Biology:Ammi visnaga
| Ammi visnaga | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Apiales |
| Family: | Apiaceae |
| Genus: | Ammi |
| Species: | A. visnaga
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| Binomial name | |
| Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam.
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| Synonyms | |
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Ammi visnaga (syn. Visnaga daucoides, Daucus visnaga) is a species of flowering plant in the carrot family known by many common names, including toothpick-plant,[1] toothpickweed,[2] bisnaga, khella, or sometimes Bishop's weed. It is native to Europe, Asia, and North Africa, but it can be found throughout the world as an introduced species. This is an erect annual plant growing from a taproot to a maximum height near 80 centimeters. The leaves are up to 20 centimeters long and generally oval to triangular in shape but dissected into many small linear to lance-shaped segments. The inflorescence is a compound umbel of white flowers similar to those of other Apiaceae species. The fruit is a compressed oval-shaped body less than 3 millimeters long. This and other Ammi species are sources of khellin, a diuretic extract.
Like its close relative Ammi majus, A. visnaga is commonly seen in gardens where it is grown from seed annually.[3]
Traditional medicine
In Egypt, a tea made from the fruit of this species has been used as an herbal remedy for kidney stones.[4]
Preparations of Ammi visnaga fruits have also been used for angina pectoris therapy.[5]
Laboratory research
Laboratory rat studies show that the extract slows the buildup of calcium oxalate crystals in the kidneys and acts as a diuretic.[6][7] Its clinical effects in humans are unknown.
Chemical constituents
Khellin, a chemical compound obtained from A. visnaga, was used at one time as a smooth muscle relaxant, but its use is limited due to adverse side effects.[8] Amiodarone and cromoglycate are synthetic derivatives of khellin with fewer side effects which were developed for use in modern medicine.
Visnagin is another chemical compound - toxic if ingested in the pure state - which is found in A. visnaga.[9] Visnadine is a natural vasodilator found in A. visnaga.
References
- ↑ (xls) BSBI List 2007, Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, https://bsbi.org/download/3542/, retrieved 2014-10-17
- ↑ "Ammi visnaga". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=AMVI2. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
- ↑ "Growing Ammi visnaga and Ammi majus from seed". higgledygarden.com. 2015-01-07. http://higgledygarden.com/2015/01/07/growing-ammi-visnaga-and-ammi-majus-from-seed/.
- ↑ Azim Khan, Muhammad (2014). "Phytochemistry and Medicinal Properties of Ammi Visnaga". Pak. J. Bot. 46 (3): 861–867.
- ↑ Waltenberger, B; Mocan, A; Šmejkal, K; Heiss, EH; Atanasov, AG (2016). "Natural Products to Counteract the Epidemic of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders". Molecules 55 (6): 555. doi:10.3390/molecules21060807. PMID 27338339.
- ↑ Vanachayangkul, P. (2010). "An aqueous extract of Ammi visnaga fruits and its constituents khellin and visnagin prevent cell damage caused by oxalate in renal epithelial cells". Phytomedicine 17 (8): 653–58. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2009.10.011. PMID 20036111.
- ↑ Khan, Z. A. (2001). "Inhibition of oxalate nephrolithiasis with Ammi visnaga (AI-Khillah)". International Urology and Nephrology 33 (4): 605–8. doi:10.1023/A:1020526517097. PMID 12452606.
- ↑ Ziment, I (1998). "How your patients may be using herbalism to treat their asthma - Herbal products are becoming increasingly popular for treating a variety of medical complaints - including asthma. What are these". Journal of Respiratory Diseases 19 (12): 1070–83.
- ↑ Lee, J. K. (November 2010). "Anti-inflammatory effect of visnagin in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells". Archives of Pharmacal Research 33 (11): 1843–50. doi:10.1007/s12272-010-1117-1. PMID 21116788.
External links
- Jepson Manual Treatment
- {{citation
| mode = cs1 | title = Ammi visnaga | work = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) | url = | publisher = [[Organization:Agricultural Research ServAgricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) | access-date = }}
- Photo gallery
- Botanical drawing
- Fructus Ammi Visnagae WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants - Volume 3
Wikidata ☰ Q866203 entry
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