130152. 
  39. ↑ "Chief prosecutor tops poll of presidential hopefuls". Yonhap News Agency. 3 January 2021. https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20210103001200315?section=national/politics. 
  40. ↑ "Top Prosecutor Resigns to Protest Taking Away Investigative Power from Prosecution" (in en). http://world.kbs.co.kr/service/news_view.htm?lang=e&Seq_Code=159932. 
  41. ↑ Ko, Jun-tae (29 June 2021). "Ex-Prosecutor General Yoon Seok-youl announces presidential bid". The Korea Herald. http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210629000835. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Kim, Sarah (30 July 2021). "Yoon Seok-youl signs on with opposition PPP". Korea JoongAng Daily (JoongAng Holdings Ltd.). https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2021/07/30/national/politics/People-Power-Party-Yoon-Seokyoul-prosecutor-general/20210730173509518.html. 
  43. ↑ Kim, So-hyun (21 July 2021). "[Newsmaker Yoon battered over 120-hour work week comment and more"]. The Korea Herald. http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210721000824. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 "Loose cannon? Yoon Seok-youl snagged by image conundrum over gaffes, quirky habits". Yonhap News Agency. 6 August 2021. https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20210806007100315. 
  45. ↑ Kim, So-hyun (2 August 2021). "Let them eat trash: Yoon slammed for 'substandard food' remark". The Korea Herald. http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210802000833. 
  46. ↑ Jang, Na-rye (6 August 2021). "Yoon Seok-youl sparks controversy by denying there was radiation leak in Fukushima nuclear disaster". The Hankyoreh. https://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/1006746.html. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Ock, Hee-kwon (3 September 2021). "How prosecution's probe on Newsverse article is linked to Yoon Seok-youl". The Hankyoreh. https://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/1010402.html. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Shin, Ji-hye (13 September 2021). "[Newsmaker Yoon Seok-youl allegations threaten to push political arena"]. The Korea Herald. http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210913000853. 
  49. ↑ Chung, Esther (12 September 2021). "CIO opens probe of presidential candidate Yoon". Korea JoongAng Daily. https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2021/09/12/national/politics/Yoon-Seokyoul-CIO-opens-probe/20210912182600537.html. 
  50. ↑ Ko, Jun-tae (7 September 2021). "Hong Joon-pyo rises to break Yoon's grip on party primary". The Korea Herald. http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210907000938. 
  51. ↑ Park, Chan-kyong (5 October 2021). "Chinese character on South Korean presidential hopeful's palm creates stir" (in en). South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3151171/south-korea-chinese-character-presidential-hopefuls-palm-creates. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Kwon, Mee-yoo (3 October 2021). "'King' mark on opposition presidential contender's palm raises eyebrows" (in en). The Korea Times. https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2021/10/356_316399.html?tw. 
  53. ↑ Ke, Bryan (6 October 2021). "South Korean presidential candidate seen with 'King' marked on his palm draws side-eyes all around". Yahoo News. https://news.yahoo.com/south-korean-presidential-candidate-seen-193320755.html. 
  54. ↑ Kim, Mi-na (4 October 2021). "S. Korean conservative party's primary devolves into row over shamanistic beliefs". english.hani.co.kr. http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/1013803.html. 
  55. ↑ Kyung-don, Joo (20 October 2021). "Opposition presidential contender causes stir with praise of ex-president Chun" (in en). Yonhap News Agency. https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20211020004000315?section=national/politics. 
  56. ↑ "Yoon expresses regret over controversial remarks on ex-President Chun" (in en). Yonhap. The Korea Herald. 21 October 2021. http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20211021000660. 
  57. ↑ Yonhap (2021-10-22). "Yoon accused of 'mocking' nation with pic of dog with apple" (in en). https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20211022000546. 
  58. ↑ Lee, Haye-ah (10 November 2021). "Yoon apologizes for defending ex-President Chun on visit to Gwangju" (in en). https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20211110003252315?section=national/politics. 
  59. ↑ Lee, Michael (10 November 2021). "Yoon blocked by protesters during visit to May 18 cemetery" (in en). https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2021/11/10/national/politics/Gwangju-Yoon-Seokyoul-election/20211110183330354.html. 
