Biology:Arthopyrenia

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Arthopyrenia is a genus of fungi in the family Trypetheliaceae.[1] It was formerly classified in the eponymic family Arthopyreniaceae, but molecular phylogenetics studies showed that the type species, Arthopyrenia cerasi, was a member of the Trypetheliaceae.[2] Arthopyrenia fungi typically form inconspicuous films embedded within tree bark and produce tiny, flask-shaped fruiting bodies covered by dark, shield-like caps. The genus includes both lichen-forming species (those that partner with algae) and non-lichenized species, with about 100 currently recognized species found primarily on bark and wood substrates.

Description

Arthopyrenia forms an immersed thallus, essentially a film sunk into the outer bark, which is usually inconspicuous or only slightly paler than the surrounding tissue and spreads in a diffuse patch. It is not lichenised (i.e. it lacks a visible partnership with algae). The sexual fruit bodies are perithecia (flask-shaped structures with a minute pore), circular to elliptical in surface view. They are covered by a dark, often laterally spreading, clypeate [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]—a shield-like cap made of compacted fungal hyphae intermingled with bark cells—and surrounded internally by a thin, usually colourless [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] (the fruit-body wall). The hyphae are dark brown and react K+ (greenish) in potassium hydroxide. The tissue between and above the asci (the [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]) consists of robust, thick-walled [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]—sterile threads that are sparsely branched, occasionally connected to one another (anastomosing), and only distantly partitioned by cross-walls; the gelatinous matrix of the hymenium is iodine-negative (I–).[3]

The asci are [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], meaning they have two functional wall layers that separate during spore release; they are roughly cylindrical, with an apical [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] (a small, frequently conical cap-like apparatus), and do not stain in iodine (I–). Each ascus bears eight spores. The ascospores are clavate to cylindric-clavate (club-shaped to narrowly club-shaped), with one or three cross-walls (septae) and a strong narrowing at each septum; they are colourless and smooth when young, sometimes becoming faintly brown and minutely warted in old age. A broad, persistent gelatinous sheath surrounds each spore, a feature that can aid recognition in section.[3]

Asexual reproduction occurs in pycnidia—minute, blackish, flask-like structures whose walls contain the same dark pigment as the perithecial involucrellum. The conidiogenous cells (which produce the asexual spores) are variably shaped—cylindrical, flask-shaped ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]), or nearly spherical—and often proliferate percurrently, extending through the old opening to make a new one like the telescoping of a pen. The resulting conidia are colourless, cylindrical to bacilliform (rod-like), and either lack septae or have three; some species produce two distinct asexual spore types (two anamorphs). No secondary metabolites are detected by thin-layer chromatography.[3]

Description

Arthopyrenia includes both lichenised and saprobic species. Where lichenised, the photobiont is a trentepohlioid alga; in other species no [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] is present. The thallus is usually crustose and largely immersed in the bark or wood, but in some taxa it is reduced to a thin, [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] (cottony) cover formed by a black [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] (a superficial mat of hyphae), and it can also be absent.[4]

The sexual structures are perithecial ascomata that appear circular to ellipsoid in surface view. A dark-brown, [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] (shield-like) [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] overlies the fruiting body and is composed of compressed fungal hyphae mixed with host bark cells. The true ascomatal wall is black and becomes discontinuous beneath the [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]. A thin, usually colourless [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] surrounds the central cavity. The hamathecium comprises branched, anastomosing, sometimes bead-like [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] that are typically non-amyloid; in some species these elements partly dissolve, and the remaining material may stain amyloid. [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] are also present around the ostiole.[4]

The asci are [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] (double-walled), [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] to [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], with an apical [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]; they are non-amyloid and contain eight ascospores. The ascospores are usually hyaline (becoming brownish with age in some species), pyriform to clavate, and 1–3-septate with true septa (eusepta); walls may bear minute wart-like ornamentation. Reported spore dimensions are about 4–16 × 12–50 μm. Asexual reproduction occurs in blackish pycnidia producing conidia that are simple or 1–3-septate, variously oblong, ovoid, [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], or thread-like. No lichen secondary metabolites are known from the genus.[4]

Species

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Arthopyrenia cerasi

As of October 2025, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 99 species of Arthopyrenia:[1]

