Biology:Alcalus rajae
| Alcalus rajae | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Ceratobatrachidae |
| Genus: | Alcalus |
| Species: | A. rajae
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| Binomial name | |
| Alcalus rajae (Iskandar, Bickford, and Arifin, 2011)
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| Synonyms[3] | |
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Alcalus rajae, sometimes known as king dwarf mountain frog,[1][4] is a species of frog in the family Ceratobatrachidae, subfamily Alcalinae.[1][3][4][5] It is endemic to Kalimantan, Borneo (Indonesia), and known from its type locality in the Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park, as well as the Gunung Penrissen Nature Reserve, both in the West Kalimantan province, and from the Meratus Protected Forest in the South Kalimantan province.[1] The specific name rajae refers to the type locality: Bukit Raya is the highest mountain in Kalimantan, getting its name from the Indonesian word raya (or raja), signifying the majestic size of the peak. It also alludes to the relatively large size of this species relative to its (then) congeners.[2]
Description
Adult females reach 40 mm (1.6 in) in snout–vent length. The overall appearance is stocky.[2][4] The snout is rounded. The head is slightly wider than it is long. The tympanum is not externally visible, with tympanic annulus being hidden under skin and covered with muscle. A distinct supratympanic fold is nevertheless present. The limbs are short. The fingers have narrow fringes and wide, truncated and flattened tips (discs). The toes are essentially fully webbed and bear similar discs as the fingers.[2] Skin is granular. Dorsal coloration is uniformly light to dark brown or blackish,[2][4] without any specific markings. The hind limbs have three indistinct darker crossbars. There are few, scattered white spots on the sides of body and head, the lower parts of the flanks, as well as on the hands and limbs. All digits have a white crossbar straddling middle of the truncated, flat disk. The iris is dark brown with indistinct reticulation.[2]
Habitat and conservation
Alcalus rajae occurs in primary undisturbed and secondary forests near seepage areas close to small and slow-moving streams and swamps. Its altitudinal range is 200–1,200 m (660–3,940 ft). Its morphology (fully webbed toes and absence of tympanic annulus) suggests that it is aquatic. It is probably an egg-laying species.[1]
This species occurs in the well-protected Bukit Baka-Bukit Raya National Park, but habitat loss is occurring outside the reserve. Meratus Protected Forest also has intact forest remaining. In contrast, most of the original vegetation in the Gunung Penrissen Nature Reserve has been lost because of slash-and-burn activities and tourism and recreational development. Outside the known sites, the species would be likely suffering from deforestation caused by oil palm plantations and forestry concessions.[1]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Alcalus rajae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T42863256A175775846. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T42863256A175775846.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/42863256/175775846. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Iskandar, D. T.; Bickford, D. P.; Arifin, U. (2011). "A new Ingerana (Anura, Dicroglossidae) with no external tympanum from Borneo, Indonesia". Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 59 (2): 213–218. http://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2017/06/59rbz213-218.pdf.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Frost, Darrel R. (2019). "Alcalus rajae (Iskandar, Bickford, and Arifin, 2011)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Ceratobatrachidae/Alcalinae/Alcalus/Alcalus-rajae.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "Alcalus rajae King Dwarf Mountain Frog". Frogs of Borneo. 2019. http://www.frogsofborneo.org/ceratobatrachidae/157-ceratobatrachidae/ingerana/rajae.
- ↑ "Alcalus rajae". AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. 2019. https://amphibiaweb.org/species/7748.
Wikidata ☰ Q3150937 entry
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