  60. ↑ Lee, Haye-ah (5 November 2021). "(LEAD) Ex-Prosecutor General Yoon wins presidential nomination of main opposition People Power Party" (in en). Yonhap News Agency. https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20211105003551315. 
  61. ↑ Jun-tae, Ko (5 November 2021). "Yoon Seok-youl picked as presidential nominee for People Power Party" (in en). The Korea Herald. http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20211105000575. 
  62. ↑ "Former top prosecutor wins presidential nomination of main opposition party" (in en). The Korea Times. 5 November 2021. https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2021/11/356_318278.html?fa. 
  63. ↑ 수정: 2021.11.07 22:41, 입력: 2021 11 07 22:39 (7 November 2021). "윤석열 "집권 초기 이명박·박근혜 사면 추진하겠다"" (in ko). Kyunghyang Shinmun. https://www.khan.co.kr/politics/assembly/article/202111072239001. 
  64. ↑ Sang-Hun, Choe (24 December 2021). "South Korea to Pardon Ex-President Park Geun-hye, Imprisoned for Corruption". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/23/world/asia/south-korea-park-geun-hye-pardon.html. 
  65. ↑ Hyun-woo, Nam (9 March 2022). "Yoon Suk-yeol wins presidential election". Korea Times. https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2022/03/803_325233.html. 
  66. ↑ Kim, Hyung-Jin; Tong-Hyung, Kim (9 March 2022). "Ex-top prosecutor elected South Korea's new president". Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/business-elections-voting-campaigns-seoul-f29dd8982b18c1f7318d579b9afc83f1. 
  67. ↑ Sang-Hun, Choe (9 March 2022). "Live Updates: Opposition's Yoon Wins Tight Race for South Korean Presidency". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/03/08/world/korean-election. 
  68. ↑ Cho, Joohee (March 9, 2022). "South Korea elects former top prosecutor Yoon Suk-yeol as next president" (in en). ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/International/south-korea-elects-prosecutor-yoon-suk-yeol-president/story?id=83343124. 
  69. ↑ Lee, Michelle Ye Hee; Kim, Min Joo (March 9, 2022). "What you need to know about South Korea's president-elect, Yoon Suk-yeol". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/03/09/south-korea-yoon-suk-yeol-president/. 
  70. ↑ S. Korea's next leader to abandon Blue House for new office[yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}] - SFG(30 March 2022)
  71. ↑ Kim, Eun-Joong (10 May 2022). "尹 대통령, 0시 임기 시작... 국군통수권 이양 받아" (in ko). 조선일보. https://www.chosun.com/politics/politics_general/2022/05/10/DFGWIRV4URHGVDHQEXTO6HKI2I/. 
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 McCurry, Justin (2023-03-15). "South Korea U-turns on 69-hour working week after youth backlash" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/15/south-korea-u-turns-on-69-hour-working-week-after-youth-backlash. 
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 Lee, Jeong-Ho; Cha, Sangmi (26 July 2022). "Feud With Police Adds to South Korea President's Early Struggles". Bloomberg News. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-07-26/feud-with-police-adds-to-south-korea-president-s-early-struggles. 
  74. ↑ "Gathering of Korea's police chiefs touches off storm of disciplinary action by higher-ups". The Hankyoreh. 25 July 2022. https://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/1052289.html. 
  75. ↑ "At least 153 killed in crowd crush during Halloween festivities in Seoul" (in en). the Guardian. 30 October 2022. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/29/dozens-of-people-crushed-by-large-crowd-at-halloween-festivities-in-south-korea. 
  76. ↑ Kim, Soyoung; Park, Ju-min; Shin, Hyonhee (2023-04-19). "Exclusive: South Korea's Yoon opens door for possible military aid to Ukraine" (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/south-koreas-yoon-opens-door-possible-military-aid-ukraine-2023-04-19/. 
  77. ↑ 이해아 (2022-06-28). "Yoon arrives in Spain for NATO summit" (in en). https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20220628000600315. 
  78. ↑ "South Korea President Caught on Hot Mic Insulting US Congress". Bloomberg. 22 September 2022. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-09-22/south-korea-president-caught-on-hot-mic-insulting-us-congress. 
