Biology:Afrosoricida

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Short description: Order of mammals

Afrosoricida
Temporal range: Eocene–Recent
Kleiner-igeltanrek-a.jpg
Lesser hedgehog tenrec (Echinops telfairi)
Eremitalpa granti.jpg
Grant's golden mole (Eremitalpa granti)
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Mirorder: Afroinsectivora
Order: Afrosoricida
Stanhope MJ, Waddell VG, Madsen O, de Jong W, Hedges SB, Cleven G, Kao D, Springer MS, 1998
Subclades

 †Afrodon
 †Dilambdogale
 †Protenrec
 †Todralestes
 †Widanelfarasia
 ?†Adapisoriculidae
 Chrysochloridea
 Tenrecomorpha

The clade Afrosoricida (a Latin-Greek compound name which means "looking like African shrews") contains the golden moles of Southern Africa, the otter shrews of equatorial Africa and the tenrecs of Madagascar . These three groups of small mammals were for most of the 19th and 20th centuries regarded as a part of the Insectivora or Lipotyphla, but both of those groups, as traditionally used, are polyphyletic.

Naming

Some biologists use Tenrecoidea or Tenrecomorpha as the name for the tenrec-golden mole clade and regard Afrosoricida as a junior synonym (even though the rules of the ICZN do not apply above the Linnean rank of family). This is based on the principles of Simpson,[1] summarized by Asher & Helgen[2] to mean that "priority and stability should comprise the overriding principles by which new, high-level taxa are named. Established names for any given clade should not be altered unless the name with precedent unambiguously threatens stability." When "Afrosoricida" was first named in 1998, Afrosorex was a subgenus of Crocidura and McDowell[3] had used the name Tenrecoidea for the same clade of golden moles and tenrecs. Gary Bronner and Paula Jenkins referred to "Afrosoricida" in their chapter in Wilson & Reeder[4] as "... inappropriate since this clade does not include soricids, and could lead to confusion with the soricid subgenus Afrosorex" but still kept it due to their perception that the name was "entrenched in the recent literature" and because of the admittedly confusing history of terms like Tenrecoidea and Tenrecomorpha.[5] Asher & Helgen[2] presented their views on the appropriateness of these and other high-level taxa, including a response[6] to Hedges,[7] who supported keeping "Afrosoricida".

Biology

As a rule, tenrecs and otter shrews tend to be small animals varying from 4 cm to 39 cm in length. There is no pronounced body type since they have evolved to occupy a number of small-bodied, faunivorous niches in Madagascar (tenrecines) and mainland Africa (potamogalines). However, certain species bear some ecological similarity to hedgehogs, soricid shrews, or miniature otters. Their coat can vary from smooth to spiny and the coloration of the fur can also vary from brown, gray, to other hues (see for example photos on the ASM library[8]). Most species are also nocturnal and have poor eyesight. Their whiskers are rather sensitive and they can detect very minute vibrations in the ground to locate their prey.

Phylogeny

Traditionally, these two families were grouped with the hedgehogs, shrews and moles in the Lipotyphla. However, there have always been minority opinions suggesting that Tenrecoidea, or at least the golden moles, are not true lipotyphlans. For example, Robert Broom wrote in 1916[9] that "examination of the skull confirms ... that Chrysochloris is not a near ally of Centetes" (i.e., Tenrec ecaudatus) "and that it is not an Insectivore". These opinions are now supported by many genetic studies indicating an association between tenrecoids and various other African mammals in the Afrotheria.[10][11][12][13] Tenrecs and golden moles are sometimes considered part of the Afroinsectiphilia, a clade within Afrotheria.

