Biology:Akebia
| Akebia | |
|---|---|
| |
| Akebia quinata | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Ranunculales |
| Family: | Lardizabalaceae |
| Genus: | Akebia Decne. (1837)[1] |
| Species | |
|
5, see text | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
|
Archakebia C.Y.Wu, T.C.Chen & H.N.Qin (1995) | |
Akebia is a genus of five species of flowering plant, within the family Lardizabalaceae. The scientific name, akebia, is a Latinization of the Japanese name for the species Akebia quinata: akebi (通草).
Species
| Flower | Name | Common name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| Akebia apetala (Quan Xia, J.Z.Sun & Z.X.Peng) Christenh. | China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan | ||
 |
Akebia chingshuiensis T. Shimizu | Taiwan | |
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Akebia longeracemosa Matsumura | Long Racemed Akebia | China and Taiwan |
 |
Akebia quinata (Houttuyn) Decaisne | Chocolate vine or five-leaf akebia | China , Korea and Japan |
 |
Akebia trifoliata (Thunberg) Koidzumi | Three-leaf akebia | China , Korea and Japan |
Hybrids
- Akebia × pentaphylla (Makino) Makino (A. quinata × A. trifoliata)
Fruit
Akebia quinata and Akebia trifoliata both bear edible fruit, containing a sweet white flesh.[4] Flavor varies greatly in akebias, even within the same species, with some individuals displaying a complex flavor profile resembling a mixture of banana, passionfruit and lychee, with others being mild, or even insipid (flavorless).[5] The "insipid" akebia varieties have the flavor intensity of dragon fruit[6]
Akebia in Japan
Akebia is often mentioned in Japanese literature, where it is evocative of pastoral settings.[7] Although the akebi commonly refers to the five-leafed species, the three-leafed species is used in much the same way for novelty food, medicine, and for vine material.
While only a minor food eaten while foraging in the past, akebia is considered a specialty crop today, only available when in season. The pods contain a white, semi-translucent gelatinous pulp that is mildly sweet and full of seeds.[8] The taste is described as sweet but rather "insipid".[8] Some people recollect in idyllic terms how they foraged for it in the hills as children.[9]
The purple-colored, slightly bitter rind has been used as a vegetable in Yamagata Prefecture[9][10] or in those northern areas, where the typical recipe calls for stuffing the rind with minced chicken (or pork) flavored with miso.[10] Minor quantities of akebia are shipped to the urban market as a novelty vegetable.
In addition to consuming the fruit, akebia leaves are also made into a tea infusion.[7] Outside of food and drinks, akebia vines are used for basket-weaving crafts. An old source lists Minakuchi, Shiga and Tsugaru (now Aomori Prefecture) as localities that produced baskets from the vines of trifoliate variety.[11]
Akebia in North America
Akebia quinata is a minor invasive species in the majority of the East Coast and was introduced in 1845 as an ornamental plant.[12] This is because the plant has no natural predators or diseases in North America and can grow as it pleases. Its shade tolerance and ability to endure full sun allow it to adapt to nearly all conditions in is grown in. In the East Coast, Akebia quinata has been reported in, Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, Tennessee , South Carolina, North Carolina, Missouri, Kentucky, Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana , Illinois, Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Massachusetts , Vermont, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and as far north as Michigan and Wisconsin.[12]
In the West Coast of the United States , Akebia quinata has not become a very invasive species.[12] However, it has been reported in Washington (state) and Oregon.[13]
Gallery
Ripe Akebia trifoliata fruit
Akebia quinata leaves and flowers
Female flowers of Akebia quinata (large) and male (small)
Early fruit of Akebia quinata
Akebia quinata flower
Early fruit of Akebia quinata
Pinker more magenta fruits of an A. quinata
Bluish variety of A. trifoliata
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Akebia Decne.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:3933-1.
- ↑ Akebia Decne. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
- ↑ "Akebia". Flora of China. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=100921.
- ↑ "Akebia quinata". PFAF. https://www.pfaf.org/USER/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Akebia+quinata.
- ↑ "Akebia: A Potential New Fruit Crop in China". HortScience. http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/45/1/4.full.
- ↑ "Chocolate Vine - Akebia quinata | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/akebia-quinata/common-name/chocolate-vine/.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Davidson, Alan, and Tom Jaine. The Oxford companion to food. Oxford University Press, USA, 2006. 805. Print. Retrieved Aug. 09, 2010, from [1]
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Sargent, Charles Sprague (March 25, 1891), "Plant Notes-The Fruit of Akebia quinata (With Figure.)" (google), Garden and Forest 4 (161): 136, https://books.google.com/books?id=uBggAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA136
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Nimura, Kazuo(二村一夫)r (2006-07-22). "食の自分史". 『食の自分史』. http://nimura-laborhistory.jp/foodandme28.html.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Yamagata City Health Center (2011-01-31). "あけびの詰め物". http://www.city.yamagata.yamagata.jp/hoken/kyoudoryouri/autumn/atm_recipe03.html., photograph shows trifoliate variety (twig, fresh purple plant, and prepared dish)
- ↑ Dai Nihon Nōkai (1895) (google). Useful plants of Japan: described and illustrated. 1. Agricultural Society of Japan. p. 92. https://books.google.com/books?id=g9dBAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA92.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 "chocolate vine: Akebia quinata (Ranunculales: Lardizabalaceae): Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States". https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=10090.
- ↑ maryholscher (2019-10-13). "Five-leaf Akebia (Akebia quinata)" (in en). https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/34310298.
Further reading
- Bailey, L. H. (2005). Manual of Gardening (Second ed.). Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/9550.
External links
- Akebia: Three Varieties including photographs by Paghat's Garden
- Akebia: Edible Fruits including photographs by Paghat's Garden
Wikidata ☰ Q417068 entry
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