  79. ↑ Park, S. Nathan (5 August 2022). "South Korea's Presidential Snub of Pelosi Was an Unforced Blunder". Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/08/05/south-korea-presidential-snub-pelosi/?tpcc=onboarding_trending. 
  80. ↑ Herskovitz, Jon (4 August 2022). "South Korea Leader Snubs Pelosi Over Holiday, Adding to His Woes". Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-04/south-korea-leader-snubs-pelosi-due-to-vacation-adding-to-woes. 
  81. ↑ Kim, Min Joo (4 August 2022). "South Korea's president skips Nancy Pelosi meeting due to staycation". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/08/04/nancy-pelosi-south-korea-president-staycation/. 
  82. ↑ "Yoon arrives in Washington on six-day state visit" (in en). 2023-04-24. https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2023/04/120_349607.html. 
  83. ↑ "Presidents Biden and Yoon Visit Korean War Memorial | C-SPAN.org". https://www.c-span.org/video/?527637-1/presidents-biden-yoon-visit-korean-war-memorial. 
  84. ↑ Garner, Rob (2023-04-25). "VP Harris, South Korea President Yoon Visit NASA Goddard". http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2023/vp-harris-south-korea-president-yoon-visit-nasa-goddard. 
  85. ↑ Fossum, Betsy Klein,Kylie Atwood,Sam (2023-04-26). "Biden and South Korea's Yoon announce agreement to deter North Korea, including deploying nuclear-armed submarine | CNN Politics" (in en). https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/26/politics/biden-yoon-south-korea-state-visit/index.html. 
  86. ↑ "South Korean President Yoon meets with Tesla's Elon Musk" (in en-US). https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/companies/south-korean-president-yoon-meets-with-tesla-s-elon-musk/ar-AA1aoIIf. 
  87. ↑ France-Presse, Agence (2023-04-27). "South Korean president sings American Pie at state dinner with Biden" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/27/south-korean-president-sings-american-pie-at-state-dinner-with-biden. 
  88. ↑ Su, Amanda. "State dinner surprise: South Korean president sings 'American Pie'" (in en). https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/state-dinner-surprise-south-korean-president-sings-american/story?id=98903832. 
  89. ↑ "South Korea's Yoon sings 'American Pie' at White House state dinner" (in en). https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/south-korea-president-yoon-sings-american-pie-white-house-dinner-biden-rcna81712. 
  90. ↑ "Watch the president of South Korea sing 'American Pie' for Biden" (in en-US). Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2023/04/27/yoon-suk-yeol-american-pie-white-house-state-dinner/. 
  91. ↑ "South Korean President Address to Congress | C-SPAN.org". https://www.c-span.org/video/?527657-1/south-korean-president-address-congress. 
  92. ↑ Hutzler, Alexandra. "Yoon tells Congress the US-South Korea alliance is 'stronger than ever'" (in en). https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/south-koreas-yoon-address-joint-meting-congress-amid/story?id=98839882. 
  93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 Chen, Heather (23 September 2022). "Hot mic catches South Korean leader Yoon Suk Yeol swearing about US lawmakers". CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2022/09/23/asia/south-korea-yoon-suk-yeol-hot-mic-profanity-rant-intl-hnk/index.html. 
  94. ↑ "South Korean president's party sues broadcaster over hot mic comments". The Straits Times. 29 September 2022. https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/south-korean-presidents-party-sues-broadcaster-over-hot-mic-comments. 
  95. ↑ Arin, Kim (6 October 2022). "Did Yoon insult the US Congress?". The Korea Herald. https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20221004000757. 
  96. ↑ Lee, Jeong-Ho (22 September 2022). "South Korea President Disputes Translations of Hot Mic Insult". Bloomberg News. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-09-23/south-korea-president-disputes-translations-of-hot-mic-insult. 
  97. ↑ Park, Chan-kyong (28 September 2022). "South Korea could investigate TV station for reporting on Yoon Suk-yeol's hot-mic gaffe". South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3194143/south-korea-could-investigate-tv-station-reporting-yoon-suk. 