Cladogram of living Tenrecoidea

The generally accepted cladogram of living Tenrecoidea is:[12][13]

 Tenrecoidea 
  Chrysochloroidea  
  Chrysochloridae  
 
  Eremitalpa  

E. granti

 
 
 
 
  Kilimatalpa  
 

K. stuhlmanni

 
 
  Chrysochloris  
 

C. asiatica

 
 

C. wintoni

 
 
 
 
 
       

Chrysospalax trevelyani

 
 

Calcochloris obtusirostris

 
 
 
 Chlorotalpa 
 

C. duthieae

 
 

C. sclateri

 
 
 Amblysomus 
 
 

A. hottentotus

 
 
 
 

A. marleyi

 
 

A. septentrionalis

 
 
 
 

A. arendsi

 
 
 
 

A. gunningi

 
 

A. julianae

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Tenrecidae  
  Potamogalinae  
  Micropotamogale  
 

M. lamottei

 
 

M. ruwenzorii

 
 
  Potamogale  
 

P. velox

 
 
 
  Tenrecinae  
  Tenrecini  
 
 

Hemicentetes semispinosus

 
 

Tenrec ecaudatus

 
 
 
 

Echinops telfairi

 
 

Setifer setosus

 
 
 
 
 
 Geogale 
 

G. aurita

 
 
 
  Oryzorictini  
  Oryzorictes  
 

O. hova

 
 
  Microgale  
 
 

M. talazaci

 
 

M. dobsoni

 
 
 
 
 

M. cowani

 
 
 
 

M. brevicaudata

 
 

M. grandidieri

 
 
 
 
 

M. mergulus

 
 
 

M. pusilla

 
 
 

M. majori

 
 
 

M. principula

 
 

M. longicaudata

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Species

See also

References

  1. ↑ Simpson, G.G. (1945). "The principles of classification and a classification of mammals". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 85: 1–350. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Asher, R.J.; Helgen, K.M. (2010). "Nomenclature and placental mammal phylogeny". BMC Evolutionary Biology 10: 1–9. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-102. PMID 20406454. 
  3. ↑ McDowell, S.B. (1958). "The Greater Antillean Insectivores". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 115: 1–214. 
  4. ↑ Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., eds (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp. 
  5. ↑ Stanhope (1998). Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Bucknell University. 
  6. ↑ Asher, R.J.; Helgen, K.M. (2011). "High level Mammalian taxonomy: a response to Hedges (2011)". Zootaxa 3092: 63. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3092.1.5. https://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2011/f/z03092p064f.pdf. 
  7. ↑ Hedges, S. Blair (2011-05-05). "On the use of high-level taxonomic names". Zootaxa 2867 (1): 67. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2867.1.5. ISSN 1175-5334. https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2867.1.5. 
  8. ↑ "tenrec". https://www.mammalogy.org/image-library?keyword=tenrec&sort_bef_combine=relevance_DESC. 
  9. ↑ Broom, R. (1916). "On the structure of the skull in Chrysochloris". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1916 (3): 449–459. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1916.tb02024.x. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/72143. 
  10. ↑ Stanhope, M.J.; Waddell, V.G.; Madsen, O.; de Jong, W.; Hedges, S.B.; Cleven, G.C.; Kao, D.; Springer, M.S. (1998). "Molecular evidence for multiple origins of Insectivora and for a new order of endemic African insectivore mammals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95 (17): 9967–9972. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.17.9967. PMID 9707584. Bibcode: 1998PNAS...95.9967S. 
  11. ↑ Douady, C.J.; Douzery, E.J.P. (2003). "Molecular estimation of eulipotyphlan divergence times and the evolution of "Insectivora"". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 28 (2): 285–296. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00119-2. PMID 12878465. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Everson, K.M.; Soarimalala, V.; Goodman, S.M.; Olson, L.E. (2016). "Multiple loci and complete taxonomic sampling resolve the phylogeny and biogeographic history of tenrecs (Mammalia: Tenrecidae) and reveal higher speciation rates in Madagascar's humid forests". Systematic Biology 65 (5): 890–909. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syw034. PMID 27103169. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Upham, Nathan S.; Esselstyn, Jacob A.; Jetz, Walter (2019). "Inferring the mammal tree: Species-level sets of phylogenies for questions in ecology, evolution and conservation". PLOS Biol 17 (12): e3000494. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000494. PMID 31800571. 

Wikidata ☰ Q328082 entry



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