  • Arthopyrenia agasthiensis Kr.P.Singh & G.P.Sinha (2015)[5]
  • Arthopyrenia algovica (Servít) Riedl (1990)
  • Arthopyrenia aloes Kainz, Aptroot & Triebel (2001)[6]
  • Arthopyrenia alpivaga Norman ex Keissl. (1923)
  • Arthopyrenia amaura Zahlbr. (1930)
  • Arthopyrenia amphilomatis Jatta (1889)
  • Arthopyrenia analepta (Ach.) A.Massal. (1852)
  • Arthopyrenia aphorisasa (Stirt.) A.L.Sm. (1911)
  • Arthopyrenia arnoldii Zahlbr. (1901)
  • Arthopyrenia atricolor Arnold (1891)
  • Arthopyrenia atroalba Vain. (1890)
  • Arthopyrenia betulicola R.C.Harris, E.A.Tripp & Lendemer (2013)[7]
  • Arthopyrenia biroi Szatala (1956)[8]
  • Arthopyrenia bispora (Makhija & Patw.) Kr.P.Singh & G.P.Sinha (2010)[9]
  • Arthopyrenia bukowinensis (Makar.) Tomin (1956)
  • Arthopyrenia calcicola Werner (1966)
  • Arthopyrenia callunae (De Not.) Aptroot (2006)
  • Arthopyrenia carneobrunneola Coppins (1988)[10]
  • Arthopyrenia cerasi (Schrad.) A.Massal. (1852)
  • Arthopyrenia ceylonensis (A.Massal. ex Leight.) Müll.Arg. (1883)
  • Arthopyrenia cinereopruinosa (Schaer.) A.Massal. (1855)
  • Arthopyrenia claviformis (Stirt.) D.Hawksw. (1985)
  • Arthopyrenia colleta (Stirt.) A.L.Sm. (1911)
  • Arthopyrenia contraria H.Magn. (1955)
  • Arthopyrenia coppinsii Ravera (2006)[11]
  • Arthopyrenia degelii R.C.Harris (1995)[12]
  • Arthopyrenia desistens (Nyl.) A.L.Sm. (1911)[13]
  • Arthopyrenia dirumpens Müll.Arg. (1895)
  • Arthopyrenia elachistotera (Nyl.) Riedl (1970)
  • Arthopyrenia exasperata R.C.Harris (1995)
  • Arthopyrenia fallacior Nyl. ex Müll.Arg. (1885)[14]
  • Arthopyrenia fallaciosa (Stizenb. ex Arnold) Thiyagaraja, Ertz, Lücking, Coppins & K.D.Hyde (2021)
  • Arthopyrenia gravastella (Kremp.) Müll.Arg. (1882)[15]
  • Arthopyrenia grisea (Schleich. ex Schaer.) Körb. (1855)[16]
  • Arthopyrenia keralensis Upreti & G.Pant (1993)[17]
  • Arthopyrenia macquariensis C.W.Dodge (1970)[18]
  • Arthopyrenia maritima Øvstedal (1986)
  • Arthopyrenia minor R.C.Harris (1980)[19]
  • Arthopyrenia naevia (Vain.) Riedl (1963)
  • Arthopyrenia novae-guineae Szatala (1956)[8]
  • Arthopyrenia oblongens R.C.Harris (1995)
  • Arthopyrenia pandanicola (Nyl.) H.Magn. (1955)
  • Arthopyrenia picconii (De Not.) Aptroot (2001)
  • Arthopyrenia platypyrenia (Nyl.) Arnold (1871)
  • Arthopyrenia plumbaria (Stizenb.) R.C.Harris (1987)
  • Arthopyrenia praetermissa D.C.Linds. (1975)
  • Arthopyrenia salicis A.Massal. (1852)
  • Arthopyrenia spilobola (Nyl.) Arnold (1891)
  • Arthopyrenia stenotheca Müll. Arg. (1893)
  • Arthopyrenia stigmatophora (J.Steiner) Riedl (1963)
  • Arthopyrenia subcerasi (Vain.) Zahlbr. (1921)
  • Arthopyrenia subfallaciosa M.Choisy (1954)
  • Arthopyrenia subgregans (Müll. Arg.) D.Hawksw. (1985)
  • Arthopyrenia subpomacea (Zahlbr.) Riedl (1963)
  • Arthopyrenia subpunctiformis Müll.Arg. (1888)
  • Arthopyrenia subvelata (Nyl.) R.C.Harris (1998)
  • Arthopyrenia taxodii R.C.Harris (1995)
  • Arthopyrenia texensis (Cooke) D.Hawksw. (1985)
  • Arthopyrenia tuscanensis Coppins & Ravera (2006)[11]
  • Arthopyrenia welwitschii (A.L.Sm.) Aptroot (2006)
  • Arthopyrenia zostra (C.Knight) Shirley (1889)

