Biology:Anabantiformes

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Anabantiformes /ænəˈbæntɪfɔːrmiːz/ is an order of freshwater bony fish.[1] They are collectively known as labyrinth fish[2] and possess a special respiratory organ (the labyrinth) that allows them to breathe atmospheric oxygen at the surface. Native to Asia and Africa, they include popular aquarium fish such as bettas and gouramis, and are able to survive in low-oxygen waters.

They are an order of air-breathing freshwater ray-finned fish with three suborders, eight families, and at least 350 species.[3][4] This order is the sister group to the Synbranchiformes, with both comprising the monophyletic clade Anabantaria. Anabantaria is a sister group to the Carangiformes, with the clade comprising both being a sister clade to the Ovalentaria.[5] This group of fish are found in Asia and Africa, with some species introduced to North America.

These fish are characterized by the presence of teeth on the parasphenoid.[5] The snakeheads and the anabantoids are united by the presence of the labyrinth organ, which is a highly folded suprabranchial accessory breathing organ. It is formed by vascularized expansion of the epibranchial bone of the first gill arch and used for respiration in air.[6][5]

Ombilinichthys yamini is one of the few anabantiform fossils.[7]

Many species are popular as aquarium fish - the most notable are the Siamese fighting fish and several species of gouramies.[6] In addition to being aquarium fish, some of the larger anabantiforms (such as the giant gourami[8]) are also harvested for food in their native countries.[6][9]

Taxonomy

There are three suborders and eight families currently recognized within the order Anabantiformes:[3][10]

Alternative systematics

Phylogeny

Below shows the phylogenetic relationships among the Anabantiform families after Collins et al. (2015), here including the Nandoidei as Anabantiforms:[13]

Anabantiformes
Nandoidei
 

Pristolepididae

 
 
 

Badidae

 
 

Nandidae 70 px

 
 
 
 
Channoidei
 

Channidae 70 px

 
 

Aenigmachannidae

 
 
Anabantoidei
 
 

Anabantidae 70 px

 
 
 

Helostomatidae 70 px

 
 

Osphronemidae 70 px

 
 
 
 
 
 

References

  1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named auto
  2. ↑ "Labyrinth". the. https://www.thesprucepets.com/what-is-a-labyrinth-fish-1380796. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Fricke, R.; Eschmeyer, W. N.; Van der Laan, R. (2025). "ESCHMEYER'S CATALOG OF FISHES: CLASSIFICATION" (in en). https://www.calacademy.org/eschmeyers-catalog-of-fishes-classification. 
  4. ↑ "CAS - Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes - Genera/Species by Family/Subfamily". https://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/SpeciesByFamily.asp. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. p. 390. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/. Retrieved 2019-12-08. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Pinter, H. (1986). Labyrinth Fish. Barron's Educational Series, Inc., ISBN 0-8120-5635-3
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Murray, A. M.; Zaim, Y.; Rizal, Y.; Aswan, Y.; Gunnell, G. F.; Ciochon, R. L. (2015). "A Fossil Gourami (teleostei, Anabantoidei) from Probable Eocene Deposits of the Ombilin Basin, Sumatra, Indonesia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35 (2). doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.906444. ISSN 0272-4634. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24524161. 
  8. ↑ Chanphong, Jitkasem. (1995). Diseases of Giant Gourami, Osphronemus goramy (Lacepede) . The Aquatic Animal Health Research Institute Newsletter 4(1).
  9. ↑ Froese, R.; D. Pauly, eds. "Trichogaster trichopterus". FishBase. http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=4675. 
  10. ↑ Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer; Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa 3882 (2): 001–230. https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3882.1.1/10480. 
  11. ↑ Raghavan, Rajeev; Dahanukar, Neelesh; Anoop, V. K.; Britz, Ralf (2019-05-09). "The subterranean Aenigmachanna gollum , a new genus and species of snakehead (Teleostei: Channidae) from Kerala, South India" (in en). Zootaxa 4603 (2): 377–388. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4603.2.10. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 31717234. https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4603.2.10. 
  12. ↑ Friedman, Matt; V. Andrews, James; Saad, Hadeel; El-Sayed, Sanaa (2023-06-16). "The Cretaceous–Paleogene transition in spiny-rayed fishes: surveying "Patterson's Gap" in the acanthomorph skeletal record André Dumont medalist lecture 2018" (in en). Geologica Belgica. doi:10.20341/gb.2023.002. ISSN 1374-8505. https://popups.uliege.be/1374-8505/index.php?id=7048. 
  13. ↑ Collins, R.A.; Britz, R.; Rüber, L. (2015). "Phylogenetic systematics of leaffishes (Teleostei: Polycentridae, Nandidae).". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 53 (4): 259–272. doi:10.1111/jzs.12103. 

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