  98. ↑ "South Korea: MBC network sued for defamation by ruling party". International Federation of Journalists. 4 October 2022. https://www.ifj.org/media-centre/news/detail/category/press-releases/article/south-korea-mbc-network-sued-for-defamation-by-ruling-party.html. 
  99. ↑ Son, Hye-jeong (28 September 2022). ""바이든이 맞다" 61.2%... "날리면이 맞다" 26.9%... 尹 지지율 27.9%" (in ko). NewDaily. https://www.newdaily.co.kr/site/data/html/2022/09/28/2022092800145.html. 
  100. ↑ "외교부, '윤 대통령 비속어 보도' MBC에 소송제기" (in ko). Kyunghyang Shinmun. 15 January 2023. https://m.khan.co.kr/national/national-general/article/202301151536001. 
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 "尹 "세계사 변화에 제대로 준비못해 국권상실" 발언에, 이언주 "민족적 자부심 완전히 뭉개"". 2 March 2023. https://www.munhwa.com/news/view.html?no=2023030201039910226004. 
  102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 "유승민, '尹 100년 전 역사 발언'에 "반인륜 범죄에 면죄부 줄 권리까지 국민이 위임 안 해"". 24 April 2023. https://www.khan.co.kr/politics/politics-general/article/202304241946001#c2b. 
  103. ↑ "민주당, 강제동원 정부안에 "피해자 짓밟고 일본 기업 이익 대변하나"". 12 January 2023. https://www.khan.co.kr/politics/politics-general/article/202301121741001. 
  104. ↑ ""강제동원 해법, 제2의 국치"···민주당·정의당, 비상시국선언". 7 March 2023. https://news.mt.co.kr/mtview.php?no=2023030715380777426. 
  105. ↑ "한국 재단이 징용 배상 "한일관계 위한 결단"...피해자는 '반발'(종합2보)". 6 March 2023. https://m.yna.co.kr/amp/view/AKR20230306072252504. 
  106. ↑ "오세훈 "윤 대통령 3·1절 연설 '친일' 비판 도 지나쳐"". 3 March 2023. https://imnews.imbc.com/news/2023/society/article/6460671_36126.html. 
  107. ↑ "민주, 尹 3·1절 기념사에 맹공...박홍근 "매국노 이완용의 말과 무슨 차이 있나"". 3 March 2023. https://www.segye.com/newsView/20230302514075. 
  108. ↑ "3·1절 기념사 논란..."친일 굴종외교" "반일로 이득 보려해"". 2 March 2023. https://yonhapnewstv.co.kr/news/MYH20230302021200641. 
  109. ↑ "과거사 반성 않는 일본이 "협력 파트너"라는 윤 대통령". 1 March 2023. https://www.khan.co.kr/politics/president/article/202303011622001. 
  110. ↑ "사과 없는데 "日은 글로벌 협력 파트너"...저(低)자세 외교 비판". 1 March 2023. https://www.nocutnews.co.kr/news/5902990. 
  111. ↑ "화이트리스트 복원도 적반하장...일본 "한국 자세에 달렸다"". Kyunghyang Shinmun. 17 March 2023. https://www.khan.co.kr/world/japan/article/202303172114025. "제1야당인 입헌민주당의 이즈미 겐타 대표는 이날 윤 대통령과 만나 한·일 갈등 현안인 '레이더-초계기' 문제와 소녀상 건립 문제를 언급했다고 밝혔다. 입헌민주당은 그동안 소녀상 철거를 요구해왔다." 
  112. ↑ "유승민 "일본은 가해자...피해자가 왜 가해자 마음 열어야 하나"". 20 March 2023. https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/politics/politics_general/1084337.html. 
  113. ↑ "정진석 "일본, 조선과 전쟁한 적 없다"... '극우적 친일 DNA' 발언". 11 October 2022. https://www.goodmorningcc.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=277700. 
  114. ↑ "이재명 "日 퍼주기 외교에 야스쿠니 집단 참배 같은 도발뿐"". 24 April 2023. https://www.newsfreezone.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=463172. 
  115. ↑ Press, Associated (2023-05-07). "Japanese PM expresses sympathy with Korean victims of colonial rule" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/07/japanese-pm-arrives-in-south-korea-amid-warming-ties. 