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Arthopyrenia". Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/33BD. 
  2. ↑ Thiyagaraja, V.; Lücking, R.; Ertz, D.; Coppins, B.J.; Wanasinghe, D.N.; Karunarathna, S.C.; Suwannarach, N.; To-Anun, C. et al. (2021). "Sequencing of the type species of Arthopyrenia places Arthopyreniaceae as a synonym of Trypetheliaceae". Mycosphere 12 (1): 993–1011. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/12/1/10. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Cannon, P.; Coppins, B.; Aptroot, A.; Sanderson, A.; Simkin, J. (2023). Perithecial genera I, including Acrocordia, Alloarthopyrenia, Anisomeridium, Antennulariella, Arthopyrenia, Celothelium, Cyrtidula, Dichoporis, Eopyrenula, Julella, Leptorhaphis, Leptosillia, Lithothelium, Mycomicrothelia, Mycoporum, Naetrocymbe, Pyrenula, Rhaphidicyrtis, Sarcopyrenia, Swinscowia and Tomasellia. Revisions of British and Irish Lichens. 37. p. 44. https://britishlichensociety.org.uk/sites/default/files/Perithecial%20genera%20I.pdf.  open access
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Aptroot, A. (2002). "Julella". Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. 1. Tempe, Arizona: Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-9716759-1-9. OCLC 50120839. 
  5. ↑ Singh, K.P.; Sinha, G.P. (2015). "Replacement names of two Indian lichens". Indian Journal of Forestry 38: 99. 
  6. ↑ Kainz, C.; Aptroot, A.; Triebel, D. (2001). "Arthopyrenia aloës, a new ascomycete from Namibia". Nova Hedwigia 72 (1–2): 209–215. 
  7. ↑ Harris, R.C.; Tripp, E.A.; Lendemer, J.C. (2013). "Arthopyrenia betulicola (Arthopyreniaceae, Dothidiomycetes), an unusual new lichenized fungus from high elevations of the southern Appalachian Mountains". Aliso 31 (2): 77–81 [78]. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Szatala, Ö. (1956). "Prodrome de la flore lichénologique de la Nouvelle Guinée" (in fr). Annales Historico-Natureles Musei Nationalis Hungarici 7: 15–50. 
  9. ↑ Singh, K.P.; Sinha, G.P. (2010). Indian Lichens: An Annotated Checklist. Kolkata: Ministry of Environment and Forests. pp. 1–165 [12]. 
  10. ↑ Coppins, B.J. (1988). "Notes on the genus Arthopyrenia in the British Isles". The Lichenologist 20 (4): 305–325. doi:10.1017/S002428298800043X. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Ravera, S. (2006). "Two new species of Arthopyrenia from Italy". The Lichenologist 38 (1): 21–26. doi:10.1017/S0024282905004809. 
  12. ↑ Harris, R.D. (1995). More Florida lichens, including the 10 cent tour of the pyrenolichens. Bronx, New York: New York Botanical Garden. p. 76. 
  13. ↑ Smith, A.L. (1911). A Monograph of the British Lichens. 2. p. 329. 
  14. ↑ Müller, J. (1885). "Pyrenocarpeae Cubenses a cl. C. Wright lectae". Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik 6: 375–421 [404]. 
  15. ↑ Müller, J. (1882). "Lichenologische Beiträge XVI" (in la). Flora 65 (33): 515–519 [518]. 
  16. ↑ Körber, G.W. (1855) (in de). Systema lichenum Germaniae. pp. 1–458 [369]. 
  17. ↑ Upreti, D.K.; Pant, G. (1993). "Notes on Arthopyrenia species from India". The Bryologist 96 (2): 226–232. 
  18. ↑ Dodge, C.W. (1970). "Lichenological notes on the flora of the Antarctic Continent and the Subantarctic islands. IX-XI". Nova Hedwigia 19 (3–4): 439–502. 
  19. ↑ Tucker, Shirley C.; Harris, Richard C. (1980). "New and noteworthy pyrenocarpous lichens from Louisiana and Florida". The Bryologist 83 (1): 1–20. doi:10.2307/3242389. 
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Wikidata ☰ Q4797621 entry



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