  116. ↑ News, A. B. C.. "Yoon, Kishida vow better Seoul-Tokyo ties following summit" (in en). https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/yoon-kishida-vow-seoul-tokyo-ties-summit-99161395. 
  117. ↑ "Japan leader expresses sympathy for Korean colonial victims" (in en). 2023-05-07. https://apnews.com/article/south-korea-japan-yoon-kishida-history-135badc84df0b545f44edcb2b86921fe. 
  118. ↑ "'개인적 안타까움' 전한 기시다 총리, 일본 사과는 없었다". OhmyNews. 7 April 2023. https://www.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/View/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0002925483. 
  119. ↑ "기시다, 사견 전제로 "마음 아프다"...'사과·반성' 직접 언급은 없어". Yonhap News TV. 7 April 2023. https://m.yonhapnewstv.co.kr/news/MYH20230507013400641. 
  120. ↑ "유승민 "기시다 총리 과거사 발언...진정성 사과 아냐"". 뉴스프리존. 8 April 2023. https://www.newsfreezone.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=467029. 
  121. ↑ "Yoon's approval rating sinks below 30 pct amid inflation, controversy over personnel appointments" (in en). Yonhap News Agency. 29 July 2022. https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20220729003500315?section=national/politics. 
  122. ↑ "Yoon's approval rating drops to all-time low". The Korea Herald. August 5, 2022. https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20220805000545. 
  123. ↑ "Yoon Suk-yeol's Approval Drops to 19%". MNI - Market News. 11 August 2022. https://marketnews.com/yoon-suk-yeol-s-approval-drops-to-19. 
  124. ↑ "Yoon's approval rating rises to 41.5 pct: poll". Yonhap News Agency. December 8, 2022. https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20221208004400315. 
  125. ↑ "Yoon's approval rating falls to 30 pct: poll". Yonhap News Agency. 31 March 2023. https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20230331004800315. 
  126. ↑ "[뒤끝작렬 윤석열 '나는 보수다'...한국당에 던지는 메시지는?"] (in ko). Nocutnews. 6 November 2018. https://www.nocutnews.co.kr/news/5056193. 
  127. ↑ "정두언 "윤석열 성향 보수로 보여···대통령도 대단한 용기"". 12 July 2019. http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?art_id=201907121102001. 
  128. ↑ "진중권, '윤석열 지지포럼'에 기조발제..."확대 해석할 필요 없다"" (in ko). NewSpim. 19 May 2021. https://www.newspim.com/news/view/20210519000170. 
  129. ↑ "진중권 "윤석열, 상당히 퇴행적...자유지상주의 멘탈"" (in ko). Ajunews. 27 July 2021. https://www.ajunews.com/view/20210727094716308. 
  130. ↑ "Seoul's art market ascent reaches new high with first Frieze fair". The Art Newspaper. 29 August 2022. https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2022/08/29/seoul-art-market-frieze-debut. "The new, socially conservative president Yoon Suk-yeol's tax and inheritance policies have so far been popular with the collecting class, while he has also reportedly pledged $3.66bn for a fund to cultivate the arts." 
  131. ↑ "The troubling far-right tendencies of Korea's Yoon Suk-yeol". The Hankyoreh. 28 December 2022. https://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/1073445.html. 
  132. ↑ "Is Yoon Suk-yeol the South Korean Trump?". The Korea Herald. 2 March 2022. https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20220228000935. 
  133. ↑ "Feminism is the New F-Word – Populism & Patriarchy Among Young South Korean Men: K-Trumpism is part of the global rise of right-wing populism, experts say". Harvard Political Review. 15 January 2023. https://harvardpolitics.com/feminism-is-the-new-f-word-populism-patriarchy-among-young-south-korean-men/. "The case of South Korea parallels the lasting effects of Trumpism on conservative nativism in the United States, which attributes economic troubles to asylum seekers and undocumented immigrants." 
  134. ↑ "Samsung commits $356 billion in investments with 80,000 new jobs". The Jakarta Post. 27 May 2022. https://www.thejakartapost.com/business/2022/05/27/samsung-commits-356-billion-in-investments-with-80000-new-jobs.html. "The two parties are ideologically poles apart, and analysts say the key question is whether voters will kick out Moon's dovish Democratic Party and usher in a new hawkish, fiscally-conservative regime under opposition People Power party's Yoon." 
  135. ↑ "자칭 보수 윤석열 "프리드먼 책 감명, 사회 점진적 변화 중시"". 8 July 2019. https://news.joins.com/article/23518402. 
  136. ↑ Cha, Victor (9 March 2022) (in en). Yoon Seok-youl: What to Expect from South Korea's Next President. https://www.csis.org/analysis/yoon-seok-youl-what-expect-south-koreas-next-president. Retrieved 2022-05-09. 
  137. ↑ "윤석열 "저는 성별 갈라치기 한 적 없다"" (in ko). Busan News. 10 March 2022. http://www.busan.com/view/busan/view.php?code=2022031017184424870. 
  138. ↑ "尹 "여성, 장관 직전 위치까지 못 올라와" 답변도 논란" (in ko). Pressian. 22 May 2022. https://www.pressian.com/pages/articles/2022052214352518193?utm_source=naver&utm_medium=search. 
  139. ↑ "'교육 박순애·복지 김승희·식약처 오유경'...尹 내각 女비율 단숨에 30% 근접". Aju News. 26 May 2022. https://www.ajunews.com/view/20220526154053611. 
  140. ↑ Kim, Mi-na (9 August 2022). "Education minister resigns 34 days into term as Yoon's approval rating dwindles". The Hankyoreh. https://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/1054103.html. 
  141. ↑ "The Dueling Nuclear Nightmares Behind the South Korean President's Alarming Comments". https://carnegieendowment.org/2023/01/25/dueling-nuclear-nightmares-behind-south-korean-president-s-alarming-comments-pub-88879. 
  142. ↑ "Yoon says he will request redeployment of U.S. tactical nukes in case of emergency" (in en). Yonhap News Agency. 22 September 2021. https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20210922005300320. 
  143. ↑ 143.0 143.1 Gallo, William (24 September 2021). "US Rules Out Redeploying Tactical Nukes to South Korea" (in en). VOA. https://www.voanews.com/a/us-rules-out-redeploying-tactical-nukes-to-south-korea/6243767.html. 
  144. ↑ "South Korea could host more US Thaad missiles: presidential front runner" (in en). 12 November 2021. https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3155903/risking-chinas-wrath-south-korean-presidential-front-runner-yoon. 
  145. ↑ "Exclusive: South Korea's Yoon opens door for possible military aid to Ukraine" (in en). 19 April 2023. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/south-koreas-yoon-opens-door-possible-military-aid-ukraine-2023-04-19/. 
  146. ↑ "South Korea might lift 'limitations' on sending weapons to Ukraine" (in en). 19 April 2023. https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/south-korea-might-lift-limitations-on-sending-weapons-to-ukraine/ar-AA1a4Brw. 
  147. ↑ 147.0 147.1 "민주당 "윤 대통령, 우크라이나 군사 지원 시사 철회하라"". 20 April 2023. https://www.khan.co.kr/politics/politics-general/article/202304200958001. 
  148. ↑ 148.0 148.1 "김종대 "러시아, 北에 무기·기술 지원 가능성"". 20 April 2023. https://www.kukinews.com/newsView/kuk202304200025. 
  149. ↑ "尹 '우크라 무기 지원' 시사 파장...美 환영했지만 러시아는 반발". 20 April 2023. https://www.dnews.co.kr/uhtml/view.jsp?idxno=202304201130524980304. 
  150. ↑ "尹진보당 "우크라이나 살상무기 지원 발언 철회하라" [포토]". 20 April 2023. https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/1088717.html. 
  151. ↑ 151.0 151.1 Kabra, Archana (12 March 2022). "Meet Kim Kun-hee, Wife of South Korea President-elect Yoon Suk-yeol". https://www.thetealmango.com/latest/meet-kim-kun-hee-wife-of-south-korea-president-elect-yoon-suk-yeol/. 
  152. ↑ "[여성조선 전시장에서 만난 윤석열 검찰총장 후보 부인 김건희 대표... 60억대 자산가"]. 28 June 2019. http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2019/06/28/2019062800954.html. 

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